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Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an intractable inherited disease that primarily affects the rods through gene mutations followed by secondary cone degeneration. This cone-related dysfunction can lead to impairment of daily life activities, and ultimately blindness in patients with RP. Paradoxically, microglial neuroinflammation contributes to both protection against and progression of RP, but it is unclear which population(s)— tissue-resident microglia and/or peripheral monocyte-derived macrophages (mφ)— are implicated in the progression of the disease. Here, we show that circulating blood inflammatory monocytes (IMo) are key effector cells that mediate cone cell death in RP. Attenuation of IMo and peripherally engrafted mφ by Ccl2 deficiency or immune modulation via intravenous nanoparticle treatment suppressed cone cell death in rd10 mice, an animal model of RP. In contrast, the depletion of resident microglia by a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor exacerbated cone cell death in the same model. In human patients with RP, IMo was increased and correlated with disease progression. These results suggest that peripheral IMo is a potential target to delay cone cell death and prevent blindness in RP.

To investigate the rate of the recurrence of cystoid macular edema (CME) secondary to retinitis pigmentosa (RP) after the initiation of topical dorzolamide and the recurrence risk factors.We retrospectively analyzed the data of RP patients at Kyushu University Hospital. We included patients who showed a treatment response to 1.0% topical dorzolamide. The day of treatment initiation was set as the baseline. Topical dorzolamide treatment was continued during the follow-up. The recurrence of CME (defined as a20% increase in central subfield thickness compared to previous visit, or a central subfield thickness value that exceed baseline value) was evaluated at each follow-up visit. Risk factors for RP-CME recurrence were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards modeling. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to evaluate the time to recurrent RP-CME.Forty RP-CME patients showed a treatment response to topical dorzolamide. During the mean 3.9-year follow-up, 14 patients exhibited recurrence; its rate was 15.6%, 34.7%, and 48.7% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. A high baseline central subfield thickness was significantly associated with recurrent (hazard ratio 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05-1.18, P = 0.0004).The recurrence rate of RP-CME increased with time. A high baseline central subfield thickness value was a risk factor for recurrence.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the characteristics of the parafoveal cone density changes in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AO-SLO). A total of 14 eyes of RP patients and 10 eyes of control subjects were examined. High-resolution images of cone photoreceptor cells were obtained with a Canon AO-SLO system in the four retinal regions of the superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal areas located 1.0 mm from the central fovea. The relationships of cone density with optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings and the visual sensitivity of the static perimetry tests were analyzed in RP patients. The averaged cone densities in RP patients were decreased at 1.0 mm eccentricity from the fovea (11,899 cells/mm2) compared with those in control subjects (16,647 cells/mm2; P 35 dB (13,019 cells/mm2; P

From an early stage, retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients suffer from night blindness which causes nocturnal mobility difficulties. We created a wearable visual aid that uses a high-performance see-through display, and added a high-sensitivity camera with a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor sensor. Here, we evaluate the device’s efficacy for helping night-blindness sufferers walk in the dark. Prospective clinical study. Twenty-eight subjects underwent binocular visual acuity testing in the dark without (power off) and with (power on) the device. The test was carried out in a darkened room. We recorded the number of trial errors and the time it took each subject to arrive at the goal both with and without the aid of our device. Our device effectively assists walking in RP patients with mobility problems in the dark. Binocular visual acuity in the dark was significantly improved with the aid of our device. In the walking test, the number of errors decreased greatly with the device, and the travel time was significantly shortened.

Purpose To investigate the association between aqueous flare and progression of visual field loss using the Humphrey Field Analyzer in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods We examined a total of 101 eyes of 101 patients who were diagnosed with typical RP. Sixty-one percent of the patients were female, and the mean age of the total group was 47.4 years. Aqueous flare, visual field (by an Humphrey Field Analyzer, the central 10-2 SITA-Standard program), and optical coherence tomography measurements were obtained for all patients. The slope, which was derived from serial values of mean deviation, macular sensitivity, or foveal sensitivity for each eye with univariate linear regression, was used for analysis. Results Aqueous flare values were significantly correlated with the mean deviation slope (r = -0.20, P = 0.046), macular sensitivity slope (r = -0.28, P = 0.005) and foveal sensitivity slope (r = -0.20, P = 0.047). The values of the retinal sensitivity slope significantly decreased as the aqueous flare level increased (all P < 0.05). These associations remained unchanged after adjustment for age, sex, and posterior subcapsular cataract, and epiretinal membrane. Conclusions Elevation of aqueous flare is a risk factor for the decline of central visual function in RP. Aqueous flare may be a useful marker for disease progression in RP.

