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Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield is predicted to decrease in the future because of an increase in air temperature globally. To clarify the effects of the vernalization response gene in wheat to warmer winters, we compared dry matter production and grain yield between spring wheat ‘Asakazekomugi’ and its winter-type near-isogenic line (NIL) carrying different alleles of the vernalization response gene Vrn-D1 under early-, standard-, and late-sowing conditions. Under early-sowing conditions, dry matter production of the NIL carrying the winter allele of Vrn-D1, named Asa (Vrn-D1b), exceeded that of ‘Asakazekomugi’ from mid-March (after stem elongation in Asa (Vrn-D1b)) when the temperatures rose. Tiller number and leaf area index under early-sowing conditions were consistently higher in Asa (Vrn-D1b) than in ‘Asakazekomugi’ from mid-March onward. It was suggested that the early-sown ‘Asakazekomugi’ could not effectively absorb solar radiation to produce dry matter because of the acceleration of stem elongation caused by the Vrn-D1 gene during the cold season. The grain yield of Asa (Vrn-D1b) with early sowing was higher than with standard sowing. In contrast, the grain yield of ‘Asakazekomugi’ was lower in the early-sown crop than in the crop sown at the standard date. These results suggested that the higher grain yield of Asa (Vrn-D1b) than that of ‘Asakazekomugi’ under early-sown conditions could be due to Asa (Vrn-D1b) maintaining high dry matter production after the jointing stage by suppressing acceleration of growth caused by warm conditions after sowing. Abbreviations CGR: crop growth rate; HI: harvest index; LAI: leaf area index; NIL: near-isogenic line; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism

Yellow mosaic disease, caused by wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV), is one of the most serious diseases of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Japan. WYMV pathotype I is distributed mainly in western and central Japan, pathotype II in northern Japan, and pathotype III on a part of the southern island of Japan. Major resistance genes and quantitative trait loci for WYMV were previously identified on wheat chromosomes 2DL, 3BS, and 5AL. We evaluated a total of 165 modern Japanese wheat varieties, released by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, for response to the three pathotypes in field trials, and genotyped them using microsatellite markers associated with the three WYMV resistance genes. Based on the data, we propose a model for the relationship between the three resistance genes and WYMV pathotypes. The results strongly suggest that the resistance conferred by the gene on 5AL has broken down with emergence of pathotype III, which may be derived from pathotype I.

Yellow mosaic disease, caused by wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV), is one of the most serious diseases of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Japan. The three pathotypes of WYMV are distributed in different geographical areas: pathotype I is found mainly in western and central Japan (Kanto), pathotype II in northern Japan (Tohoku and Hokkaido) and pathotype III on the southern island of Japan (Kyushu). A total of 246 doubled-haploid (DH) lines, derived from a cross between ‘Yumechikara’ (resistant) and ‘Kitahonami’ (susceptible), were evaluated for 2 years for their resistance to WYMV pathotype I. A single major quantitative trait locus, Q.Ymym, mapping to chromosome 2D was associated with resistance to pathotype I in ‘Yumechikara’. This is the first time a QTL responsible for pathotype I resistance has been identified. Fine mapping of Q.Ymym indicated that it was on a tight linkage block originating from ‘Yumechikara’, and the markers associated with this block will accelerate the development of varieties resistant to WYMV pathotype I.

Near-isogenic lines (NILs), carrying different combinations of Ppd-1 genes in the genetic background of an early-maturity cultivar Abukumawase were grown at two sites for two years to elucidate the effects of photoperiodic response genes on the growth and yield of early-maturity wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) in central and southwestern Japan. Photoperiod-insensitive genes, Ppd-B1a and Ppd-D1a , accelerated young spike development, and this effect was predominant with Ppd-B1 with no additive effect among them. Ppd-B1a and Ppd-D1a also advanced the jointing stage, heading, and maturity, and the effect of Ppd-B1a on the jointing stage and heading was stronger than that of Ppd-D1a. An additive effect of two genes was detected for heading. Besides, Ppd-B1a and Ppd-D1a reduced culm length and grain weight, although the reduction effect on grain weight was not significant. Meanwhile, the mean temperature from double ridge formation stage to heading was lower in NILs with photoperiod-insensitive genes than in NILs with photoperiod-sensitive gene, and there was a significant correlation between mean temperature from double ridge formation stage to terminal spikelet formation stage and spikelet number per spike as well as between mean temperature from terminal spikelet formation stage to heading and grain number per spikelet. Therefore in a genetic background of extremely early-maturity line of spring type wheat, photoperiod-insensitive genes accelerated wheat growth and reduced spikelet numbers in central and southwestern Japan, and the effect of Ppd-B1a was stronger than that of Ppd-D1a.

