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Orbital currents in light metals or metal oxides without the strong spin–orbit coupling have become an important means to achieve low-power magnetization switching in spin–orbitronic devices. The orbital magnetoresistance (OMR) originated from orbital current represents a useful strategy to explore the interaction between the orbital angular momentum (OAM) and the local magnetic moment. However, systematic research works on the enhancement of OMR and the mechanism of OAM transport are seldom reported. In this study, we report a synergistically enhanced magnetoresistance effect induced by spin and orbital currents in perpendicularly magnetized Pt/Co/Cu–CuOx systems. A maximum room temperature magnetoresistance of 0.38% was observed, exceeding the spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) of heavy metal-based heterostructures by one order of magnitude. The enhancement of magnetoresistance is attributed to the contributions from the OMR generated by the orbital Rashba effect at the Cu/CuOx interface and SMR induced by the spin Hall effect in heavy metal Pt. These results provide a pathway to understanding of the OAM transport in magnetic multilayer films and contribute to the design and realization of energy-efficient spin–orbitronic devices.

The overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1) is a leading cause of multidrug resistance (MDR). Hence, it is crucial to discover effective pharmaceuticals that counteract ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance. FRAX486 is a p21-activated kinase (PAK) inhibitor. The objective of this study was to investigate whether FRAX486 can reverse ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance, while also exploring its mechanism of action. The CCK8 assay demonstrated that FRAX486 significantly reversed ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance. Furthermore, western blotting and immunofluorescence experiments revealed that FRAX486 had no impact on expression level and intracellular localization of ABCB1. Notably, FRAX486 was found to enhance intracellular drug accumulation and reduce efflux, resulting in the reversal of multidrug resistance. Docking analysis also indicated a strong affinity between FRAX486 and ABCB1. This study highlights the ability of FRAX486 to reverse ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance and provides valuable insights for its clinical application.

Numerical simulation technology is a crucial tool for reducing costs and increasing efficiency in the wind power industry. However, with the development of large-scale wind turbines, the computational cost of numerical simulation has gradually increased. This paper uses the geometric similarity, structural similarity criterion, Reynolds similarity and boundary layer theory to establish a scaled model of the geometric three-dimensional shape, composite material, and finite element mesh of large wind turbine blades. The study analyzes the aerodynamic, gravitational, and centrifugal load variations within the scaled model. The proportional relationship between the scaled model’s operating parameters, the numerical simulation’s environmental parameters, and the mechanical response parameters is established. These parameters are coordinated to ensure the similarity of the blade structure and the fluid dynamics. For a geometric scale factor of 0.316, the relative difference in maximum deflection is 4.52%, with a reduction in calculation time by 48.1%. On the premise of ensuring the calculation accuracy of the aerodynamic and structural response of the blade, the calculation efficiency is effectively improved.

Abstract Background Based on electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis, index of consciousness (IoC) monitoring is a new technique for monitoring anesthesia depth. IoC is divided into IoC1 (depth of sedation) and IoC2 (depth of analgesia). The potential for concurrent monitoring of IoC1 and IoC2 to expedite postoperative convalescence remains to be elucidated. We investigated whether combined monitoring of IoC1 and IoC2 can effectively enhances postoperative recovery compared with bispectral index (BIS) in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic urological surgery under general anesthesia. Methods In this prospective, controlled, double-blinded trail, 120 patients aged 65 years or older were arbitrarily assigned to either the IoC group or the control group (BIS monitoring). All patients underwent blood gas analysis at T1 (before anesthesia induction) and T2 (the end of operation). The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were administered to all patients at T0 (1 day before surgery) and T4 (7 days after surgery). Serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) were assessed at T1, T2, and T3 (24 h after surgery). Postoperative complications and the duration of hospitalization were subjected to comparative evaluation. Results The incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) was notably lower in the IoC group (10%) than in the control group (31.7%) (P = 0.003). Postoperative serum CRP and GFAP concentrations exhibited significant differences at time points T2 (CRP: P = 0.000; GFAP: P = 0.000) and T3 (CRP: P = 0.003; GFAP: P = 0.008). Postoperative blood glucose levels (P = 0.000) and the overall rate of complications (P = 0.037) were significantly lower in Group IoC than in Group control. Conclusion The employment of IoC monitoring for the management of elderly surgical patients can accelerate postoperative convalescence by mitigating intraoperative stress and reducing peripheral and central inflammatory injury. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Identifier: ChiCTR1900025241 (17/08/2019).

