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This article introduces the main trends in green construction, base principles of biological architecture, and its importance in Europa. The concept of biological architecture is considered as one of the most effective and aesthetic way for modern cities to improve the microclimate is the introduction of green architecture. In a large number of countries around the world, apartment buildings, hotels, offices and government buildings with vertical gardening of facades, decorated with a wide variety of plants. Despite the growing interest in the field of green construction, little research has been done to assess the principles of green systems implementation, especially in construction. This study assesses the factors behind the development of green construction. Green construction is a key to solving global problems and modern way of development urban spaces, many of the principles and practices applied in sustainable architecture, have their roots in antiquity. The improvement and popularization of national green standards in the foreseeable future may significantly affect the housing and communal services.

The main trends in the development of airport complexes in the international transport system includegrowingeco-movement and measures to reduce harmful emissions and greening their infrastructure. There are modern green rating systems for certification of green buildings and constructive objects, which equally impose requirements on the transport system. Along with them, there is anAirport Carbon Accreditation Programfocused only on airport complexes. It contains 6 levels and aims to minimize the negative impact of airport complexes, reducing the carbon footprint. This factor, according to scientists, is the root cause of global climate change. In addition to reducing emissions, measures are being taken to switch to renewable energy sources. This is very important because the energy and water consumption of this infrastructure is high.

The modern construction pay attention to fundamentally new requirements, the quality of products and service and improve the quality management system of green building and environmental safety facilities. The integration of new energy efficient technologies and energy efficient buildings is one of the priority options in the development of modern cities. The article use the methods of comparative analysis of the various international standards of green buildings and eco-certification of greening systems were applied, based on a risk-based approach. Risks are calculated using complex methods. The assessment of green building sustainability was considered as is a key factor of reducing technogenic risks and be the guarantee that the green building is environmentally friendly. The analysis showed the main regulatory and technical documents used in the construction of buildings with the use of greening systems, considered the basic safety requirements when working at height, and also evaluated the application of standards in the field of environmental certification of materials of new technologies used, developed by authors.The ecological certificate allows to increase the competitiveness of products in the market, which is economically beneficial.The principles of green building are aimed at creating a healthy and comfortable environment due to a large amount of daylight and fresh air.

Today, the problem of environmental degradation is acute for all mankind. More and more global companies are taking a course towards responsible and environmentally friendly production. According to experts, in the near future, corporations that ignore the principles of environmental conservation may lose investments from large funds. The concept of sustainable development, assessment of risks and opportunities related to climate change, respect for human rights and solving problems of society and local communities has become a global trend and will determine the economic and financial agenda in the near future. The article is devoted to the consideration of the importance and implementation of a new organization of farming and the city farming construction on the buildings with as an object of ESG certification and green transport infrastructure. The practice of using trusses on the roofs of buildings and transport objects for various purposes is revealed. A rational approach to the assessment and certification of such objects is substantiated.

In this research we provide the analysis of the modern green wall technologies. The modular greening technology for the buildings is universal invention with respect to the purpose of the building and it is applicable for greening buildings intended for any spheres of «going into nature» aims. The complexity of installation work of this modular constructive greening system is quite low, which is one of the main advantages of the invention. Due to the fact that the system can be installed both vertically and horizontally, a single coating system of modules is formed. These modules can optimally fill the facades of the building due to the fact that their dimensions can vary. The constructive weight of the system is not large; for this, the technological process is optimized. This system is the most environmentally and technically efficient for the green buildings.

The predominance of green spaces on the coatings of buildings and structures contributes to the formation and development of a new urban space, improves the environment, reducing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The aim of the research is to study the various types of greening systems form a variable base of organizational and technological modelling, which allow to adopt the rational organizational and technological decisions in the construction. The research methodology and research methods are based on the theory and practice of constructing organizational and technological models and methods of rational planning in construction, decision theory, expert assessments, and comparison methods. As the results of streamlining the technological processes and operations of the roofing device with modular greening systems, the organizational and technological sequence of the roofing device with the modular greening system is formed. Application of the approaches of organizational-technological modeling in the construction of buildings with green roofs will allow verification with a limited set of experimental data.