Purpose To evaluate the retinal structure-function relationships in the macula of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients by comparing microperimetry-3 (MP-3) images with co-registered optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Methods Thirty patients with typical RP were recruited from our hospital. The maculae of patients were examined with MP-3 and OCT. The retinal sensitivity was measured by MP-3 at 40 testing points arranged concentrically in a 16° diameter of the central retina, and we divided the 40 points into four zones according to degree from the fovea (2°, 4°, 6°, and 8°). We analyzed the correlation coefficients between the retinal sensitivity and the total retinal thickness (TRT), the length from the inner limiting membrane to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and between the retinal sensitivity and the outer retinal thickness (ORT), the length from the outer plexiform layer to the RPE at each stimulus point. Results TRT showed moderate correlations with the retinal sensitivity at 2° (median ρ = 0.59 interquartile range (IQR) [0.38-0.72]), 4° (ρ = 0.59 [0.55-0.68]) and 6° (ρ = 0.60 [0.54-0.63]), and TRT was weakly-to-moderately related to the retinal sensitivity at 8° (ρ = 0.27 [0.19-0.48]). ORT exhibited strong correlations at 2° (ρ = 0.72 [0.60-0.81]), 4° (ρ = 0.71 [0.75-0.67]) and 6° (ρ = 0.70 [0.54-0.74]), and a weak-to-moderate correlations at 8° (ρ = 0.34 [0.29-0.53]). ORT was more strongly correlated with the retinal sensitivity compared to TRT (p = 0.018). Conclusion ORT, rather than TRT, within 6° eccentricity was strongly correlated with the retinal sensitivity, suggesting that measuring ORT in those areas will help evaluate the macular status and progression in RP.

Purpose Retinal degeneration involves neuroinflammation, and pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines are markedly increased in the eyes of patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). In this study, we investigated the changes of serum cytokines/chemokines in RP, and their relationships with visual parameters. Methods Forty-five consecutive patients with typical RP aged 20 to −39 years and 28 age-matched and gender-matched controls were included. Fifteen cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, 1L-15, IL-17, IL-23, interferon [IFN]-γ, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, TNF-β) and 9 chemokines (eotaxin, growth-related oncogene [GRO]-α, I-309, IL-8, IFN-γ-inducible protein [IP]-10, monocyte chemotactic protein [MCP]-1, MCP-2, regulated activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted [RANTES], and thymus and activated regulated chemokine [TARC]) in the serum were simultaneously measured by a multiplexed immunoarray (Q-Plex). Relationships between these cytokines/chemokines and indices of central vision, such as visual acuity (VA), the values of static perimetry tests (Humphrey Field analyzer, the central 10-2 program), and optical coherence tomography measures were analyzed in the patients with RP. Results Among the 15 cytokines and 9 chemokines, serum IL-8 and RANTES levels were significantly increased in patients with RP compared with controls (IL-8: P < 0.0001; RANTES: P < 0.0001). Among the elevated cytokines/chemokines, the levels of IL-8 were negatively correlated with VA (ρ = 0.3596 and P = 0.0165), and the average retinal sensitivity of four central points (ρ = −0.3691 and P = 0.0291), and 12 central points (ρ = −0.3491 and P = 0.0398), as well as the central subfield thickness (ρ = −0.3961 and P = 0.0094), and ellipsoid zone width (ρ = −0.3841 and P = 0.0120). Conclusions Peripheral inflammatory response may be activated and serum IL-8 levels are associated with central vision in patients with RP.

