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In 1971, Arrigoni MG et al., used the term “hamartoma” for breast lesions in 10 patients who presented with encapsulated breast tumours clinically and grossly resembling fibroadenomas. Hamartomas in breast lesions are very uncommon and include adenolipoma and chondrolipoma. Despite the availability of imaging modalities, it is often difficult to distinguish fibroadenoma from breast carcinoma. Chondrolipoma of the breast is a rare benign mesenchymal tumour composed of adipose and mature cartilaginous tissue, which is often mistaken for malignant lesions in preoperative studies, leading to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Hence, a proper histopathological examination is required for a correct diagnosis. Only eight cases have been reported in the literature. This report presents one such rare case of lump in a 67-year-old female, which was suspected to be a fibroadenoma clinically and radiologically, but was diagnosed as chondrolipoma on histopathological examination. All routine investigations were within normal limits, and a clinical diagnosis of fibroadenoma was made. Mammography was done, comprising fat, soft tissue, and calcific strandings along with coarse calcific specks suggestive of BI-RADS (Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System) Category 3: high probability of being benign.

Energy is vital for techno-socio-economic development of global transportation sector. A country’s energy policy will aim to provide an appropriate mix of resources to meet its energy demand. Biofuels have emerged as an alternative to meet the energy requirements. The contribution of this study is the evaluation of sustainable biofuel energy policies to increase the usage of biofuels in the transport sector without affecting the country's food security and to achieve social, economic and environmental benefits. The successful implementation of complex relationship between the factors influencing the production and use of biofuels is also addressed. In the present work, a system dynamics model has been developed to evaluate biofuel production focusing food security and to assess its impact on the economy and the environment. Simulation results have shown that the maximum biodiesel blending between 3.03% to 11.01% is possible without impacting the food security. It has been noted that 20% or less of biodiesel blends can be used as direct replacements for diesel fuel in all heavy-duty diesel vehicles without any alteration or modification of their engines. It has been demonstrated that biofuel blending strategies have a positive impact on the reduction of CO2 emission in the Indian transport sector.

Abstract A detailed understanding of the drilling fluid rheology and filtration properties is essential to assuring reduced fluid loss during the transport process. As per literature review, silica nanoparticle is an exceptional additive to enhance drilling fluid rheology and filtration properties enhancement. However, a correlation based on nano-SiO2-water-based drilling fluid that can quantify the rheology and filtration properties of nanofluids is not available. Thus, two data-driven machine learning approaches are proposed for prediction, i.e. artificial-neural-network and least-square-support-vector-machine (LSSVM). Parameters involved for the prediction of shear stress are SiO2 concentration, temperature, and shear rate, whereas SiO2 nanoparticle concentration, temperature, and time are the inputs to simulate filtration volume. A feed-forward multilayer perceptron is constructed and optimised using the Levenberg–Marquardt learning algorithm. The parameters for the LSSVM are optimised using Couple Simulated Annealing. The performance of each model is evaluated based on several statistical parameters. The predicted results achieved R 2 (coefficient of determination) value higher than 0.99 and MAE (mean absolute error) and MAPE (mean absolute percentage error) value below 7% for both the models. The developed models are further validated with experimental data that reveals an excellent agreement between predicted and experimental data.

Internet of Things abstracts the ability to remotely associate and observe things or objects over the Internet. When it comes to agriculture, this idea has been incorporated to make agriculture-related tasks smart, secure, and automated. Agriculture is vital for economic growth and also for the survival of humans. Farmers living in rural areas of India face a common problem of the theft of equipment like induction motors from small storage houses meant for storing commodities in crop fields. In this study, we present a remote security management framework for monitoring the crop field storage house, known as the farm security alert system (FSAS). FSAS is a small, energy efficient, low cost, and accurate security management system that uses microcontroller-based passive infrared (PIR) sensor and global system for mobile communication (GSM) module to generate an alert to the farm owner if there is an intrusion event at the crop field store. The microcontroller board utilized in the proposed model is the Arduino Uno, and PIR motion sensor is used to recognize the intruder. In addition, FSAS also can be used for monitoring of induction motor by utilizing a similar arrangement of sensors. The sensor signal is transmitted to the cloud whenever the intruder is within the sensing range of the sensor node. Naive Bayes’ prediction model is used to identify the level of encroachment as no (green), mild (yellow), or high (red) threat. The status and the alarms can be received by the farm owners, either on their smartphones as application alerts or as a short message/phone call, at any distance, and independent of whether their cell phones are connected to the Internet.

