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Salt is a potent abiotic stress that arrests plant growth by impairing their physio-biochemical and molecular processes. However, it is unknown how the ABA signaling system and vacuolar-type Na+/H+ antiporter proteins induce stress tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. The present study aimed to identify salt-responsive proteins and signaling pathways involved in the resistance of wheat to salt stress. We explored the proteome profile, 20 amino acids, 14 carbohydrates, 8 major phytohormones, ion content, and salt tolerance genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv.) under 200 mM NaCl with control plants for six days. The results showed that amino acids such as alanine, serine, proline, glutamine, and aspartic acid were highly expressed under salt stress compared with control plants, suggesting that amino acids are the main players in salinity tolerance. The ABA signaling system was activated in response to salinity stress through the modulation of protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) and ABA-responsive element binding factor (ABF), resulting in an ABA-mediated downstream response. Additionally, the vacuolar-type Na+/H+ antiporter was identified as a key protein in salt stress tolerance via compartmentalizing Na+ in the vacuole. Furthermore, a significant increase in the abundance of the 14-3-3 protein was noticed in salt-fed plants, suggesting that this protein plays an important role in Na+ compartmentalization. Moreover, up-regulation of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and thioredoxin-scavenged reactive oxygen species resulted in improved plant growth under salt stress. These data will help to identify salt-responsive proteins that can be used in future breeding programs to develop salt-tolerant varieties.

The early Carboniferous Kushanhe Formation and Hantiereke Formation in the Kushanhe section in the piedmont of the southwestern margin of Tarim Basin are in a medium-deep water sedimentary environment with a stratigraphic thickness of more than 500 m, and the sedimentary facies is slope-shelf facies. Among these deposits, soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) are common, dominated by various types of slumps. The appearance of SSDS is related to the geotectonic environment of early Carboniferous in southwest Tarim Basin. In the Early Carboniferous, the Paleo-Tethys ocean dived under the Tarim plate, forming a back-arc structure, and a structural slope break belt easily appeared along the basin edge, which provided topographic conditions for the development of marginal platform marginal belt and slope facies. Under this background, the ultra-thick volcanic rocks of Wulate Formation accumulate along the subduction zone, and earthquakes with M≥ 5.0 are prone to occur. Landslides related to earthquakes and corresponding SSDS are easily triggered at the outer edge of the slope break zone. The large earthquake induced by tectonic environment is an important trigger factor of early Carboniferous SSDS. Therefore, the appearance of early carboniferous SSDS in Kushanhe section is an important sedimentary response to the early carboniferous piedmont tectonic activities in southwestern Tarim.

The Chang 7 Member of the Ordos Basin has favorable shale oil resource potentiality. The exploration and development of sandstone interlayer shale oil in the Chang 7 Member has made substantial breakthroughs. The exploration and development potential of shale oil is huge, and will be a significant oil and gas alternative resource in the Changqing Oilfield in the future, but its related geological fundamental research is relatively weak. Based on the observation, description and systematic sampling of the centimeter-level core of the full core section of Chang 7 Member in Well Ning228, a series of experimental test analyses and identification outcomes indicated that Chang 7 Member primarily developed four rock types: Black shale, dark mudstone, siltstone and tuff. The overall conditions of source rocks in the Chang 7 member are superior, the organic carbon content of shale is high, and the hydrocarbon generation potential is large. The organic matter types are mainly type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ, which are in the low mature-mature stage, and the black shale has higher organic matter abundance. The main reservoir spaces of the Chang 7 Member are primary pores and secondary pores. Mud shale primarily develops organic pores and inorganic pores. Fine sandstone mainly develops residual intergranular pores, intragranular pores and intergranular pores. Tuff mainly develops intergranular pores and mineral intragranular pores. The overall oil-bearing property of the Chang 7 Member is good, but the mobility difference is large. The fluid mobility in sandstone and tuff is good, and the mobility inshale is poor. In short, fine anatomical analysis of typical interlayer shale oil provides favorable guidance for promoting the large-scale development of shale oil in the Ordos Basin.

