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People today are overwhelmed with work since they all have hectic schedules and activities that keep them from spending time with their families. If they run into any unanticipated issues, they will have to pick between dealing with them and the task at hand. In such circumstances, everyone of us would have daydreamed about a particular kind of house without any leaky pipes or a house that has never needed maintenance. Since this is the ideal situation, we have undoubtedly imagined that life would be better if there were no obstacle standing in the way of receiving services at our doorstep. To build and develop a system that delivers several services to your door with only one tap, consider this idea. a service that offers a wide range of service providers, including painters, plumbers, carpenters, repairers, gardeners, and electricians. The system is flexible and allows you to arrange services from anywhere to wherever you choose

Objectives: The objective of the study was to compare solubilization approaches, namely cosolvency, micelle solubilization, complexation, pH adjustment and hydrotrophy, on BCS class II drug modafinil solubility. Methods: Altered solubility study of modafinil was carried out in numerous water-cosolvent mixtures. Similar type of study was performed using different ionic and non-ionic surfactants using phase solubility analysis. Furthermore, solubility behavior with two cyclodextrins namely beta cyclodextrin and maltodextrin were examined. Solubility studies were conducted in buffers of different pH ranging from 1.2 to 8 at different temperatures (25°C and 37°C). The effect of hydrotrophy on the solubility of modafinil was also studied. Results: Outcomes showed that ethanol is depicted to enhance solubility by greater height. It is found that ionic surfactants were better solubilizers than non-ionic surfactants. The capacity of solubilization is depicted to enhance with rise in hydrocarbon chain length of surfactant, denoting that hydrocarbon core of micelles as the center of solubilization. Highest solubility and binding constants were achieved with use of beta cyclodextrins followed by maltodextrins. The buffers of pH 2 and pH 3 have shown highest solubility when compared to others. Sodium thiocyanate salt had shown highest solubility of the drug. Conclusion: As a consequence, the study provides dataset so as to contrast effects of numerous solubilizers on modafinil solubility and also gives an insight of the mode of solubilization by aforementioned techniques. Key words: Modafinil, Complexation, Cosolvency, Hydrotrophy, Solubility, Surfactants.

Developing ultrasensitive methods capable of detecting submicroscopic parasitemia-a challenge that persists in low transmission areas, asymptomatic carriers, and patients showing recrudescence-is vital to achieving malaria eradication. Nucleic acid amplification techniques offer improved analytical sensitivity but are limited by the number of copies of the amplification targets. Herein, we perform a novel genome mining approach to identify a pair of identical multirepeat sequences (IMRSs) that constitute 170 and 123 copies in the Plasmodium falciparum genome and explore their potential as primers for PCR. Real-time quantitative PCR analyses have shown the ability of P. falciparum IMRSs to amplify as low as 2.54 fg of P. falciparum genomic DNA (approximately 0.1 parasite), with a striking 100-fold increase in detection limit when compared with P. falciparum 18S rRNA (251.4 fg; approximately 10 parasites). Validation with clinical samples from malaria-endemic regions has shown 6.70 ± 1.66 cycle better detection threshold in terms of Ct value for P. falciparum IMRSs, with approximately 100% sensitivity and specificity. Plasmodium falciparum IMRS assays are also capable of detecting submicroscopic infections in asymptomatic samples. To summarize, this approach of initiating amplification at multiple loci across the genome and generating more products with increased analytical sensitivity is different from classic approaches amplifying multicopy genes or tandem repeats. This can serve as a platform technology to develop advanced diagnostics for various pathogens.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to prepare the ondansetron hydrochloride Mouth Dissolving Tablets (MDTs) followed by its comparison with ethical and non-ethical (generic) marketed tablets. Methods: Prior to the formulation, drug excipient compatibility study was carried out by FTIR spectroscopy. The λmax was determined by UV spectroscopy. The ondansetron hydrochloride MDTs were prepared by direct compression method using Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG) as super disintegrant and camphor as a sublimating agent. Then the prepared MDTs were subjected to evaluation of post compression parameters such as thickness and diameter, weight variation, wetting time, hardness, friability, disintegration and dissolution. The results obtained were compared with that of ethical and non-ethical marketed ondansetron hydrochloride 4 mg tablets. Results: The λmax was found at 310 nm. FTIR study revealed that excipients used in the prepared formulations are compatible with the drug. The thickness and diameter was in the range of 2.646 to 3.27 mm and 6.0 to 8.12 mm, respectively. Friability was in the range of 0.43 to 0.88 % and had a slightly higher friability (1.27%) for sublimated tablets. Wetting time and disintegration time were in the range of 15 to 40 sec and 23 to 50 sec, respectively. The 100 % drug release was found within 180 sec for all the codes. These results were then compared with non-ethical film coated ondansetron marketed tablets. Conclusion: Ondansetron hydrochloride MDT 4 mg tablets prepared in the laboratory were under specified IP limits. The experimental findings demonstrated that any of these ethical and non-ethical tablets of ondansetron hydrochloride can be selected, advised by the physician or pharmacist, as per the patient’s need and economical status.