In order to clarify the disease progression in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and its related factors, reliable data on the changes in central visual function in RP are needed. In this longitudinal study, we examined 118 patients who were diagnosed with typical RP. Visual acuity (VA), visual field using a Humphrey Field Analyzer with the central 10-2 SITA-Standard program, and optical coherence tomography measurements were obtained. The slopes, which were derived from serial values of mean deviation (MD), macular sensitivity (MS), or foveal sensitivity (FS) obtained for each eye by a linear mixed model, were used for analysis. MS and FS were calculated as the average retinal sensitivity of 12 and 4 central points respectively. There were statistically significant interactions of times with levels of the central subfield thickness (CST) on the slopes of MS and FS. Compared to the eyes without macular complications, the eyes with macular complications had steeper MD, MS and FS slopes, and this interaction was no significant, but marginal trend for the MS or FS slope (P = 0.10, 0.05, respectively). The central retinal sensitivity (i.e., MS and FS) slopes calculated were effective indices of the progression of central visual function in RP.

Purpose To investigate the relationships between foveal blood flow as measured by laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG), the retinal-choroidal structure in enhanced depth imaging-optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), and central visual function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods We studied 52 consecutive typical RP patients ≤50 years old and 21 age- and sex-matched controls. The mean blur rate (MBR), which represents the blood flow volume, was calculated in a 2.4-mm2 area centered on the fovea by LSFG. Subfoveal horizontal EDI-OCT images were recorded, and the choroidal area, choroidal hyporeflective area, and choroidal hyperreflective area were analyzed in the central 2.4-mm-wide region. The central foveal thickness (CFT), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT), and ellipsoid zone (EZ) width were also measured. Visual acuity (VA) and retinal sensitivity (Humphrey 10-2 program) were measured in the RP patients. Results The MBR, choroidal area, hyporeflective area, hyperreflective area, and SCT were significantly decreased in the RP patients (all P < 0.001, versus controls). Spearman's rank testing demonstrated no significant correlation between the MBR and the choroidal structural parameters in the RP patients. Decreased MBR was significantly associated with reductions in VA, retinal sensitivity, CFT, and EZ width (all P < 0.05). The choroidal structural parameters did not correlate with central visual function, and the choroidal area, hyperreflective area, and SCT were inversely associated with CFT (all P < 0.05). Conclusions These results demonstrated the divergence between the choroidal structure and blood function, and suggest that decreased choroidal flow, rather than the structural alteration, is closely associated with foveal degeneration in RP.

Purpose To investigate the changes in macular blood flow and the correlation between those changes and central visual function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods The mean blur rate (MBR), a quantitative blurring index of the laser speckle pattern that represents retinal and choroidal blood flow, was measured by laser speckle flowgraphy. Mean blur rate values in the macular area were compared between 70 patients with RP and 28 control subjects. The relationships between MBR on the one hand and, on the other, visual acuity (VA), mean deviation (MD) and averaged macular sensitivity of static perimetry tests (Humphrey Filed Analyzer, the central 10-2 program) were analysed in patients with RP. Results Macular MBR was decreased to 75% in patients with RP compared with control subjects (p

Purpose Posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) is a frequent complication in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The risk factors for PSC formation in RP are largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors for PSC. Methods We retrospectively studied a total of 322 eyes of 173 patients who were diagnosed with typical RP. We considered the following possible risk factors for PSC: age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, high myopia, asthma, history of steroid intake, and aqueous flare. Aqueous flare values were measured consecutively in 2012 and 2013 using a laser flare cell meter. The lens including PSC was examined with a slit lamp after dilation with tropicamide 1% and phenylephrine 2.5%. Results The geometric mean values of aqueous flare and mean values of visual acuity were significantly higher for the RP patients with PSC compared to those without PSC (P = 0.0003, P = 0.0004, respectively). When the aqueous flare values were assessed continuously, each 1-log-transformed increase in flare levels was associated with an elevation of the likelihood of having PSC after multivariable adjustment (odds ratio: 1.71; 95% confidence interval: 1.05-2.77). There were no significant associations of the other possible risk factors with PSC. Conclusions Our analysis demonstrated that elevated aqueous flare is a significant risk factor for PSC formation. This result might provide insights into the association of inflammation and the pathogenesis of PSC formation in RP.