The bottom morphology of the lake basin controlled the sedimentary system, genetic types, and distribution characteristics of sand bodies in the Chang 73 submember of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin. The types, genesis, and spatial distribution of sand bodies in different regions differ. In this study, according to cores, drilling, logging, and other data, the paleogeomorphology of the Chang 73 submember was accurately restored by the impression method and sedimentology method, and the micro paleogeomorphology units were finely characterized. On this basis, the authors analyze the paleogeomorphology control on the sedimentary system, genetic types, and distribution characteristics of sand bodies in the Chang 73 submember. The result shows that the paleogeomorphology of the Chang 73 period is an asymmetrical depression in the east and a steep depression in the west. Seven micro paleogeomorphic units, including the highland, the slope break zone, the lakebed deep depression, the lakebed plain, the lakebed paleouplift, the ancient lakebed ridge, and the ancient channel, are identified in the study area. The paleogeomorphology obviously controlled the gravity flow deposition system of the Chang 73 submember in the study area. From the margin to the center of the lake basin, delta front deposition, channel-type gravity flow deposition, and semideep-deep lake deposition successively developed. From the slope break zone to the center of the lake basin, the gravity flow deposition type gradually changed from sandy debris flow deposition to turbidity flow deposition. The paleogeomorphology controls the overall distribution of the gravity flow sand body in submember 73 in the study area, while the micro paleogeomorphology units such as the highland, the slope break zone, and the ancient channel further control the provenance direction, genetic type, transportation direction, lateral connectivity and distribution pattern of the gravity flow sand bodies.

As the fields of engineering, energy, and geology become increasingly complex, decision makers face escalating challenges that require skilled solutions to meet practical production needs. Evolutionary algorithms, inspired by biological evolution, have emerged as powerful methods for tackling intricate optimization problems without relying on gradient data. Among these, the tree-seed algorithm (TSA) distinguishes itself due to its unique mechanism and efficient searching capabilities. However, an imbalance between its exploitation and exploration phases can lead it to be stuck in local optima, impeding the discovery of globally optimal solutions. This study introduces an improved TSA that incorporates water-cycling and quantum rotation-gate mechanisms. These enhancements assist the algorithm in escaping local peaks and achieving a more harmonious balance between its exploitation and exploration phases. Comparative experimental evaluations, using the CEC 2017 benchmarks and a well-known metaheuristic algorithm, demonstrate the upgraded algorithm’s faster convergence rate and enhanced ability to locate global optima. Additionally, its application in optimizing reservoir production models underscores its superior performance compared to competing methods, further validating its real-world optimization capabilities.

To reveal the development characteristics and distribution of gravity flow sedimentary system under micro-paleogeomorphologic units of the Chang 7 Member of Triassic Yanchang Formation in the southwestern Ordos Basin, on the basis of the restoration of the paleogeomorphological form of the Chang 7 depositional period by the impression method, each micro-paleogeomorphologic unit was depicted in-depth, and the characteristics and development models of gravity flow deposits in the study area were studied in combination with outcrop, core, mud logging and log data. The results show that: (1) The paleogeomorphology in the Chang 7 depositional period was an asymmetrical depression, wide and gentle in the northeast and steep and narrow in the southwest. Three sub-paleogeomorphologic units were developed in the basin, including gentle paleo-slope, paleo-slope and paleo-depression, and they can be further subdivided into eight micro-paleogeomorphologic units: bulge, groove, slope break belt, plain of lake bottom, deep depression of lake bottom, paleo-channel, paleo-ridge of lake bottom, and paleo-uplift of lake bottom. (2) There are 9 types of lithofacies and 4 types of lithofacies assemblages of Chang 7 Member. According to lithofacies composition and lithofacies vertical combination, the gravity flow deposit is further divided into 5 types of microfacies: restricted channel, unrestricted channel, natural levee, inter-channel, lobe. (3) Paleogeomorphology plays an important role in controlling sediment source direction, type and spatial distribution of sedimentary microfacies, genetic types and distribution of sand bodies in Chang 7 Member.

The growing intricacies in engineering, energy, and geology pose substantial challenges for decision makers, demanding efficient solutions for real-world production. The water flow optimizer (WFO) is an advanced metaheuristic algorithm proposed in 2021, but it still faces the challenge of falling into local optima. In order to adapt WFO more effectively to specific domains and address optimization problems more efficiently, this paper introduces an enhanced water flow optimizer (CCWFO) designed to enhance the convergence speed and accuracy of the algorithm by integrating a cross-search strategy. Comparative experiments, conducted on the CEC2017 benchmarks, illustrate the superior global optimization capability of CCWFO compared to other metaheuristic algorithms. The application of CCWFO to the production optimization of a three-channel reservoir model is explored, with a specific focus on a comparative analysis against several classical evolutionary algorithms. The experimental findings reveal that CCWFO achieves a higher net present value (NPV) within the same limited number of evaluations, establishing itself as a compelling alternative for reservoir production optimization.