Abstract Background The current study aimed to investigate the incidence and risk factors for postoperative acute ischemic stroke (PAIS) in advanced-aged patients (≥ 75 years) with previous ischemic stroke undergoing noncardiac surgery. Methods In this single-center retrospective cohort study, all advanced-aged patients underwent noncardiac surgery from 1 January, 2019, to 30 April, 2022. Data were extracted from hospital electronic medical records. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of PAIS. Multivariable linear or logistic regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of outcomes due to PAIS. Results Twenty-four patients (6.0%) of the 400 patients developed PAIS. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA), length of surgery and preoperative Modified Rankin scale (mRS) ≥ 3 were significant predictors of PAIS. CEA was associated with increased risk of PAIS (OR 4.14; 95%CI, 1.43–11.99). Each additional minute in length of surgery had slightly increased the risk of PAIS (OR, 1.01; 95%CI, 1.00-1.01). Compared with reference (mRS

Algal blooms are caused by excessive levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other plant nutrients in water. Algae and algal organic matter (AOM) pose a great threat to the quality of drinking water. This manuscript offers a systematic review of algal removal by ferrate (Fe(VI)) oxidation, including the conditions for the removal of different algae by Fe(VI) and the factors affecting the removal efficiency. On this basis, the oxidation and coagulation mechanisms of algae removal by Fe(VI) are discussed. Then, the review introduces the process combining Fe(VI) pre-oxidation with aluminum sulfate action. The addition of aluminum sulfate can further enhance the coagulation effect and reduce the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in the subsequent chlorination process by effectively removing AOM, which is recognized as a precursor of DBPs. In addition, recent studies on the combined application of Fe(VI) and Fe(II) are also reviewed. In a reasonable dose range, the synergistic effect of Fe(VI) and Fe(II) can significantly improve the removal of algae and algal toxins. Finally, this review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the applicability of Fe(VI) in removing algal material, offers guidance for the harmless treatment of algae with Fe(VI), and identifies future research questions.

Strontium is a common radionuclide in radioactive waste, and its release into the environment can cause enormous damage to the ecosystem environment. In this study, the natural mineral allophane was selected as the substrate to prepare solidified ceramic products by cold pressing/sintering to solve the problem of the final disposal of radioactive strontium. Ceramic solidified products with various crystal structures were successfully prepared, and the microscopic morphology and energy-dispersive spectroscopy images of the samples showed a uniform distribution of Sr in the solidified products. Sr2Al2SiO7 and SrAl2Si2O8, which can stably solidify strontium, were formed in the solidified products, and the structural characteristics and stability of the above-mentioned substances were analyzed from the perspective of quantum chemical calculations using density functional theory. The calculation results showed that the overall deformation resistance of Sr2Al2SiO7 was higher than that of SrAl2Si2O8. Considering the isomorphic substitution effect of CaO impurities, we inferred that a mixed-crystalline structure of Ca2−xSrxAl2SiO7 may be present in the solidified products.

Overlapping community structures are universal in complex networks. Multi-label propagation approach, as a method for detecting overlapping community, has been received widespread attention for the near linear time complexity. In recent years, some algorithms based on multi-label propagation approach have been proposed, but there is still room to improve the accuracy of these algorithms to detect overlapping communities. In this paper, a double-layer filtering strategy is proposed to help nodes filter labels, and the node centrality of each node according to the number of its neighbors and the number of edges between its neighbors is used to fix the node update sequence. Then based on the double-layer filtering strategy, the new fixed node update sequence and the previous multi-label propagation algorithm, a new algorithm called MLPA-DF is proposed. Theory analysis shows that MLPA-DF still has the near linear time complexity. And experimental results on the synthetic and real-world networks show that MLPA-DF has better performance than previous multi-label propagation algorithms (COPRA, SLPA and LPANNI) in terms of the accuracy of detecting overlapping communities without reducing stability.