The Ppd-A1 genotype of 240 Japanese wheat cultivars and 40 foreign cultivars was determined using a PCR-based method. Among Japanese cultivars, only 12 cultivars, all of which were Hokkaido winter wheat, carried the Ppd-A1a allele, while this allele was not found in Hokkaido spring wheat cultivars or Tohoku-Kyushu cultivars. Cultivars with a photoperiod-insensitive allele headed 6.9-9.8 days earlier in Kanto and 2.5 days earlier in Hokkaido than photoperiod-sensitive cultivars. The lower effect of photoperiod-insensitive alleles observed in Hokkaido could be due to the longer day-length at the spike formation stage compared with that in Kanto. Pedigree analysis showed that 'Purple Straw' and 'Tohoku 118' were donors of Ppd-A1a and Ppd-D1a in Hokkaido wheat cultivars, respectively. Wheat cultivars recently developed in Hokkaido carry photoperiod-insensitive alleles at a high frequency. For efficient utilization of Ppd-1 alleles in the Hokkaido wheat-breeding program, the effect of Ppd-1 on growth pattern and grain yield should be investigated. Ppd-A1a may be useful as a unique gene source for fine tuning the heading time in the Tohoku-Kyushu region since the effect of Ppd-A1a on photoperiod insensitivity appears to differ from the effect of Ppd-B1a and Ppd-D1a.

小麦粉色相が優れたコムギ品種を育成するため，元素含有率と小麦粉色相の関係について調査した．元素含有率には互いに相関関係が認められたため，因子分析を行ったところ，第1，第3及び第5因子は品種・系統による有意な変動が検出され，なおかつ小麦粉色相値との間に有意な相関関係が観察された．第1因子は鉄，マグネシウム，マンガン，亜鉛及び燐の負荷量が大きく，その含有率が増加すると小麦粉色相の低下，すなわちL*値の低下，a*値の上昇が観察された．第1因子は燐の負荷量が大きいことから，種子糊粉層に存在する燐化合物であるフィチン酸と結合した元素の変動であり，糊粉層の小麦粉への混入程度を反映した変動である考えられた．第3因子は小麦粉色相値L*値との間に正の相関関係が観察されたが，負荷量の多かったカルシウムと燐がどのように関連しているのかは判然としなかった．第5因子はたんぱく質含有率の負荷量が極めて大きく，その含有率の増加に従い小麦粉色相の低下が観察された．以上のように，小麦粉中のたんぱく質と無機元素はお互いに異なる要因によってその含有率が変動し，各小麦粉色相に影響していることが判った．また，本研究で供試した材料では，小麦粉の元素含有率は糊粉層の小麦粉への混入程度を反映していると推察され，いずれかの元素が小麦粉色相低下の直接的な要因とは考えにくかった．よって，小麦粉色相の改善のためには糊粉層の混入が少ない，製粉性の優れた系統の育成が効果的であると考えられた．