Installation of telecom towers in remote areas especially in developing countries like India is a major problem for telecom industries because of the unavailability of reliable power supply. The grid supply is not regular in these countries and up to some extent, they are dependent on diesel generators for power supply. But these diesel generators have some major issues such as high operating cost due to high cost of fuel, transportation cost of fuel, high maintenance cost, and these diesel generators also emits pollution to the environment. In presented work, an approach has been proposed for telecom companies for providing power supply to their telecom towers. An economic cost analysis has been proposed by considering various criteria such as cost, air & noise pollution and reliability, etc. Some power supply alternatives including unconventional and hybrid of conventional and unconventional alternatives have been compared to find the solution such as diesel-powered telecom towers, solar powered telecom towers, and their hybrids. The main objective of this work is to provide a reliable, cost effective and environment friendly Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS) system for a particular site in India (Uttar Pradesh). A number of criteria are involved in discussed problem in order to select an effective power supply source. Therefore, the problem has been considered as a Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem. To select the best alternative, a Fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS based approach has been proposed. Fuzzy AHP (Analytic Hierarchy process) has been used for calculating the weightage of criteria and the concept of Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) has been applied for ranking the alternatives. The results give assured reliability and sustainability for remote areas using a solar photovoltaic (PV)-diesel generator hybrid energy system.

Segmenting a series of measurements along a genome into regions with distinct characteristics is widely used to identify functional components of a genome. The majority of the research on biological data segmentation focuses on the statistical problem of identifying break or change-points in a simulated scenario using a single variable. Despite the fact that various strategies for finding change-points in a multivariate setup through simulation are available, work on segmenting actual multivariate genomic data is limited. This is due to the fact that genomic data is huge in size and contains a lot of variation within it. Therefore, a study was carried out at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi during 2021 to know the best multivariate statistical method to segment the sequences which may influence the properties or function of a sequence into homogeneous segments. This will reduce the volume of data and ease the analysis of these segments further to know the actual properties of these segments. The genomic data of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) was considered for the comparative analysis of several multivariate approaches and was found that agglomerative sequential clustering was the most acceptable due to its low computational cost and feasibility.

Talon’s cusp is described as a process of horn-like shape curving from the base downwards to the cutting edge. Ripa and Mellor later described this phenomenon as talon cusp resemblance to talon of eagle. Talon cusp is a well-defined extra addition cusp like structure which extends from half of the cementoenamel junction to the incisal edge on the surface of an anterior tooth. The aetiology is unknown for the formation of the talon cusp. A talon cusp is often diagnosed during routine dental examination as an incidental finding and usually does not show any symptoms. In such cases, careful clinical and radiographic examination is mandatory for correct diagnosis and treatment planning. Due to limitation of 2 D (two dimensional) radiographs, these images are unable to recognise the complicated anatomy of the tooth.Use of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) has become common in dentistry. CBCT has been useful in producing a three dimensional (3 D) image without distortion of the teeth, maxillofacial skeleton and related tissues. Scan of CBCT help to plan treatment and also provide valuable information about dental anatomy. This paper describes a case of 23-year-old female patient with a facial talon cusp on the permanent maxillary left central incisor, which was endodontically managed and followed by aesthetics rehabilitation with a follow-up for a period of one year.

The basic aim of analyzing gene expression data is to identify genes whose expression patterns differ in the treatment samples, with respect to the control or healthy samples. Microarray technology is a tool for analyzing simultaneous relative expression of thousands of genes within a particular cell population or tissue in a single experiment through the hybridization of RNA. Present paper deals with mixture distribution approach to investigate differentially expressed genes for sequence data of Arabidopsis thaliana under two conditions, salt-stressed and control. Two-component mixture normal model was fitted to the normalized data and the parameters were estimated using EM algorithm. Likelihood Ratio Test (LRT) was performed for testing goodness-of-fit. Fitting of two-component mixture normal model was found to be capable of capturing more variability as compared to single component normal distribution and was able to identify the differentially expressed genes more accurately.