ObjectiveThis study is designed to investigate the brain function changed regions in elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and to explore the relationship between neuropsychological tests and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) network to clarify the possible mechanism underlying cognitive changes in KOA patients.Materials and methodsFifty-two patients aged ≥ 65 with KOA and twenty-two healthy-matched controls were recruited in this study. All participants were given rs-fMRI check. We used graph theory analysis to characterize functional connectivity (FC) and topological organization of the brain structural network. The relationship between FC values, topological properties, and the neuropsychological test scores was analyzed.ResultsCompared with the controls, fourteen edges with lower functional connectivity were noted in the KOA group. Local efficiency and small-worldness of KOA patients decreased compared to the healthy controls. No significant alterations of nodal topological properties were found between the two groups. There was a significant positive correlation between the AVLT-H (L) and the internetwork of default mode network (DMN) (left/right orbitofrontal Superior cortex) and limbic/cortical areas (left/right caudate, right amygdala). AVLT-H(L) was positively correlated with small-worldness and local efficiency.ConclusionThe results indicated that for elderly KOA patients with declined cognition, topological properties, FC between DMN and subcortical limbic network related regions are significantly decreased compared to healthy controls. These alterations demonstrated a significant correlation with the neuropsychological test scores.

Objectives: To evaluate image quality and detection rate of four 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences and MRI performances in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) when compared to computed tomography (CT). Methods: Forty patients with pulmonary tuberculosis separately underwent CT and 3T-MRI with T1-weighted free-breathing star-volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (Star-VIBE) and standard VIBE, T2-weighted two-dimensional fast BLADE turbo spin-echo (2D-fBLADE TSE) and three-dimensional isotropic turbo spin-echo (3D-SPACE). Four MRI sequences were compared in terms of detection rate and image quality, which consisted of signal to noise ratio (SNR), contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and 5-point scoring scale. The total sensitivity was also compared between CT and MRI. Inter-observer agreement on 5-point scoring scale was calculated by Cohen’s kappa (k). SNR, CNR and 5-point scoring scale were compared using two-tailed pared t-test. Using CT as a reference, the MRI detection rate of pulmonary abnormality was evaluated by Pearson’s Chi-square test. Furthermore, the sizes of the nodules (≥5 mm) were compared using intraclass correlation coefficient. Results: In this study, Free-breathing Star-VIBE had significantly better SNR and identical CNR compared with standard VIBE. 2D-fBLADE TSE had statistically higher SNR but uniform or inferior CNR compared with 3D-SPACE. Inter-observers showed excellent agreement on 5-point scoring scale. The average score of Star-VIBE and VIBE had no difference. The average score of 2D-fBLADE TSE was higher than 3D-SPACE. There were no statistical differences in the detection rates of non-calcified parenchymal lesions between Star-VIBE and standard VIBE, 2D-fBALDE TSE and 3D-SPACE. MRI is comparable to CT in detecting consolidation, cavity, non-calcified nodules of ≥5 mm and tree-in-bud signs compared to CT. MRI detected non-calcified nodules of ＜5 mm, 5–10 mm, ≥10 mm and calcified nodules with sensitivity of 69.6%, 90.6%, 100% and 89.5% respectively. In addition, the sizes of the nodules (≥5 mm) had statistical consistency. MRI is more sensitive in detecting caseous necrosis, liquefaction, active cavity, abnormalities of lymph nodes and pleura. Conclusions: T1-weighted free-breathing Star-VIBE and T2-weighted 2D-fBLADE TSE, both with satisfactory image quality, are suitable for patients with pulmonary TB who need long-term follow-ups in clinical routine, especially for children, young women and pregnant women. Keywords: Pulmonary tuberculosis, 3T MRI, Image quality, Detection