The genotypes of photoperiod response genes Ppd-B1 and Ppd-D1 in Japanese wheat cultivars were determined by a PCR-based method, and heading times were compared among genotypes. Most of the Japanese wheat cultivars, except those from the Hokkaido region, carried the photoperiod-insensitive allele Ppd-D1a, and heading was accelerated 10.3 days compared with the Ppd-D1b genotype. Early cultivars with Ppd-D1a may have been selected to avoid damage from preharvest rain. In the Hokkaido region, Ppd-D1a frequency was lower and heading date was late regardless of Ppd-D1 genotype, suggesting another genetic mechanism for late heading in Hokkaido cultivars. In this study, only 11 cultivars proved to carry Ppd-B1a, and all of them carried another photoperiod-insensitive allele, Ppd-D1a. The Ppd-B1a/Ppd-D1a genotype headed 6.7 days earlier than the Ppd-B1b/Ppd-D1a genotype, indicating a significant effect of Ppd-B1a in the genetic background with Ppd-D1a. Early-maturity breeding in Japan is believed to be accelerated by the introduction of the Ppd-B1a allele into medium-heading cultivars carrying Ppd-D1a. Pedigree analysis showed that Ppd-B1a in three extra-early commercial cultivars was inherited from ‘Shiroboro 21’ by early-heading Chugoku lines bred at the Chugoku Agriculture Experimental Station.

In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance is an important breeding target to reduce yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. We hypothesized that cleistogamous (CL, closed flowering) cultivars have a lower risk of FHB infection than chasmogamous (CH, opened flowering) cultivars because FHB infection usually occurs in the inside of florets or extracted anthers and FHB resistance in CL cultivars decreases mycotoxin accumulation. To test these hypotheses, we produced 126 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between common wheat varieties ‘U24’ (CL variety) and ‘Saikai 165’ (CH variety). Although ‘U24’ and ‘Saikai 165’ are both resistant to FHB infection, ‘U24’ is susceptible to FHB spread, grain deterioration, and mycotoxin accumulation compared with ‘Saikai 165’. Among the RILs, there were significant differences in all of the tested traits. Although the CL RILs showed less initial FHB infection than CH RILs, there were no significant differences in grain deterioration and mycotoxin accumulation between the 2 groups. An FHB-resistant quantitative trait locus (QTL) located on chromosome 3BS increased resistance to FHB spread, grain deterioration, and mycotoxin accumulation; however, not all CL RILs with this QTL accumulated less mycotoxin than ‘Saikai 165’.

Shiratae Nijo is a new two-rowed food barley cultivar bred at the National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region (KONARC) in collaboration with the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) and released in 2009. Shiratae Nijo is a proanthocyanidin-free cultivar bred by backcross breeding using a leading cultivar Nishinohoshi as a recurrent parent and a foreign proanthocyanidin-free mutant ant28-494 as a non-recurrent parent. The agronomic characteristics of Shiratae Nijo are almost the same as those of Nishinohoshi which has high yield performance and high resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) type I and powdery mildew. Like Nishinohoshi, Shiratae Nijo shows high resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) at the anthesis stage but is susceptible 10 days after anthesis. Shiratae Nijo exhibits significantly weaker seed dormancy than Nishinohoshi. Shiratae Nijo has excellent pearling quality, and the pearled grains show no discoloration and high whiteness after cooking because of the lack of catechin and proanthocyanidin in the grains.

本研究の目的は，育種研究におけるアウトリーチ活動のプロトタイプを策定することにある．そのため，パン用小麦「ミナミノカオリ」を事例にしてWebを用いた3タイプのモデルを考案し，評価を行った．考案したモデルは，ホームページと電子掲示板による双方向コミュニケーションシステムをベースとし，これに「ミナミノカオリ」の小麦粉の使用体験や，研究者との直接対話を組み合わせた3タイプである．これらのモデルを，30～50歳の女性に適用し，「知識」，「関心」，「態度」，「行動」の4視点で各モデルの評価を行った．その結果，「知識」についてはモデル間で差がみられなかった．「関心」，「態度」については，使用体験と直接対話を組み合わせたモデルの方が，研究に対する関心や態度が高くなることが明らかになった．「行動」については，使用体験と直接対話を組み合わせたモデルの方が，より多くの第三者へ情報が伝達されることが明らかになった．つまり，育種研究に対して国民の関心を得るとともに，新品種に関する情報を広く伝達させるためには，Webによる双方向システムと，使用体験，及び研究者との直接対話を組み合わせることが重要であるといえる．

In Japan, the breeding of new wheat varieties for use in bread, Chinese noodles, as well as other noodles, is an urgently required objective if domestic wheat production and food self-sufficiency ratio have to increase. Many molecular markers are now available; those used in wheat breeding programs in Japan are generally to assess the amylose content, dough strength, grain hardness, wheat yellow mosaic virus, preharvest sprouting, and Fusarium head blight. Hard and extra-strong wheat varieties have been released using marker-assisted selection.