In order to evaluate the hydrocarbon generation potential and effectiveness of the carbonate source rock from the Lower Permian Taiyuan Formation of the Upper Paleozoic gas reservoirs in the central and eastern Ordos Basin, 87 core samples from the formation were analyzed through the comprehensive application of core observation, thin section analysis, lithofacies division, and organic geochemistry experiments. The results show that the carbonate source rocks of the Taiyuan Formation comprise four lithofacies types with type I–II kerogen: laminar argillaceous micritic limestone, massive micrite, massive bioclastic micritic limestone, and massive algae-clotted limestone. Among them, laminar argillaceous micritic limestone and massive micrite are favorable lithofacies for high-quality source rocks, with a TOC distribution range of 0.99% to 6.07% (average 2.56%) and 0.24% to 8.27% (average 1.77%), respectively. Hydrous gold tube pyrolysis showed that the samples of laminar argillaceous micritic limestone and massive micrite attained a peak yield of nearly 115.0 mL/g TOC (heating rate 2 °C/h) and 101.4 mL/g TOC (heating rate 2 °C/h), respectively, for C1–5 compounds. Due to the higher maturity of the samples, the hydrocarbon gases were dominated by residual kerogen pyrolysis gases and lacked liquid hydrocarbon cracking gas. Furthermore, the carbonate source rocks had weak methane absorption ability, with a maximum adsorption capacity of only about 0.15 cm3/g. In addition, the hydrocarbon gas generation of carbonate source rocks of the Taiyuan Formation was far greater than 0.2 mL/g rock, which is the lower limit standard for effective gas source rock. Therefore, the carbonate source rocks of the Taiyuan Formation should be regarded as important gas source rocks in subsequent explorations of the central and eastern Ordos Basin.

After 50 years of oil and gas exploration in Longdong area of southwest Ordos Basin, NW China, a deep coal-formed gas field was discovered for the first time in Qingyang area. Through observation of field outcrops and core, analysis of common, cast and cathode thin sections, Ro and other geochemistry indexes, carbon isotope, electron microscope and other supporting tests and analyses, the hydrocarbon generation, reserves formation and reservoir formation characteristics of gas reservoirs at different buried depths in Yishaan slope were examined and compared. The deep gas reservoir has an average buried depth of more than 4 200 m, and the main gas-bearing formation is the Member 1 of Lower Permian Shanxi Formation, which is characterized by low porosity, low permeability, low pressure and low abundance. It is believed that hydrocarbon generation in thin seam coal source rocks with high thermal evolution can form large gas fields, high-quality sandstone reservoirs with dissolved pores, intergranular pores and intercrystalline pores can still develop in late diagenetic stage under deep burial depth and high thermal evolution, and fractures improve the permeability of reservoirs. High drying coefficient of natural gas and negative carbon isotope series are typical geochemical characteristics of deep coal-formed gas. The integrated exploration and development method has been innovated, and the economic and effective development mode of gas fields of “dissecting sand body by framework vertical wells, centralized development by horizontal wells” has been formed. The discovery and successful exploration of the large gas field has provided geological basis and technical support for the construction of natural gas fields of 100 billion cubic meter scale in the southwest of the basin, and has important guidance for exploration of coal-derived gas with deep buried depth and high thermal evolution widely distributed in China. Key words: Ordos Basin, Upper Paleozoic, Lower Permian, coal-formed gas, deep formation, high thermal evolution, Qingyang large gas field

Gas reservoir development of the Ordovician weathering crust in the Ordos Basin is closely controlled by the pre-Carboniferous paleogeomorphy. Previous studies show that the paleogeomorphy is high in the west and low in the east, and the karst highland, karst slope and karst basin are developed from west to east. With further exploration in recent years, many karst breccia that represent strong karstification, are found in the east area which previously is considered to be the Ordovician karst basin. Thus, it is necessary to revaluate controlling factors of karst paleogeomorphy development from a viewpoint of the dynamic paleogeomorphy evolution, to investigate the paleogeomorphy evolution of the Ordovician weathering crust in geological history and guide further research and prediction of development law of reservoir spaces. In order to reconstruct the paleogeomorphy of the weathering crust in the top of Ordovician in the east Ordos Basin, paleogeography, thickness of residual strata and paleokarst characteristics are well studied. The result shows that a wide range of paleokarst highland occurred in the central to east part of Ordos Basin in the early period, and the karst reservoir spaces were formed; but in the late period, the east part of the basin gradually evolved into the paleokarst basin, the current pre-Carboniferous paleogeomorphy was thus formed, and the dissolution reservoir spaces formed in the early period were mostly filled, accordingly the reservoirs were tight. However fracture networks formed by cave collapse connect intercrystalline pores of dolomite, therefore, the reservoirs can still be well preserved locally and are worthy targets for hydrocarbon exploration. Keywords: The Ordovician weathering crust, Paleogeomorphy, Karst highland, Karst slope, Karst basin, Karst reservoir, Majiagou Formation, The eastern Ordos Basin