This paper examines and discusses the dynamic response of a high-speed train-bridge-soil-pile foundation system to near-fault earthquakes. A 72 + 120 + 72 m continuous girder bridge of a high-speed railroad was selected as the model for calculation. Based on the p-y model for simulating pile-soil interaction, the moment-curvature analysis program XTRACT is used to calculate the moment and curvature of bridge piers and pile foundation sections, and the finite element (FE) software is used to establish two nonlinear global bridge models under seismic effects in the high-intensity zone, one considering pile-soil interaction and one without considering pile-soil interaction. The Ap/Vp parameter, the ratio of peak acceleration to peak velocity of transverse ground shaking, is used to reflect the impulse characteristics of earthquakes and the effect of the Ap/Vp parameter on the dynamic response of bridges to earthquakes was studied. The elastic-plastic response of the bridge system was calculated under lateral and vertical near-fault (NF) impulse/NF nonimpulse/far-field (FF) ground motions (GMs). The study shows that the structural displacement increases, and the internal force decreases after considering the pile-soil interaction. The results show that the bridge piers enter the elastoplastic phase under rare earthquakes. The NF ground shaking couples with the bridge into the elastoplastic phase with a more significant impulse period than the FF ground shaking intensifies the dynamic response of the bridge structure.

Perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) is a common condition in elderly patients undergoing surgery. Sedation, analgesia, regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2), and body temperature are known to be associated with PND, but few studies have examined the contribution of these factors combined in detail. This prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blinded study investigated whether anesthesia management based on multimodal brain monitoring—an anesthesia management algorithm designed by our group—could improve the post-operative cognitive function and brain functional connectivity (FC) in elderly patients undergoing elective spinal surgery with general anesthesia. The patients (aged ≥65 years) were randomized into two groups [control (Group C), n = 12 and intervention (Group I), n = 14]. Patients in Group I were managed with multimodal brain monitoring (patient state index, spectral edge frequency, analgesia nociception index, rSO2, and temperature), and those in Group C were managed with routine anesthesia management. All patients were pre- and post-operatively evaluated (7 days after surgery) with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and FC were analyzed after resting-state functional MRI. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipopolysaccharide levels were measured, and the correlation between FC and changes in inflammatory marker levels was analyzed. Mean post-operative MoCA score was higher in Group I (24.80 ± 2.09) than in Group C (22.56 ± 2.24) (p = 0.04), with no difference in PND incidence between groups (28.57 vs. 16.67%; p = 0.47). Group I also showed significantly increased ALFF values in several brain regions after surgery (p < 0.05), and FC between the left hippocampus and left orbital inferior frontal gyrus (FG), left middle FG, left superior temporal gyrus, and left precentral gyrus was enhanced (p < 0.05), which was negatively correlated with the change in serum CRP (pre vs. post-intervention) (R = −0.58, p = 0.01). These results suggest that management of elderly patients undergoing surgery by multimodal brain monitoring may improve post-operative neurocognition and FC by reducing systemic inflammation.Clinical Trial Registration:http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx, identifier: ChiCTR1900028024.