SummaryThe msm 1 and msm 2 cytoplasms cause male sterility in barley. In order to clarify whether these cytoplasms can be used for hybrid seed production in Japan, we investigated the fertility restoration under environmental conditions in Japan using alloplasmic lines and an isogenic line. Fertility of barley lines containing msm1 and msm2 was completely restored by the restorer gene Rfm 1a. The effect of cytoplasm on malting quality was also investigated, but no significant difference in malting quality was observed between lines possessing msm1, msm2, and original cytoplasms. Malting quality also did not differ between Rfm1a/Rfm1a and Rfm1a/rfm1a genotypes, suggesting that Rfm1a and its flanking genes are not associated with heterosis for malting quality. Possibilities of hybrid barley breeding using these male sterile cytoplasms are discussed.

In the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar 'Zenkoujikomugi', a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter of MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 on chromosome 3A (MFT-3A) causes an increase in the level of gene expression, resulting in strong grain dormancy. We used a DNA marker to detect the 'Zenkoujikomugi'-type (Zen-type) SNP and examined the genotype of MFT-3A in Japanese wheat varieties, and we found that 169 of 324 varieties carry the Zen-type SNP. In Japanese commercial varieties, the frequency of the Zen-type SNP was remarkably high in the southern part of Japan, but low in the northern part. To examine the relationship between MFT-3A genotype and grain dormancy, we performed a germination assay in three wheat-growing seasons. On average, the varieties carrying the Zen-type SNP showed stronger grain dormancy than the varieties carrying the non-Zen-type SNP. Among commercial cultivars, 'Iwainodaichi' (Kyushu), 'Junreikomugi' (Kinki-Chugoku-Shikoku), 'Kinuhime' (Kanto-Tokai), 'Nebarigoshi' (Tohoku-Hokuriku), and 'Kitamoe' (Hokkaido) showed the strongest grain dormancy in each geographical group, and all these varieties, except for 'Kitamoe', were found to carry the Zen-type SNP. In recent years, the number of varieties carrying the Zen-type SNP has increased in the Tohoku-Hokuriku region, but not in the Hokkaido region.

症例は27歳の初産婦で,妊娠30週頃より多飲,食思不振,35週より歩行困難,妄想などの精神症状を発症,軽度の溶血,肝酵素の上昇,血小板減少を認め,著明な高Na血症も合併していた.緊急帝王切開術の後ICUで管理し,高Na血症と腎機能障害は補液と血液透析により改善した.DICに対して血小板,新鮮凍結血漿を輸血,メシル酸ガベキサートとAT-III製剤を使用した.遷延する肝機能障害に対しては,ステロイドパルス療法に加え血液吸着を施行し,術後11日目にICUを退室,40日目に児とともに退院できた.

下行大動脈から腹部大動脈にかけて発生した数箇所の高度多発性狭窄により心不全を呈した異型大動脈縮窄症の患者に対して,後負荷軽減の目的で施行された腋窩-大腿動脈バイパス術の麻酔を経験した.術中は後負荷軽減と心拍出量増加のため,血管拡張療法とカテコラミンを併用したが,術前からの脱水と導入後の血管拡張により血圧が低下したため輸液負荷を必要とした.術中心不全に陥ることはなかった.術後覚醒と同時に末梢血管収縮に伴う相対的な循環血液量過多による左心不全となったため,血管拡張薬の再開と利尿剤を使用したところ,以後利尿良好となり,血行動態も安定して,術後2時間で肺動脈楔入圧は術前値まで低下した.今回のように後負荷の増大した症例では,術直後覚醒させる場合,バイパス効果の補助としての血管拡張療法の継続と利尿剤の併用による前負荷の軽減が必要である.