Due to the organizational and technological project, the selection of the optimal parameters of technological processes can be based on the results of numerical modeling of various options for the production of construction and installation works. The aim of this study is determination of the optimal sequence of construction and installation work by modeling the selection of options for the production of works. Research methods include analysis, description, measurement and comparison, as well as the application of scientific knowledge in the theory and practice of building network models. The modeling of the various scenarios of the construction and installation works allows efficient use of the resources, based on such network models. The project scheduling by formalizing a path-float-based approach was analyzed. As a result of the analysis of models of organizational and technological design of construction production, it was established that on their basis it is possible to control the temporal characteristics of both individual and complex work performed. In our research, the extended network model of the object in construction with the dependency "finish-start" was applied. One of the important tasks is to ensure the total duration of the construction during the scheduling.

In this article, the approaches to the application of evaluation systems for green buildings to the processes of modeling and designing green infrastructure in the development of the management mechanism of the urban environment, the problems of using green roof technologies are reviewed. The implementation of new green roof and green wall systems requires the accumulation of parametric data for variability in the selection of rational decisions. This study presents new green roof and green wall technologies and describes the main device advantages compared to existing coverings. The study applied the methods of comparative analysis of various options for roofing systems, including landscaping, based on the principles of labor and time savings. The comparison is made of the various indicators of the labor intensity of the covering device, using methods of structural-functional modeling. On the graphical models the identification of the structural separate layers of the roof structure is shown, which clearly represents the variable model according to various indicators of labor intensity. This research presents the new green roof and green wall technologies for implementation in the coverings and describes the main device advantages compared to existing coverings, which designed for simple cost-effective installation and modern urban design flexibility.

The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation continues to actively modernize military towns: the bet is placed on prefabricated modular buildings. Such buildings comply with the basic requirement for military installations - mobility. The article presents examples of existing modular military towns, as well as the results of a thermal survey of fencing structures of a modular building to accommodate military personnel.

Inclusion of the carbon component in the standard STO NOSTROY "Green construction" is the part of the study of institutional aspects of the introduction of energy efficiency standards. In the course of this study, based on the generalization of international experience, proposals are being developed to develop mandatory and voluntary carbon reporting in accordance with the concept of sustainable development in Russia, and a rationale is being developed for incorporating the requirements for reducing greenhouse gas emissions within a voluntary certification of real estate "Green Standards" and other systems.

This article analyses both traditional green roof structures and innovative modular green roof systems. Project design and construction of new buildings with smart green technologies is a main trend in the process of mitigation climate change, because in most European countries the construction sector consumes approximately one third of the total energy used. Despite a wide range of proposed initiatives in the construction sector measures mainly focused on energy-saving technologies, alternative energy resources and methods to bring multiple economic profit and great environment benefits.

The use of information modeling technology, Building Information Modeling (BIM), for the quality control system and improving the safety level of buildings and structures allows for a much higher level of design, construction and operation. It is necessary to predict the different building conditions in the implementation of planning processes, that should be made safely and reasonably. This paper presents a summary of specific examples, that show the results of successful implementation of this method with reference to capital construction objects of varying complexity.

The relevance of research is due increased environmental tensions associated with the noise impact of transport, including the problem of aircraft noise. The purpose of the study is the development of reduce the impact of aircraft noise on the population living near airports, and assessment of the cost-effectiveness of measures to implement measures to reduce noise interference with the device of green roof systems on residential and public buildings near aviation facilities. The predominance of green spaces, architectural forms and other elements of improvement contribute to improving the environment, quality of life, including by reducing the noise load. Based economic analysis and assessment of the noise situation use greening strucrures that improve the well-being of the local population, this particularity concerns the provision of health and psychological comfort of the population. The assessment of the ecological and economic efficiency of green roof systems has shown that the benefits of the green spaces are multifunctional, and in addition to reducing noise, they also reduced the island's effect of heat by creating a shadow, reduce the need for conditioning, reduce wind load, filter harmful emissions, improve air quality and preserve biodiversity.

This research is aimed to study the significant number of negative environmental consequences are due to the active development of cities and agglomerations. The technologies of green buildings are constantly being improved with the aim of reducing the overall influence of development on the environment and human health. Today, one of the most important trends of eco-development is to develop the innovations in the field of green building structures. Green modular roofing structures contribute to solving the problems of ecodevelopment in the construction of smart cities and smart buildings for sustainable development.

The article considers the problems of standardization and quality control of processes in the construction, improvement of integrated safety of buildings and the implementation of innovative green building technologies, the use of national standards as well as international rating systems for green buildings evaluation. This is one of the priority directions in development of the modern construction. The aim of this study is the analysis of the green roof systems and international standards, which were carried out in the green building industry. The authors have studied traditional and innovative solutions of rational using natural resources and energy, the green roof system with integration of supported solar and wind energy collecting and converting devices and of irrigation system. Some studies provide evidence for the benefits of the modular green roof system in urban green space with microclimate differences. This article presents a new research which advances our knowledge of the economic and environmental services provided by the green roof system. Research reported here also considers the analysis of the Russian and international legislation of the quality control of processes in green construction.