On the basis of comprehensive analysis of drilling, gas testing, laboratory analysis and testing data, the characteristics and genesis of tight carbonate reservoirs in Ma51+2 Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation, eastern Yi-Shan slope, Ordos Basin were examined, and the potential of natural gas exploration and development were analyzed. The tight carbonate reservoir is defined as the reservoir with a porosity of less than 2% and permeability of less than 0.1×10−3 μm2. The Ma51+2 reservoirs are dominantly gypsum mud dolomite, muddy dolomite and Karst-breccia dolomite and has strong heterogeneity, pore types being mainly composed of fracture-dissolution pores and fracture-intercrystalline pores, and thin reservoir layers are distributed in a large area. The unconformity structure adjustment at the top of the Ordovician caused pore creation and pore filling effects, and the joint effect of dissolution pore increase and pore reduction by filling is the major reason for extensive reservoir densification. The thin tight dolomite reservoirs and the overlying adjacent coal source rock in the Upper Paleozoic formed extensive tight carbonate gas with shallow depth (1900−2500 m) and formed a three-dimensional gas containing pattern combined with the Upper Paleozoic tight sandstone gas. The eastern Yi-shan slope in the Ordos Basin has great exploration and development potential. Key words: Ordos Basin, eastern Yi-Shan slope, tight carbonate reservoir, tight gas, exploration potential

After the 1.8Ga cracking event, the North China Craton entered the development stage of paraplatform, its southern margin, the Huainan area is in lack of accurate age data, so its stratigraphic sedimentation time limit has been controversial. Therefore, this paper conducts a zircon U-Pb geochronology study on the clastic rocks of the North China Craton in the Bagongshan Fm in Huainan area. The purpose is to determine the stratigraphic sedimentation time limit of the Huainan area by the age of the clastic zircon, so as to provide a basis for the geological events happened in the North China Craton during the Neoarcheozoic-Neoproterozoic era. The results of the dating show that the youngest clastic zircon age of the Bagongshan Fm is 1120 Ma, which might belong to the system-to-be-built of the Mesoproterozoic erathem. The age peaks of clastic zircon in the Bagongshan Fm are mainly ~2.1Ga and ~2.5Ga, which have a low structural maturity, indicating that the provenance is relatively close, and the detrital matters may be mainly derived from the inside of the craton, so the age groups of clastic zircons had recorded important geological events in the Neoarcheozoic-Neoproterozoic era in North China Craton. The age older than 3.0Ga recorded the Neoarchean geological events in the North China Craton. The age groups of 2.9~2.7Ga, ~2.5Ga, 2.3~2.0Ga, and 1.9~1.8Ga recorded important geological events such as crust growth, cratonization, rifting and orogeny happened in the early Cambrian in the North China Craton. The age groups of ~1.74Ga and ~1.6Ga recorded the multi-period rifting events happened during the Paleoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic era.

A delayed crosslinked polymer gel was developed for in-depth water control in mature oilfields. The thermal gelation behavior of nonionic polyacrylamide (NPAM) and PEI was investigated, and sodium citrate (NaCit) was selected as a new retarder to prolong the gelation time. The gelation performance of NPAM/PEI gel system can be adjusted by varying NPAM or PEI concentration, and a quadratic model is developed by statistical analysis, which predicts the gelation time of NPAM/PEI gel system. The obtained model shows high significance and good reliability, as suggested by the F-ratio of 175.16 and high adjusted R-square value (0.9732). The addition of NaCit exhibits a good delayed gelation effect on the NPAM/PEI gel system, better than that of NaCl. The decrease of the initial pH value of the gelling solution leads to the weaker gel viscosity and longer gelation time due to the protonation of amine groups on the PEI chains. Increasing temperature results in higher gel viscosity but shorter gelation time. The gel system in the presence of NaCit exhibits good compatibility with injection and formation water. A dense three-dimensional structure was observed in matured NPAM/PEI/NaCit gel, and it could keep stable below 160 °C. The gel system could effectively reduce the permeability (>95%) and restricted the flow of water after matured in natural cores.