To examine retinal changes after vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling, we used a cynomolgus monkey model and focused on surgical damages of ILM peeling for long observational period of 3 years. Vitrectomy was performed followed by ILM peeling similar to clinical settings in humans. Ultrastructural changes of the retina were investigated by light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy at 3 months and 3 years after ILM peeling. Ultrastructural study showed that the ILM peeled area was still clearly recognized after 3 years. The Muller cell processes covered most of the retina; however, the nerve fiber layer was partly uncovered and exposed to the vitreous space. The arcuate linear nerve fiber bundles were observed as comparable with dissociated optic nerve fiber layer appearance. Small round retinal surface defects were also observed around macula, resembling the dimple sign. Forceps-related retinal thinning was also found on the edge of ILM peeling, where we started peeling with fine forceps. The ultrastructural studies showed that most of ILM peeling area was covered with glial cells during wound healing processes. Retinal changes were found comparable with dissociated optic nerve fiber layer appearance or dimple sign, which were clinically observed with optical coherence tomography.

Purpose To investigate the serum changes of antioxidant/oxidant markers and the relationship between these factors and visual function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods Fifty-two RP patients

There is no known treatment for the dry form of an age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Cell death and inflammation are important biological processes thought to have central role in AMD. Here we show that receptor-interacting protein (RIP) kinase mediates necrosis and enhances inflammation in a mouse model of retinal degeneration induced by dsRNA, a component of drusen in AMD. In contrast to photoreceptor-induced apoptosis, subretinal injection of the dsRNA analog poly(I : C) caused necrosis of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), as well as macrophage infiltration into the outer retinas. In Rip3(-/-) mice, both necrosis and inflammation were prevented, providing substantial protection against poly(I : C)-induced retinal degeneration. Moreover, after poly(I : C) injection, Rip3(-/-) mice displayed decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α and IL-6) in the retina, and attenuated intravitreal release of high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), a major damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). In vitro, poly(I : C)-induced necrosis were inhibited in Rip3-deficient RPE cells, which in turn suppressed HMGB1 release and dampened TNF-α and IL-6 induction evoked by necrotic supernatants. On the other hand, Rip3 deficiency did not modulate directly TNF-α and IL-6 production after poly(I : C) stimulation in RPE cells or macrophages. Therefore, programmed necrosis is crucial in dsRNA-induced retinal degeneration and may promote inflammation by regulating the release of intracellular DAMPs, suggesting novel therapeutic targets for diseases such as AMD.

PURPOSE Epiretinal membrane (ERM) is a frequent macular complication in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The etiology of ERM formation in RP is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between aqueous flare, a surrogate index of intraocular inflammation, and ERM secondary to RP. METHODS We retrospectively studied a total of 206 eyes of 117 patients who were diagnosed with typical RP. Aqueous flare values were measured consecutively in 2012 and 2013 using a laser flare cell meter. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images and fundus photographs taken on the same day of the aqueous flare measurements were analyzed for ERM detection. RESULTS The mean values of aqueous flare, age, and frequency of male sex were significantly higher in the RP patients with ERM compared with the RP patients without ERM (P < 0.0001, P = 0.007, and P = 0.004, respectively). After adjustment for age and sex, the eyes in the highest quartile of aqueous flare had significantly higher odds of having ERM than those in the lowest quartile (odds ratio [OR], 2.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-6.93), and the linear trend across flare levels was significant (P = 0.005). In addition, each 1-log-transformed increase in flare values was associated with an elevation of the likelihood of having ERM (OR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.33-5.06). CONCLUSIONS Our analysis demonstrated that elevated aqueous flare is associated with ERM secondary to RP, suggesting that inflammation may be implicated in the pathogenesis of ERM formation in RP.

Purpose Chronic inflammation is involved in retinitis pigmentosa (RP). We demonstrated previously that intraocular inflammatory levels, as measured by slit-lamp ophthalmoscopy or laser flare photometry, are inversely correlated with central visual function in patients with RP. Here, we investigated the relationship between serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and visual parameters in RP. Methods We studied 58 consecutive typical patients with RP

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) refers to a group of inherited retinal degenerations resulting form rod and cone photoreceptor cell death. The rod cell death due to deleterious genetic mutations has been shown to occur mainly through apoptosis, whereas the mechanisms and features of the secondary cone cell death have not been fully elucidated. Our previous study showed that the cone cell death in rd10 mice, an animal model of RP, involves necrotic features and is partly mediated by the receptor interacting protein kinase. However, the relevancy of necrotic cone cell death in human RP patients remains unknown. In the present study, we showed that dying cone cells in rd10 mice exhibited cellular enlargement, along with necrotic changes such as cellular swelling and mitochondrial rupture. In human eyes, live imaging of cone cells by adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy revealed significantly increased percentages of enlarged cone cells in the RP patients compared with the control subjects. The vitreous of the RP patients contained significantly higher levels of high-mobility group box-1, which is released extracellularly associated with necrotic cell death. These findings suggest that necrotic enlargement of cone cells is involved in the process of cone degeneration, and that necrosis may be a novel target to prevent or delay the loss of cone-mediated central vision in RP.