Arterial delivery to the kidney offers significant potential for targeted accumulation and retention of cells, genetic material, and drugs, both in free and encapsulated forms, because the entire dose passes through the vessels feeding this organ during the first circulation of blood. At the same time, a detailed study on the safety and effectiveness of developed therapies in a large number of experimental animals is required. Small laboratory animals, especially mice, are the most sought-after in experimental and preclinical testing due to their cost-effectiveness. Most of the described manipulations in mice involve puncturing the walls of the abdominal aorta or renal artery for direct administration of solutions and suspensions. Such manipulations are temporary and, in some cases, result in long-term occlusion of the aorta. Ultimately, this can lead to disruption of blood flow as well as functional and morphological changes to the kidneys. In addition, few of these protocols describe targeted delivery to the kidney. The presented protocol involves the injection of test substances or suspensions through the renal artery into one of the kidneys. The catheter is implanted into the femoral artery and then advanced into the abdominal aorta and renal artery within the vessels. In this case, the integrity violation of the renal artery or abdominal aorta is absent. Occlusion of the renal artery is necessary only immediately at the time of injection to minimize the entry of the injected substance into the aorta. This protocol is similar to the clinical procedure for delivering a catheter into the renal artery and is designed for real-world operating conditions. Key features • The protocol involves implantation of a catheter into the vascular system through a puncture of the femoral artery, similar to the clinical procedure. • The catheter is moved inside the vessels without puncture or ligation to the aorta or renal artery. • The protocol involves only a short-term block of the blood supply to the target kidney (the time required for direct administration of the drug). • Suitable for chronic experiments on mice, since the catheter is removed from the vascular system immediately after drug administration., Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interest., (©Copyright : © 2024 The Authors; This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license.)

Knowledge of the optical parameters of tumors is important for choosing the correct laser treatment parameters. In this paper, optical properties and refraction indices of breast tissue in healthy mice and a 4T1 model mimicking human breast cancer have been measured. A significant decrease in both the scattering and refractive index of tumor tissue has been observed. The change in tissue morphology has induced the change in the slope of the scattering spectrum. Thus, the light penetration depth into tumor has increased by almost 1.5-2 times in the near infrared "optical windows." Raman spectra have shown lower lipid content and higher protein content in tumor. The difference in the optical parameters of the tissues under study makes it possible to reliably differentiate them. The results may be useful for modeling the distribution of laser radiation in healthy tissues and cancers for deriving optimal irradiation conditions in photodynamic therapy., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Photoacoustic flow cytometry is one of the most effective approaches to detect "alien" objects in the bloodstream, including circulating tumor cells, blood clots, parasites, and emboli. However, the possibility of detecting high-amplitude signals from these objects against the background of blood depends on the parameters of the laser pulse. So, the dependencies of photoacoustic signals amplitude and number on laser pulse energy (5-150 μJ), pulse length (1, 2, 5 ns), and pulse repetition rate (2, 5, 10 kHz) for the melanoma cells were investigated. First, the PA responses of a melanoma cell suspension in vitro were measured to directly assess the efficiency of converting laser light into an acoustic signal. After it, the same dependence with the developed murine model based on constant rate melanoma cell injection into the animal blood flow was tested. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments show that signal generation efficiency increases with laser pulse energy above 15 μJ. Shorter pulses, especially 1 ns, provide more efficient signal generation as well as higher pulse rates. A higher pulse rate also provides more efficient signal generation, but also leads to overheating of the skin. The results show the limits where the photoacoustic flow cytometry system can be effectively used for the detection of circulating tumor cells in undiluted blood both for in vitro experiments and for in vivo murine models., (© 2023 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.)

Complex immunosuppressive therapy is prescribed in medical practice to patients with glomerulonephritis to help them overcome symptoms and prevent chronic renal failure. Such an approach requires long-term systemic administration of strong medications, which causes severe side effects. This work shows the efficiency of polymer capsule accumulation (2.8 ± 0.4 µm) containing labeled etanercept (100 μg per dose) in the kidneys of mice. The comparison of injection into the renal artery and tail vein shows the significant superiority of the intra-arterial administration strategy. The etanercept retention rate of 18% and 8% ID in kidneys was found 1 min and 1 h after injection, respectively. The capsules were predominantly localized in the glomeruli after injection in mice using a model of acute glomerulonephritis. Histological analysis confirmed a significant therapeutic effect only in animals with intra-arterial administration of microcapsules with etanercept. The proposed strategy combines endovascular surgery and the use of polymer microcapsules containing a high molecular weight drug that can be successfully applied to treat a wide range of kidney diseases associated with glomerular pathology.