Background The long-term success of ex-situ conservation programmes depends on species-appropriate husbandry and enrichment practices complemented by an accurate welfare assessment protocol. Zoos and conservation breeding programmes should employ a bottom-up approach to account for intraspecific variations in measures of animal welfare. We studied 35 (14:21) captive Asiatic lions in Sakkarbaug Zoological Garden, Junagadh, India to understand the implications of individual variations on welfare measures. We categorized the subjects based on personality traits (bold or shy), rearing history (wild-rescued or captive-raised), sex, and social-grouping. We explored the association of these categorical variables on welfare indices such as behavioural diversity, latency to approach novel objects, enclosure usage and aberrant repetitive behaviours. Further, we assessed the inter-relationships between different behavioural measures of welfare. Results Our results show that intraspecific variations based on rearing-history and personality traits are significantly associated with the welfare states of captive Asiatic lions. Asiatic lions with bold personality traits (M = 0.50, SD = 0.12, N = 21) and those raised in captivity (M = 0.47, SD = 0.12, N = 16) used enclosure space more homogenously compared to shy (M = 0.71, SD = 0.15, N = 14) and wild-rescued (M = 0.67, SD = 0.15, N = 19) animals. Behaviour diversity was significantly higher in captive-raised (M = 1.26, SD = 0.3, N = 16) and bold (M = 1.23, SD = 0.26, N = 21) subjects compared to wild-rescued (M = 0.83, SD = 0.35, N = 19) and shy (M = 0.73, SD = 0.34, N = 14) individuals. Aberrant repetitive behaviours (stereotypy) were significantly lower in bold (M = 7.01, SD = 4, N = 21) and captive-raised (M = 7.74, SD = 5.3) individuals compared to wild-rescued (M = 13.12, SD = 6.25, N = 19) and shy (M = 16.13, SD = 5.4, N = 16) lions. Sex and social-grouping of subjects did not show significant associations with behavioural welfare indices. Interestingly, behaviour diversity was reliably predicted by the enclosure usage patterns and aberrant repetitive behaviours displayed by subjects. Discussion Our findings underline the importance of individual-centric, behaviour-based, and multi-dimensional welfare assessment approaches in ex-situ conservation programmes. The results suggest that behavioural welfare indices complemented with individual variations can explain inter-individual differences in behavioural welfare measure outcomes of Asiatic lions. These findings also provide zoo managers with a non-invasive tool to reliably assess and improve husbandry practices for Asiatic lions. Understanding the unique welfare requirement of individuals in captivity will be crucial for the survival of the species.

OBJECTIVE: Brachial plexus block is a viable alternative to general anaesthesia as it provides adequate muscle relaxation,excellent intraoperative and post operative analgesia. Dexamethasone ,a synthetic glucocorticoid was combined with local anaesthetics to study the effects . This study was conducted to compare the onset and duration of sensory and motor block following administration of either bupivacaine and bupivacaine- Dexamethasone in patients undergoing upper limb surgeries under USG guided supraclavicular block. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 60 ASA I / II patients between of 18 and 60 years who underwent elective upper limb surgeries randomly allocated into two groups of 30 each by a sealed envelope technique to receive 30 ml of 0.5% Bupivacaine and 2 ml of normal saline in Group BS and 30 ml of 0.5% Bupivacaine with 2ml (8mg) of Dexamethasone in Group BD. The onset duration of sensory and motor blockade were observed between the two groups. RESULTS: The onset of sensory and motor blockade was faster in Group BD when compared to Group BS (p< 0.0001). The duration of sensory and motor blockade was longer in Group BD when compared to Group BS (p< 0.0001). There were no significant haemodynamic changes in the study group. OBJECTIVE: Brachial plexus block is a viable alternative to general anaesthesia as it provides adequate muscle relaxation,excellent intraoperative and post operative analgesia. Dexamethasone ,a synthetic glucocorticoid was combined with local anaesthetics to study the effects . This study was conducted to compare the onset and duration of sensory and motor block following administration of either bupivacaine and bupivacaine- Dexamethasone in patients undergoing upper limb surgeries under USG guided supraclavicular block . MATERIALS AND METHODS: 60 ASA I / II patients between of 18 and 60 years who underwent elective upper limb surgeries randomly allocated into two groups of 30 each by a sealed envelope technique to receive 30 ml of 0.5% Bupivacaine and 2 ml of normal saline in Group BS and 30 ml of 0.5% Bupivacaine with 2ml (8mg) of Dexamethasone in Group BD. The onset duration of sensory and motor blockade were observed between the two groups. RESULTS: The onset of sensory and motor blockade was faster in Group BD when compared to Group BS (p