Purpose To accelerate the development of new therapies, an inherited retinal degeneration model in a nonhuman primate would be useful to confirm the efficacy in preclinical studies. In this study, we describe the discovery of retinitis pigmentosa in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) pedigree. Methods First, screening with fundus photography was performed on 1443 monkeys at the Tsukuba Primate Research Center. Ophthalmic examinations, such as indirect ophthalmoscopy, ERGs using RETeval, and optic coherent tomography (OCT) measurement, were then performed to confirm diagnosis. Results Retinal degeneration with cystoid macular edema was observed in both eyes of one 14-year-old female monkey. In her examinations, the full-field ERGs were nonrecordable and the outer layer of the retina in the parafoveal area was not visible on OCT imaging. Moreover, less frequent pigmentary retinal anomalies also were observed in her 3-year-old nephew. His full-field ERGs were almost nonrecordable and the outer layer was not visible in the peripheral retina. His father was her cousin (the son of her mother's older brother) and his mother was her younger half-sibling sister with a different father. Conclusions The hereditary nature is highly probable (autosomal recessive inheritance suspected). However, whole-exome analysis performed identified no pathogenic mutations in these monkeys.

Macular complications such as an epiretinal membrane (ERM), a cystoid macular edema and a macular hole lead to unexpected central vision impairment especially for patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). To evaluate the long-term surgical outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for ERM in patients with RP, we retrospectively reviewed the charts of a consecutive series of 10 RP patients who underwent PPV for ERM at Kyushu University Hospital. Visual acuity (VA) testing, a fundus examination and an optical coherence tomography (OCT) analysis were conducted. The standard PPV using three sclerotomies was performed for ERM. PPV was performed in 12 eyes of 10 patients. One eye was excluded from the outcome assessment due to short period observation (18 months). There was no significantly deleterious change from the baseline to final VA between the operation eyes and the fellow eyes (P = 0.19). Moreover, morphological improvement was obtained in 9 of 11 eyes based on OCT. Our present data suggest that PPV may be tolerable in the management for ERM in RP patients over the long-term. Furthermore, the appearance of the ellipsoid zone was an important factor in the prediction of visual outcome and determination of surgical indication.

To determine the prevalence of vitreous cysts in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 435 consecutive patients diagnosed as having typical RP. Vitreous cysts were diagnosed in 37 eyes of 28 patients with RP (13 males and 15 females; mean age 47.0 ± 19.8 years; range 15–79 years), for an overall prevalence of 6.4 %. The cysts were observed bilaterally in nine of the patients (32.1 %). Among these 28 patients, 11 (39.3 %) were younger than 40 years. In all, 81.8 % of the vitreous cysts were detected around the optic nerve head. We demonstrated that the prevalence of vitreous cysts was 6.4 % in patients with RP. These cysts were considered to be asymptomatic.

Oxidative stress is implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders, including retinitis pigmentosa (RP), an inherited disease that causes blindness. The biological and cellular mechanisms by which oxidative stress mediates neuronal cell death are largely unknown. In a mouse model of RP (rd10 mice), we show that oxidative DNA damage activates microglia through MutY homolog–mediated (MUYTH-mediated) base excision repair (BER), thereby exacerbating retinal inflammation and degeneration. In the early stage of retinal degeneration, oxidative DNA damage accumulated in the microglia and caused single-strand breaks (SSBs) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. In contrast, Mutyh deficiency in rd10 mice prevented SSB formation in microglia, which in turn suppressed microglial activation and photoreceptor cell death. Moreover, Mutyh-deficient primary microglial cells attenuated the polarization to the inflammatory and cytotoxic phenotype under oxidative stress. Thus, MUTYH-mediated BER in oxidative microglial activation may be a novel target to dampen the disease progression in RP and other neurodegenerative disorders that are associated with oxidative stress.