Fine-grained sedimentary rocks are the important foundation for the study of hydrocarbon source rocks, shale oil and gas and tight oil and gas. In view of the varieties of mineral composition and rock types and the complexity of the rock assemblage types in the lacustrine depression lake basin Fine-grained sedimentary rocks of China, the litho-facies of the fine-grained sedimentary rocks need to be classified to improve the classification system of Fine.-grained sedimentary rocks in the continental depression basin of China. With the study of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of Chang 7 oil-bearing formation in Ordos Basin, the mineral composition of Fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the study area was identified by polarizing microscope (Axio-Scope.Al) and scanning electron microscope (Quanta200), then the mineral content was quantitatively measured by XRD (D8-FOCUS) to synthetic study the basic characteristics of Fine-grained sedimentary rocks in lacustrine lake basins, and then analyzed the deposition mechanism.The results show that: (1)The Fine-grained sedimentary rocks of Chang 7 in Yanchang Formation of Ordos Basin are extensively developed, and the types of rocks are complex, which include siltstone, mudstone, shale and tuff. By dividing the four-component classification schemes of Fine-grained sedimentary rocks, the Fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the study area are divided into four big categories, namely sandstone, argillite rock, tuff and carbonate rock. Finally, the method of "color + single layer thickness + structure + (organic matter content) mineral composition" is used to make comprehensive naming on the basis of rock classification; (2)The sedimentary mechanism of fine-grained sedimentary rocks is complex, such as traction current tra as portal ion, gravity flow transportation, gravity sliding, volcanic eruption transportation and chemical precipitation; (3)SiItstone is mainly developed in the front of the delta front and semi-deep and deep lake, light-colored mudstone is mainly developed in the tributary bay of delta front, dark mudstone is mainly distributed in the semi-deepand deep lake, black shale is mainly distributed in the deep lake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geochemical markers are the most important indicators of the sedimentary environment. The trace element characteristics in mudstone can reflect the medium environment well. Among the seawater and freshwater environment, the commonly used trace elements are: Sr, Ba, B, Ga, Rb and so on. In order to further demonstrate the sea-land transitional environment of the Late Paleozoic Ordas Basin, this study carried out mineralogical and geochemical analysis tests on mudstone samples in the drilling core and field sections of the eastern, southern and northwestern basins. The geochemical base profiles of the east-west and north-south directions in the basin were established respectively, and the test results of different horizons in different regions were compared and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the potential of carbonate oil and gas exploration is huge in China, but the understanding and study of Proterozoic carbonate reservoir layer are relatively weak, which is far from enough to support and open up new areas of exploration. Therefore, this paper researches the reservoir space types and controlling factors of the carbonate rock in Mesoproterozoic and Neo-proterozoic in Yanshan area. Based on the field measure and the core observation of Yanshan area in Mesoproterozoic and Neo-proterozoic, through comprehensive analyzing the thin sections and casts tone thin sections, and scanning electron microscope data, it can be found that the main developed reservoir is dolomite in the study area, the second is limestone, and siliceous rocks, sandstone and conglomerate angle, in addition, the reservoir space types include the matrix storage space and the relatively macro fracture and cave reservoir space of two systems. The influence factors of the carbonate reservoir space mainly include three aspects: sedimentary environment and rock types, tectonic action, and diagenesis. The tectonism, the paleokarstification and the high energy environment are the most constructive to the reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Yanshan, located in the northern part of North China, Mesoproterozoic carbonate sequences (1.6-1.4 Ga) form a 10, 000m thick succession in an aulacogen basin. Carbon and oxygen isotope (δ13O and δ18O, resp.) data were obtained from 110 carbonate samples across three sections of these Mesoproterozoic deposits. From the early to late Mesoproterozoic, low negative values of δ13O appear, followed by low positive variation and then a stable increase. An abrupt decrease in δ13O values, with subsequent rapid increase, is found at the end of the Mesoproterozoic. During the whole Mesoproterozoic, δ18O shows a mainly negative trend and occasional highly negative isotopic shifts (from lower to upper deposits). Whole-rock carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions and profilesmust be studied to provide a paleogeochemical record that can be associated with paleocean sedimentary environments, temperature, biological productivity, and sea-level fluctuations. Results of the present study correlate well with other international carbon and oxygen isotope profiles, suggesting that a global marine geochemical system existed during the interval of 1.6-1.4Ga under a globally united tectonic, sedimentary, and geochemical background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]