IoT has played an essential role in many industries over the last few decades. Recent advancements in the healthcare industry have made it possible to make healthcare accessible to more people and improve their overall health. The next step in healthcare is to integrate it with IoT-assisted wearable sensor systems seamlessly. This review rigorously discusses the various IoT architectures, different methods of data processing, transfer, and computing paradigms. It compiles various communication technologies and the devices commonly used in IoT-assisted wearable sensor systems and deals with its various applications in healthcare and their advantages to the world. A comparative analysis of all the wearable technology in healthcare is also discussed with tabulation of various research and technology. This review also analyses all the problems commonly faced in IoT-assisted wearable sensor systems and the specific issues that need to be tackled to optimize these systems in healthcare and describes the various future implementations that can be made to the architecture and the technology to improve the healthcare industry.

Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor signaling dampens the functionality of T cells faced with repetitive antigenic stimulation from chronic infections or tumors. Using intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation with mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV), we have shown that CD8 T cells establish a PD-1hi, tissue-resident memory population in the brains (bTRM) of mice with a low-level persistent infection. In MuPyV encephalitis, PD-L1 was expressed on infiltrating myeloid cells, microglia and astrocytes, but not on oligodendrocytes. Engagement of PD-1 on anti-MuPyV CD8 T cells limited their effector activity. NanoString gene expression analysis showed that neuroinflammation was higher in PD-L1−/− than wild type mice at day 8 post-infection, the peak of the MuPyV-specific CD8 response. During the persistent phase of infection, however, the absence of PD-1 signaling was found to be associated with a lower inflammatory response than in wild type mice. Genetic disruption and intracerebroventricular blockade of PD-1 signaling resulted in an increase in number of MuPyV-specific CD8 bTRM and the fraction of these cells expressing CD103, the αE integrin commonly used to define tissue-resident T cells. However, PD-L1−/− mice persistently infected with MuPyV showed impaired virus control upon i.c. re-infection with MuPyV. Collectively, these data reveal a temporal duality in PD-1-mediated regulation of MuPyV-associated neuroinflammation. PD-1 signaling limited the severity of neuroinflammation during acute infection but sustained a level of inflammation during persistent infection for maintaining control of virus re-infection.

Tissue-resident memory CD8 T (TRM) cells defend against microbial reinfections at mucosal barriers; determinants driving durable TRM cell responses in non-mucosal tissues, which often harbor opportunistic persistent pathogens, are unknown. JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a ubiquitous constituent of the human virome. With altered immunological status, JCPyV can cause the oft-fatal brain demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). JCPyV is a human-only pathogen. Using the mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) encephalitis model, we demonstrate that CD4 T cells regulate development of functional antiviral brain-resident CD8 T cells (bTRM) and renders their maintenance refractory to systemic CD8 T cell depletion. Acquired CD4 T cell deficiency, modeled by delaying systemic CD4 T cell depletion until MuPyV-specific CD8 T cells have infiltrated the brain, impacted the stability of CD8 bTRM, impaired their effector response to reinfection, and rendered their maintenance dependent on circulating CD8 T cells. This dependence of CD8 bTRM differentiation on CD4 T cells was found to extend to encephalitis caused by vesicular stomatitis virus. Together, these findings reveal an intimate association between CD4 T cells and homeostasis of functional bTRM to CNS viral infection.