To investigate the factors affecting visual acuity after cataract surgery in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP).Retrospective, observational study.We retrospectively reviewed the charts of a consecutive series of 40 patients with RP who underwent cataract surgery.The changes in preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were measured. We investigated the relation between preoperative mean deviation (MD) value on the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA: the central 10-2 program; Humphrey Instruments, Inc, San Leandro, CA) and final BCVA. We also investigated the relationship between preoperative ellipsoid zone (EZ; also called the inner/outer segment junction) conditions and final BCVA. In addition, we showed the prevalence of macular complications and capsule complications.The BCVA, slit-lamp biomicroscopic analysis, visual field, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were obtained.The mean of the BCVA significantly improved after cataract surgery from 0.76 (range, -0.08 to 2.30) to 0.45 (range, -0.18 to 2.00) (P0.005). However, final BCVA did not improve in 30 eyes (53.6%). The preoperative MD value and the final BCVA were significantly correlated, and the final BCVA significantly improved in the less advanced RP group (MD was ≥-15 decibels [dB]). The final BCVA was significantly better in the group in which preoperative OCT showed a normal EZ than in the groups in which the EZ was abnormal or not visible. Posterior capsular opacification was observed in 47 eyes (83.9%), and 23 eyes (41.1%) underwent YAG laser capsulotomy within a mean follow-up time of 3 years.Final BCVA in approximately half of the eyes improved after cataract surgery in patients with RP. The preoperative ophthalmic examinations that may reflect macular (or foveal) function, such as HFA 10-2 program and OCT, are important parameters to assess postoperative visual outcome.

Background Several retinal ischemic diseases can cause neovascular glaucoma (NVG). Trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (MMC) is a relatively better treatment modality in the management of eyes with NVG than other glaucoma surgeries. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors that may influence the outcome of trabeculectomy with MMC for NVG. Methods Forty-nine NVG eyes from 43 patients (26 males and 17 females) underwent primary trabeculectomy with MMC. The mean follow-up period was 16.8 ± 8.1 months (range, 6 to 34 months). Twenty-one eyes of 21 patients received intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) 3.6 ± 1.8 days before trabeculectomy with MMC. A Kaplan-Meier survival-curve analysis was used to summarize the cumulative probability of success. We examined the relationship between the surgical outcome and the following surgical factors: gender, age, history of panretinal photocoagulation, history of cataract surgery, history of vitrectomy, preoperative IVB, NVG in the fellow eye, and postoperative complications (hyphema, choroidal detachment, and formation of fibrin) by multivariate analysis. Results The survival rate was 83.7% after 6 months, 70.9% after 12 months, and 60.8% after 24 months. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed no significant difference in the survival rate between the eyes with preoperative IVB (n = 21) and the eyes without preoperative IVB (n = 28) (p = 0.14). The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that postoperative hyphema (odds ratio, 6.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.41 to 35.97) was significantly associated with the surgical outcome (p = 0.02). Conclusions Postoperative hyphema was significantly correlated with the outcome of trabeculectomy for NVG. There was no significant association between preoperative IVB and postoperative hyphema or the results of trabeculectomy.

To investigate the correlation between aqueous flare values and central visual function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP).Retrospective, observational case series.We retrospectively studied 160 patients diagnosed with typical RP and 59 control subjects. Aqueous flare values were measured by laser flare cell meter. The relationships between aqueous flare and best-corrected visual acuity (VA) and mean deviation (MD) of static perimetry tests were analyzed in RP patients.The aqueous flare values were significantly higher in the RP patients compared to the control subjects (10.6 ± 7.9 vs 5.0 ± 2.1 photon counts per millisecond [pc/ms], P.0001). In the RP patients, the aqueous flare values were negatively correlated with VA (r = 0.359, P.0001) and MD (r = -0.330, P.0001). Age-subgroup analysis showed a significant correlation between aqueous flare and VA in the RP patients' 40s, 50s, and 60s and between aqueous flare and MD in the 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s. The RP patients with MD values ≥-15 decibels (dB) showed significantly higher levels of aqueous flare than those with MD values-15 dB (12.0 ± 6.2 vs 8.7 ± 5.8, P = .0001).Aqueous flare is increased in RP patients and negatively correlates with central visual function. These results suggest a close relationship between inflammation and central vision loss in RP.