Neuroinflammation has been recognized as a major cause for neurocognitive diseases. Although the hippocampus has been considered an important region for cognitive dysfunction, the influence of hippocampal neuroinflammation on brain functional connectivity (FC) has been rarely studied. In this study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation in the aged rat brain, while elamipretide (SS-31) was used for treatment. Systemic and hippocampal inflammation were determined using ELISA, while astrocyte responses during hippocampal neuroinflammation were determined by interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β)/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) double staining immunofluorescence. Oxidative stress was determined by reactive oxidative species (ROS), electron transport chain (ETC) complex, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Short- (30 days) learning and spatial working memory were tested by the Morris water maze (MWM). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) was used to analyze the brain FC by placing seed voxels on the left and right hippocampus. Compared with the vehicle group, rats with the LPS exposure showed an impaired MWM performance, higher oxidative stress, higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, and astrocyte activation in the hippocampus. The neuroimaging examination showed decreased FC on the right orbital cortex, right olfactory bulb, and left hippocampus on day 3, 7, and 31, respectively, after treatment. In contrast, rats with SS-31 treatment showed lower levels of inflammatory cytokines, less astrocyte activation in the hippocampus, and improved MWM performance. Neuroimaging examination showed increased FC on the left-parietal association cortex (L-PAC), left sensory cortex, and left motor cortex on day 7 with the right flocculonodular lobe on day 31 as compared with those without SS-31 treatment. Our study demonstrated that inhibiting neuroinflammation in the hippocampus not only reduces inflammatory responses in the hippocampus but also improves the brain FC in regions related to the hippocampus. Furthermore, early anti-inflammatory treatment with SS-31 has a long-lasting effect on reducing the impact of LPS-induced neuroinflammation.

Trade credit is a payment extension granted by a selling firm to its customer. Companies typically respond to late payments from their customers by delaying payments to suppliers, thus generating a ripple through the transaction network. Therefore, trade credit is as a potential vehicle of propagation of losses in case of default events. The goal of this work is to leverage information on the trade credit among connected firms to predict imminent defaults of firms. We use a unique dataset of client firms of a major Italian bank to investigate firm bankruptcy between October 2016 to March 2018. We develop a model to capture network spillover effects originating from the supply chain on the probability of default of each firm via a sequential approach: the output of a first model component on single firm features is used in a subsequent model which captures network spillovers. While the first component is the standard econometrics way to predict such dynamics, the network module represents an innovative way to look into the effect of trade credit on default probability. This module looks at the transaction network of the firm, as inferred from the payments transiting via the bank, in order to identify the trade partners of the firm. By using several features extracted from the network of transactions, this model is able to predict a large fraction of the defaults, thus showing the value hidden in the network information. Finally, we merge firm and network features with a machine learning model to create a 'hybrid' model, which improves the recall for the task by almost 20 percentage points over the baseline.

To evaluate the clinical features and radiomics nomograms of tumors and peritumoral regions for the preoperative prediction of the presence of spread through air spaces (STAS) in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. A total of 107 STAS-positive lung adenocarcinomas were selected and matched to 105 STAS-negative lung adenocarcinomas. Thin-slice CT imaging annotation and region of interest (ROI) segmentation were performed with semi-automatic in-house software. Radiomics features were extracted from all nodules and incremental distances of 5, 10, and 15 mm outside the lesion segmentation. A radiomics nomogram was established with multivariable logistic regression based on clinical and radiomics features. The maximum diameter of the solid component and mediastinal lymphadenectasis were selected as independent predictors of STAS. The radiomics nomogram of lung nodules showed especially good prediction in the training set [area under the curve (AUC), 0.98; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.97–1.00] and test set (AUC, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.97–1.00). The radiomics nomogram of peritumoral regions also showed good prediction, but the fitting degrees of the calibration curves were not good. Our study may provide guidance for surgical methods in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Background Past studies have demonstrated that goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) may be more marginal than previously believed. However, beneficial effects of alpha-1 adrenergic agonists combined with appropriate fluid administration is getting more and more attention. This study aimed to systematically review the effects of goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) combined with the application of alpha-1 adrenergic agonists on postoperative outcomes following noncardiac surgery. Methods This meta-analysis included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on GDFT combined with the application of alpha-1 adrenergic agonists in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. The primary outcomes included the postoperative mortality rate and length of hospital stay (LOS). The secondary outcome indexes were the incidence of postoperative complications and recovery of postoperative gastrointestinal (GI) function. The traditional pairwise meta-analysis was conducted to compare the effect of fluid therapy. The quality of included RCTs was evaluated according to the Cochrane Collaboration’s risk-of-bias tool. Also, the publication bias was detected using funnel plots, Egger’s regression test, and Begg’s adjusted rank correlation test. The meta-analysis was conducted using the RevMan 5.3 and Stata 14.0 software. Results Thirty-two eligible RCTs were included in this meta-analysis. Perioperative GDFT combined with the application of alpha-1 adrenergic agonists was associated with a significant reduction in LOS (P = 0.002; I 2 = 69%), and overall complication rates (P = 0.04; I 2 = 41%). It facilitated gastrointestinal function recovery, as demonstrated by shortening the time to first flatus by 6.30 h (P