Background: Time since death (TSD) is an important parameter to the forensic expert. Only a few studies are available in the literature to determine the relationship between the vitreous potassium (K + ) concentration and TSD especially among natural death cases in the state of Haryana and, thus, information on the same is patchy and scanty. Objective: To determine the relationship between changes in the vitreous K + concentration and increasing TSD among natural death cases. An additional objective was to derive a formula for determining TSD from changes in levels of vitreous K + in the study subjects. Materials and Methods: In this study, autopsy cases brought to the mortuary of the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology of a tertiary care center, were the subjects for collection of vitreous humor for the determination of vitreous K + . Data of 90 such cases where autopsy confirmed the cause of death as natural death were included in this study. Determination of K + level in the collected sample was done by ion-selective electrode method (Biolyte 2000 autoanalyzer, Biocare, Lujhu Township, Taiwan). Results: A linear relationship was observed between vitreous K + concentration and TSD in both the eyes. External factors like seasonal variations and temperature, gender difference, and age had no appreciable effect on the concentration of vitreous K + in either eye. In this study, the linear regression equations obtained from K + concentration (y) versus time (x) for the two groups among injury (trauma) cases were as follows: For the right eye: Regression line (y) = -4.303 x + 2.148 and for the left eye: Regression line (y) = -5.260 x + 2.209. The K + levels are found to increase up to 40 h after death. Conclusion: The study highlighted the usefulness of the relationship between vitreous K + concentration and TSD in both the eyes. The formula calculated from the current study could prove to be more appropriate as it is based on a more recent study and more reliable tests.

ABSTRACT Polyomaviruses (PyVs) silently infect most humans, but they can cause life-threatening diseases in immunocompromised individuals. The JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) induces progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a severe demyelinating disease in multiple sclerosis patients receiving immunomodulatory therapy, and BK polyomavirus (BKPyV)-associated nephropathy is a major cause of kidney allograft failure. No effective anti-PyV agents are available. Several compounds have been reported to possess anti-PyV activity in vitro, but none have shown efficacy in clinical trials. Productive PyV infection involves usurping the cellular retrograde vesicular transport pathway to enable endocytosed virions to navigate to the endoplasmic reticulum where virion uncoating begins. Compounds inhibiting this pathway have been shown to reduce infection by simian virus 40 (SV40), JCPyV, and BKPyV in tissue culture. In this study, we investigated the potential of Retro-2.1, a retrograde transport inhibitor, to limit infection by mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) in vivo. We found that Retro-2.1 significantly reduced MuPyV levels in the kidney during acute infection without affecting renal function or the MuPyV-specific CD8 T cell response. To approximate the clinical setting of PyV resurgence in immunocompromised hosts, we showed that antibody-mediated depletion of T cells in persistently infected mice elevated MuPyV levels in the kidney and that Retro-2.1 blunted this increase in virus levels. In summary, these data indicate that inhibition of retrograde vesicular transport in vivo controls infection in a natural PyV mouse model and supports development of these compounds as potential therapeutic agents for individuals at risk for human PyV-associated diseases. IMPORTANCE PyVs can cause significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. No clinically efficacious anti-PyV therapeutic agents are available. A recently identified inhibitor of retrograde transport, Retro-2cycl, blocks movement of PyV virion-containing vesicles from early endosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum, an early step in the PyV life cycle. Retro-2cycl and its derivatives have been shown to inhibit infection by human PyVs in tissue culture. Here, we demonstrate that a derivative of Retro-2cycl, Retro-2.1, reduces infection by MuPyV in the kidneys of acutely infected mice. Mimicking the common clinical scenario of PyV resurgence, we further show that MuPyV levels increase in the kidneys of immunocompromised, persistently infected mice and that this increase is inhibited by Retro-2.1. These data provide the first evidence for control of a natural PyV infection in vivo by administration of an inhibitor of retrograde transport.

Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome is a progressive spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasia associated with mental retardation, characterized by a triad of skeletal deformities (short trunk dwarfism, scoliosis, microcephaly, and limb deformities), facial dysmorphism, and intellectual disability. It an extremely rare condition. Till now, there was no evidence of association of Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen Syndrome with mood disorder. This case report highlights the extremely rare association of Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome with bipolar affective disorder. The patient had responded well to the combination of mood stabilizer and antipsychotics (sodium valproate and risperidone). To the best of author′s knowledge, this is the first case report depicting such association. Both Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome and bipolar affective disorder are associated with 18q chromosome. This background information raises the possibility of co-morbid association of two disorders rather than a chance association due to genetic linkage.

Primary synovial sarcoma (SS) of the kidney is a very rare disease as well as a diagnostic dilemma. Here, we present a case of a 60-year-old male clinically diagnosed as renal cell carcinoma. The radical nephrectomy specimen showed a well-circumscribed renal mass of approximately 13 cm × 9 cm × 7 cm. The cut-surface of the mass was tawny and firm, with cystic areas, and also showed focal hemorrhage and necrosis. Histologically, the tumor was composed of spindle cells arranged in the intersecting fascicles, alternating with hypocellular areas suggestive of monophasic synovial sarcoma. Morphological and immunohistochemical features were compatible with the diagnosis of SS of the kidney.

Background: Time since death (TSD) is an important parameter to the forensic expert. Only a fewer studies are available in the literature to determine the relationship between vitreous K + concentration and TSD especially among injury (trauma) cases and thus information on the same is patchy and scanty. Objective: To determine the relationship between changes in vitreous K + concentration with increasing TSD among injury (trauma) cases. An additional objective was to derive a formula for determining TSD from changes in levels of vitreous K + in the study subjects. Materials and Methods: In this study, autopsy cases brought to the mortuary of Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology of a tertiary care center, were the subjected for collection of vitreous humor for determination of vitreous potassium. Data of 55 such cases where autopsy confirmed the cause of death as injury (trauma), were included in this study. Determination of potassium level in the collected sample was done using ion-selective electrode method (Biolyte 2000 auto analyzer). Results: A linear relationship was observed between vitreous potassium concentration and TSD in both the eyes. External factors like seasonal variations and temperature, gender difference and age had no appreciable effect on the concentration of vitreous potassium in either eye. In this study, the linear regression equations obtained from potassium concentration (y) verses time (x) for the two groups among injury (trauma) cases were as follows: For right eye: Regression line (y) = −5.040 (x) = +1.989, for left eye: Regression line (y) = −5.223 (x) = +2.005. The potassium levels are found to increase up to 40 h after death. Conclusion: The study highlighted the usefulness of relationship between vitreous potassium concentration and TSD in both the eyes. The formula calculated from the current study could prove to be more appropriate as it is based on a more recent study and more reliable tests.

Aim: Urethral meatotomy is an office procedure often done under local anesthesia with or without penile block or under short general anesthesia. Whatever may be the method, the patient has to bear the pain of injection. To avoid painful injections, in the present study, topical anesthesia in the form of eutectic mixture of prilocaine and lidocaine anesthetics (EMLA/Prilox) has been used to perform such procedures and its effectiveness determined. Materials and Methods: A total of 48 consecutive patients with meatal stenosis who attended urology outdoor were enrolled in this study. After exclusion, in 32 patients, 3-4 g of Prilox cream was applied over the glans and occlusive covering was maintained for 45 min before the procedure. Meatotomy was done in a standard manner with hemostat application at the stenosed segment for 2-3 min followed by ventral incision at meatus. The patient′s pain perception was measured using visual analog score. Results: Out of 32, only one patient that had inappropriate application of cream, had a perception of pain during the procedure. Rest all the patient had no discomfort during the procedure. Mean visual analog score was 1.8 which is not a significant percepted pain level. No patient had any major complication. Conclusion: Use of topical anesthesia in form of Prilox (EMLA) cream for meatotomy is safe and effective method that avoids painful injections and anxiety related to it and should be considered in most of such patients as an alternative of conventional penile blocks or general anesthesia.