In this work, we are the first to identify and report pharmaceutically effective cocrystals of the poorly soluble drug Modafinil (MOD) using a crystal engineering approach. A multi-component system of MOD with nicotinic acid (NIC) as the coformer at a 1:1 molar ratio was prepared to simultaneously improve the solubility, dissolution and bioavailability by applying a liquid assistant grinding technique. Nicotinic acid as a potential coformer for cocrystal preparation was predicted using a novel approach of the Hansen Solubility Parameter (HSP) group contribution method. Various evaluation parameters pertaining to confirm cocrystal formation, such as Fourier transformer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were carried out. Further effects of precipitation inhibitor Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) on in-vivo bioavailability enhancement were also studied. MOD-NIC cocrystals formation was confirmed by integrating the results of instrumental techniques. Aqueous solubility and in-vivo pharmacokinetic study proved 5.96 and 1.88 times higher bioavailability, respectively, in the case of prepared cocrystals compared to MOD alone, whereas bioavailability further increased by 2.72 times when these cocrystals were administered in the presence of precipitation inhibitor. Hence, solid state manipulation was successful for preparing modafinil cocrystals as a potential method for illustrating several properties. The concept of cocrystals coupled with precipitation inhibitors significantly enhanced the bioavailability of modafinil.

CONTEXT Xerostomia and hyposalivation are associated with diabetes. Research is sparse regarding electrostimulation as a mainstream therapy for salivary gland hypofunction. OBJECTIVE To clinically evaluate the effectiveness of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) therapy in stimulating whole salivary flow among patients with xerostomia and hyposalivation caused by diabetes mellitus. DESIGN Forty patients between age 30 to 75 years with diabetes mellitus categorized as controlled or uncontrolled who had subjective symptoms of xerostomia and an objective sign of hyposalivation were included in a prospective study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Unstimulated saliva through the "low forced spitting" method and stimulated saliva collection using TENS were assessed and compared. Longer-term effects of TENS application were evaluated by recalling the patient 24 hours later. RESULTS A statistically significant increase in stimulated whole saliva after TENS application in continuous mode (p < 0.001) was demonstrated compared with unstimulated saliva, especially in xerostomic patients with diabetes. Burst mode inferred a statistically significant decrease in salivary flow (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In patients with diabetes with xerostomia and hyposalivation, TENS was highly effective in stimulating whole salivary flow.

Implant-mediated fibrotic reactions are detrimental to the performance of encapsulated cells, implanted drug release devices, and sensors. To improve the implant function and longevity, recent research has emphasized the need for inducing alterations in cellular responses. Although material surface functional groups have been shown to be potent in affecting cellular activity in vitro and short-term in vivo responses, these groups appear to have little influence on long-term in vivo fibrotic reactions, possibly as a result of insufficient interactions between recruited host cells and functional groups on the implants. To maximize the influence of functionality on cells, and to mimic drug release microspheres, functionalized micron-sized particles were created and tested for their ability in modulating tissue responses to biomaterial implants. In this work, the surfaces of polypropylene particles were controllably coated with four different functional groups, specifically OH, NH2, CFx, and COOH, using a radio frequency glow discharge plasma polymerization technique. The effect of these surface functionalities on host tissue responses were then evaluated using a mice subcutaneous implantation model. Major differences were observed in contrasting tissue response to the different chemistries. Surfaces with OH and NH2 surface groups induced the thickest fibrous capsule accompanied with the greatest cellular infiltration into the implants. In contrast, surfaces with CFx and COOH exhibited the least inflammatory/fibrotic responses and cellular infiltrations. The present results clearly demonstrate that, by increasing the available functionalized surface area and spatial distribution, the effect of surface chemistry on tissue reactivity can be substantially enhanced. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2008

Little progress has been made toward the use of embryonic stem (ES) cells to study and isolate skeletal muscle progenitors. This is due to the paucity of paraxial mesoderm formation during embryoid body (EB) in vitro differentiation and to the lack of reliable identification and isolation criteria for skeletal muscle precursors. Here we show that expression of the transcription factor Pax3 during embryoid body differentiation enhances both paraxial mesoderm formation and the myogenic potential of the cells within this population. Transplantation of Pax3-induced cells results in teratomas, however, indicating the presence of residual undifferentiated cells. By sorting for the PDGF-alpha receptor, a marker of paraxial mesoderm, and for the absence of Flk-1, a marker of lateral plate mesoderm, we derive a cell population from differentiating ES cell cultures that has substantial muscle regeneration potential. Intramuscular and systemic transplantation of these cells into dystrophic mice results in extensive engraftment of adult myofibers with enhanced contractile function without the formation of teratomas. These data demonstrate the therapeutic potential of ES cells in muscular dystrophy.