The problem of reducing the side effects associated with drug distribution throughout the body in the treatment of various kidney diseases can be solved by effective targeted drug delivery. The method described herein involves injection of a drug encapsulated in polyelectrolyte capsules to achieve prolonged local release and long-term capillary retention of several hours while these capsules are administered via the renal artery. The proposed method does not imply disruption (puncture) of the renal artery or aorta and is suitable for long-term chronic experiments on mice. In this study, we compared how capsule size and dosage affect the target kidney blood flow. It has been established that an increase in the diameter of microcapsules by 29% (from 3.1 to 4.0 μm) requires a decrease in their concentration by at least 50% with the same suspension volume. The photoacoustic method, along with laser speckle contrast imaging, was shown to be useful for monitoring blood flow and selecting a safe dose. Capsules contribute to a longer retention of a macromolecular substance in the target kidney compared to its free form due to mechanical retention in capillaries and slow impregnation into surrounding tissues during the first 1-3 h, which was shown by fluorescence tomography and microscopy. At the same time, the ability of capillaries to perform almost complete "self-cleaning" from capsular shells during the first 12 h leads to the preservation of organ tissues in a normal state. The proposed strategy, which combines endovascular surgery and the injection of polymer microcapsules containing the active substance, can be successfully used to treat a wide range of nephropathies.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become widespread in clinical applications in which precise three-dimensional functional imaging of living organs is required. Nevertheless, the kidney is inaccessible for the high resolution OCT imaging due to a high light attenuation coefficient of skin and soft tissues that significantly limits the penetration depth of the probing laser beam. Here, we introduce a surgical protocol and fixation scheme that enables functional visualization of kidney's peritubular capillaries via OCT microangiography. The model of reversible/irreversible glomerulus embolization using drug microcarriers confirms the ability of OCT to detect circulatory disorders. This approach can be used for choosing optimal carriers, their dosages and diagnosis of other blood flow pathologies., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2021 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement.)

Targeting drug delivery systems is crucial to reducing the side effects of therapy. However, many of them are lacking effectiveness for kidney targeting, due to systemic dispersion and accumulation in the lungs and liver after intravenous administration. Renal artery administration of carriers provides their effective local accumulation but may cause irreversible vessel blockage. Therefore, the combination of the correct administration procedure, suitable drug delivery system, selection of effective and safe dosage is the key to sparing local therapy. Here, we propose the 3-μm sized fluorescent capsules based on poly-L-arginine and dextran sulfate for targeting the kidney via a mice renal artery. Hemodynamic study of the target kidney in combination with the histological analysis reveals a safe dose of microcapsules (20 × 10 6 ), which has not lead to irreversible pathological changes in blood flow and kidney tissue, and provides retention of 20.5 ± 3% of the introduced capsules in the renal cortex glomeruli. Efficacy of fluorescent dye localization in the target kidney after intra-arterial administration is 9 times higher than in the opposite kidney and after intravenous injection. After 24 h microcapsules are not observed in the target kidney when the safe dose of carriers is being used but a high level of fluorescent signal persists for 48 h indicating that fluorescent cargo accumulation in tissues. Injection of non-safe microcapsule dose leads to carriers staying in glomeruli for at least 48 h which has consequences of blood flow not being restored and tissue damage being observed in histology., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The effects of light-driven enhancement of Evans Blue dye complexes with blood plasma proteins were observed for the first time, both in vitro and in vivo. The possible background of the effect concerns the photochemical cis-trans isomerization of the azo dye molecules. The effect was induced in the solution with a red laser with a wavelength of 638 nm, which corresponds to the peak of the dye absorption. The lifetime of the enhanced fluorescence is approximately 1 second and enables its use as an optically tagged molecular flow tracer for blood flow velocity measurements. Utilizing the effect, we performed for the first time the intravital molecular tagging velocimetry of the blood velocity in blood vessels in a living animal. The results of the measurements of the blood flow velocities in the cerebral veins of a group of healthy mice are presented., (© 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)