Pre-harvest sprouting, the germination of mature seeds on the mother plant under moist condition, is a serious problem in cereals. To investigate the effect of reduced abscisic acid (ABA) catabolism on germination in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), we cloned the wheat ABA 8′-hydroxyase gene which was highly expressed during seed development (TaABA8′OH1) and screened for mutations that lead to reduced ABA catabolism. In a screen for natural variation, one insertion mutation in exon 5 of TaABA8′OH1 on the D genome (TaABA8′OH1-D) was identified in Japanese cultivars including ‘Tamaizumi’. However, a single mutation in TaABA8′OH1-D had no clear effect on germination inhibition in double haploid lines. In a screen for a mutation, one deletion mutant lacking the entire TaABA8′OH1 on the A genome (TaABA8′OH1-A), TM1833, was identified from gamma-ray irradiation lines of ‘Tamaizumi’. TM1833 (a double mutant in TaABA8′OH1-A and TaABA8′OH1-D) showed lower TaABA8′OH1 expression, higher ABA content in embryos during seed development under field condition and lower germination than those in ‘Tamaizumi’ (a single mutant in TaABA8′OH1-D). These results indicate that reduced ABA catabolism through mutations in TaABA8′OH1 may be effective in germination inhibition in field-grown wheat.

A 36-year-old man with a 21-year history of Crohn's disease suddenly developed left hemiparesis. He did not have atherosclerotic risk factors on admission, but he had marked dehydration which was likely due to prolonged home intravenous hyper-alimentation. Brain MRI revealed lacunar infarction in the right anterior corona radiata. An anticoagulation drug and a free-oxide scavenger successfully reversed his neurological deficits almost completely. Stroke in young adults less than 40 years old is extremely rare; therefore, we conclude that Crohn's disease can be a risk factor for acute ischemic stroke in our case, due most probably to dehydration and other complex mechanisms.

To determine whole blood factor Xa-activated clotting time (XaACT), a test for monitoring low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs). Blood was obtained from six healthy volunteers. Dalteparin, a LMWH, was mixed with the blood to concentrations of 0,05 and 1.0IU·ml−1. XaACT, activated clotting time (ACT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were measured at each dalteparin concentration. XaACT of blood from the outflow and inflow sides of the blood circuit in seven hemodialysis patients was measured before and after bolus administration of 1000 IU of dalteparin, followed by continuous infusion at a rate of 500IU·h−1. XaACT, ACT, and APTT in dalteparin-containing blood from volunteers were correlated with dalteparin concentration (y=312.8x+86.4;r 2=0.88;P

Mounier-Kuhn 症候群は, 気管, 気管支の先天的異常があり, 気管, 気管支巨大症とも呼ばれる. 症状としては(1)長期にわたる咳嗽(2)気管分泌物排泄能の低下(3)感染の反復等があり, 本症例も慢性気管支炎と診断されていた. Mounier-Kuhn 症候群患者の麻酔管理に関する報告は見当たらず, 今回, 本症候群と診断され, 胸廓出口症候群の合併により, 第一肋骨切除術が施行された症例の麻酔管理を行なったので若干の考察を加えて報告する.

麻酔深度モニター(ABM)は麻酔科領域での新しいモニターであるが, 各測定項目についての信頼性の報告はない. 今回我々はこの測定項目のうち脳波と誘発筋電図(Neuromuscular transmission module, NMT) について検討した.ABMの脳波は零点交叉法による平均周波数なので高速フーリェ変換後の main power spectrum と比較し, NMTの方は, myograph-2000型と比較した. その結果, 脳波はr=0.88 y=1.01x-0.04(p

Insulinoma の術中血糖管理は, 血糖の変動が大きいため頻回の血糖測定を必要とするが, 詳細にこれを測定することは繁雑であり, かつ困難である. これに対して今回我々は持続血糖モニターを用いて麻酔管理を行った2例を経験した.持続血糖モニターで連続的に血糖を測定し監視することにより, 術中血糖の変動を少なく保ち, 従来よりも比較的安定した血糖管理を行うことが出来た.持続血糖モニターの使用により, 術中血糖の変化に対して速やかな処置が可能となり, insulinoma の様な細心の血糖管理を必要とされる症例の麻酔管理にとって, このモニターは有力な手段となると考えられる.