Background: Time since death (TSD) is an important parameter to the forensic expert. Only a few studies are available in the literature to determine the relationship between vitreous K + concentration and TSD, especially among poisoning and burns cases, and thus information on the same is scant. Therefore the present study was planned. Objective: The main objective was to determine the relationship between changes in vitreous K + concentration with increasing TSD among poisoning and burns cases. An additional objective was to derive a formula for determining TSD from changes in levels of vitreous K + in the study subjects. Materials and Methods: In this study, autopsy cases brought to the mortuary of the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology of a tertiary care center were subjected to collection of vitreous humor for the determination of vitreous K + . Data of 36 cases where autopsy confirmed the cause of death as poisoning or burns were included in this study. Determination of K + level in the collected samples was done by the ion-selective electrode method (Biolyte 2000 autoanalyzer). Results: A linear relationship was observed between vitreous K + concentration and TSD in both the eyes. External factors such as seasonal variations and temperature, gender difference, and age had no appreciable effect on the concentration of vitreous K + in either eye. In this study the linear regression equations obtained from potassium concentration (y) versus time (x) for the two groups among poisoning and burns cases were as follows. For right eye: Regression line (y) = -4.932 x + 1.932; for left eye: Regression line (y) = -5.380 x + 1.990. The K + levels were found to increase up to 40 h after death. Conclusion: This study highlighted the usefulness of the relationship between vitreous potassium concentration and TSD in both the eyes. The formula calculated from the current study could prove to be more appropriate as it is based on more reliable tests.

CD8 T cells coordinate immune defenses against viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS). Virus-specific CD8 T cells infiltrate the CNS and differentiate into brain-resident memory CD8 T cells (CD8 bTRM). CD8 bTRM are characterized by a lack of recirculation and expression of phenotypes and transcriptomes distinct from other CD8 T cell memory subsets. CD8 bTRM have been shown to provide durable, autonomous protection against viral reinfection and the resurgence of latent viral infections. CD8 T cells have also been implicated in the development of neural damage following viral infection, which demonstrates that the infiltration of CD8 T cells into the brain can also be pathogenic. In this review, we will explore the residency and maintenance requirements for CD8 bTRM and discuss their roles in controlling viral infections of the brain.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a single stranded RNA virus that infects the central nervous system leading to acute encephalitis in children. Alterations in brain endothelial cells have been shown to precede the entry of this flavivirus into the brain, but infection of endothelial cells by JEV and their consequences are still unclear. Productive JEV infection was established in human endothelial cells leading to IFN-β and TNF-α production. The MHC genes for HLA-A, -B, -C and HLA-E antigens were upregulated in human brain microvascular endothelial cells, the endothelial-like cell line, ECV 304 and human foreskin fibroblasts upon JEV infection. We also report the release/shedding of soluble HLA-E (sHLA-E) from JEV infected human endothelial cells for the first time. This shedding of sHLA-E was blocked by an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). In addition, MMP-9, a known mediator of HLA solubilisation was upregulated by JEV. In contrast, human fibroblasts showed only upregulation of cell-surface HLA-E. Addition of UV inactivated JEV-infected cell culture supernatants stimulated shedding of sHLA-E from uninfected ECV cells indicating a role for soluble factors/cytokines in the shedding process. Antibody mediated neutralization of TNF-α as well as IFNAR receptor together not only resulted in inhibition of sHLA-E shedding from uninfected cells, it also inhibited HLA-E and MMP-9 gene expression in JEV-infected cells. Shedding of sHLA-E was also observed with purified TNF-α and IFN-β as well as the dsRNA analog, poly (I:C). Both IFN-β and TNF-α further potentiated the shedding when added together. The role of soluble MHC antigens in JEV infection is hitherto unknown and therefore needs further investigation.

The handle bar injury is quite common in pediatric age group. The nature of injury may vary from minor abrasions to life-threatening acute abdomen. We present a case who came to us after five days of sustaining such injury with anterior abdominal wall hematoma and surprisingly, we found free gas under the right dome of diaphragm. We successfully treated the patient conservatively and the patient is being followed up at regular interval.