The effect of parecoxib sodium on the duration and severity of acute postoperative pain after laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy has been inadequately studied. This randomized, controlled trial compared the effects of parecoxib, methylprednisolone, and placebo on the duration of acute postoperative pain after elective laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy. Ninety-four eligible patients were randomized to three groups [parecoxib sodium 40 mg (Group P), methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg (Group M), and saline (Group S)]. The duration of pain during coughing [median (interquartile range)] was significantly lower in Group P than in Group M or Group S [26.0 (5.8–48.0) vs. 48.0 (30.0–55.5) vs. 48.0 (36.0–58.5) h; p = 0.025]. The duration of pain during rest was also significantly lower in Group P than in Group M or Group S [5.5 (3.8–21.0) vs. 24.0 (6.0–28.0) vs. 22.0 (5.8–36.0) h; p = 0.009]. Compared with those in Group M and Group S, the patients in Group P reported less intense visceral pain during coughing at 12 (p = 0.050) and 24 h (p = 0.009) as well as at rest at 12 h (p = 0.008). Compared with those in Group P and Group S, the patients in Group M showed lower serum C-reactive protein levels and higher blood glucose levels after surgery. No differences were noted in nausea, vomiting, length of hospital stay, wound infection, and delayed wound healing among the groups. Thus, parecoxib sodium reduces the duration and intensity of acute postoperative pain after laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy.

While SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing antibodies have been developed for therapeutic purposes, the specific viral triggers that drive the generation of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and IgM antibodies remain only partially characterized. Moreover, it is unknown whether endogenously derived antibodies drive viral clearance that might result in mitigation of clinical severity during natural infection. We developed a series of non-linear mathematical models to investigate whether SARS-CoV-2 viral and antibody kinetics are coupled or governed by separate processes. Patients with severe disease had a higher production rate of IgG but not IgM antibodies. Maximal levels of both isotypes were governed by their production rate rather than different saturation levels between people. Our results suggest that an exponential surge in IgG levels occurs approximately 5–10 days after symptom onset with no requirement for continual antigenic stimulation. SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies appear to have limited to no effect on viral dynamics but may enhance viral clearance late during primary infection resulting from the binding effect of antibody to virus, rather than neutralization. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies may play only a limited role in clearing infection from the nasal passages despite providing long-term immunity against infection following vaccination or prior infection.

Industrial production of menaquione-7 by Bacillus subtilis natto is associated with major drawbacks. To address the current challenges in menaquione-7 fermentation, studying the effect of magnetic nanoparticles on the bacterial cells can open up a new domain for intensified menqainone-7 process. This article introduces the new concept of production and application of l-lysine coated iron oxide nanoparticles (l-Lys@IONs) as a novel tool for menaquinone-7 biosynthesis. l-Lys@IONs with the average size of 7 nm were successfully fabricated and were examined in a fermentation process of l-Lys@IONs decorated Bacillus subtilis natto. Based on the results, higher menaquinone-7 specific yield was observed for l-Lys@IONs decorated bacterial cells as compared to untreated bacteria. In addition, more than 92% removal efficacy was achieved by using integrated magnetic separation process. The present study demonstrates that l-Lys@IONs can be successfully applied during a fermentation of menaquinone-7 without any negative consequences on the culture conditions. This study provides a novel biotechnological application for IONs and their future role in bioprocess intensification.