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Little is known about the natural history of comatose patients with brain injury, as in many countries most of these patients die in the context of withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies (WLSTs). The accuracy of predicting recovery that is used to guide goals-of-care decisions is uncertain. We examined long-term outcomes of patients with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke predicted by experienced clinicians to have no chance of meaningful recovery in Japan, where WLST in patients with isolated neurological disease is uncommon.We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, or nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage between January 2018 and December 2020 to a neurocritical care unit at Toda Medical Group Asaka Medical Center in Saitama, Japan. We screened for patients who were predicted by the attending physician on postinjury day 1-4 to have no chance of meaningful recovery. Primary outcome measures were disposition at hospital discharge and the ability to follow commands and functional outcomes measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E), which was assessed 6 months after injury.From 860 screened patients, we identified 40 patients (14 with acute ischemic stroke, 19 with intracerebral hemorrhage, and 7 with subarachnoid hemorrhage) who were predicted to have no chance of meaningful recovery. Median age was 77 years (interquartile range 64-85), 53% (n = 21) were women, and 80% (n = 32) had no functional deficits prior to hospitalization. Six months after injury, 17 patients were dead, 14 lived in a long-term care hospital, 3 lived at home, 2 lived in a rehabilitation center, and 2 lived in a nursing home. Three patients reliably followed commands, two were in a vegetative state (GOS-E 2), four fully depended on others and required constant assistance (GOS-E 3), one could be left alone independently for 8 h per day but remained dependent (GOS-E 4), and one was independent and able to return to work-like activities (GOS-E 5).In the absence of WLST, almost half of the patients predicted shortly after the injury to have no chance of meaningful recovery were dead 6 months after the injury. A small minority of patients had good functional recovery, highlighting the need for more accurate neurological prognostication.

Background Physical restraint has been commonly indicated to patients with brain dysfunction in neurocritical care. The effect of physical restraints on outcomes of critically ill adults remains controversial as no randomized controlled trials have compared its safety and efficacy, and the association between physical restraint requirement and neurological outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has not been fully examined. The aim of this study was to examine the association between physical restraint requirement and neurological outcomes in patients with SAH. Methods A single-center, retrospective study was conducted on patients with acute phase SAH treated for > 72 h in the intensive care unit from 2014 to 2020. Patients were divided into three groups based on the amount of time required for physical restraint during the first 24–72 h after admission: no, intermittent, and continuous use of physical restraint. Unfavorable neurologic outcome, assessed using the modified Rankin scale upon hospital discharge, has been considered as primary end point. Results Overall, 101 patients were included in the study, with 52 patients (51.5%) having unfavorable neurological outcomes. Among them, 46 patients (45.5%) did not use physical restraint, and 55 (54.5%) patients used physical restraint during the first 24–72 h after admission: 26 (25.7%) intermittent and 29 (28.7%) continuous. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that continuous use of physical restraint during the first 24–72 h after admission was significantly associated with unfavorable neurological outcomes in patients with SAH (odds ratio, 3.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–13.06; p = 0.042) compared with no physical restraint. Conclusions Continuous use of physical restraint during the first 24–72 h after admission was more significantly associated with unfavorable neurological outcomes than no physical restraint among patients with SAH during the acute phase.

BackgroundThe association between physical restraint requirement and neurological outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has not been fully examined. The aim of this study was to examine the association between physical restraint and neurological outcomes in patients with SAH.MethodsA single-center, retrospective study was conducted on patients with acute phase SAH treated for >72 h in the intensive care unit from 2014 to 2020. Patients were divided into three groups based on the amount of time required for physical restraint during the first 24–72 h after admission: no，intermittent，and continuous use of physical restraint. Unfavorable neurologic outcome, assessed using the modified Rankin scale upon hospital discharge, has been considered as primary end-point.ResultsOverall, 101 patients were included in the study, with 52 patients (51.5%) having unfavorable neurological outcomes. Among them, 46 patients (45.5%) did not use physical restraint, and 55 (54.5%) patients used physical restraint during the first 24–72 h after admission: 26 (25.7%) intermittent and 29 (28.7%) continuous. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that continuous use of physical restraint during the first 24–72 h after admission compared to no physical restraint was significantly associated with unfavorable neurological outcomes in patients with SAH (odds ratio [OR], 3.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–11.54; p = 0.045]).ConclusionsContinuous use of physical restraint during the first 24–72 h after admission was more significantly associated with unfavorable neurological outcomes than no physical restraint among patients with SAH during the acute phase.

A magnetic field enhanced the decomposition of a Cu2MnAl Heusler alloy. An aging treatment at 573 K under 10 T promoted decomposition of a L21 phase and hard magnetic properties were exhibited. The crystallite size of the L21 phase decreased on annealing over 12 h and approached 22 nm at zero field. However, the crystallite size of the L21 phase of the 5 T-annealed sample was almost half that of the 0-T-annealed sample and decreased rapidly, indicating enhanced grain refinement by in-field annealing. Decomposition of the L21 phase was more pronounced in the 10-T-aged sample. The hysteresis loop for 10-T-aged sample had a large coercive force of 232 mT and a magnetization of 13 Am2/kg. These properties were markedly different from those of the 0-T-annealed sample. An increase of nucleation owing to a decrease of critical radius caused grain refinement associated with decomposition and magnetic hardening of Cu2MnAl.

The characteristics of a left-handed traveling-wave transistor, which is formulated as two composite right- and left-handed (CRLH) transmission lines with both passive and active couplings, are discussed for generating unattenuated waves having left-handedness. The design criteria for convective instability are described, together with results of numerical calculations that solve the transmission equation for the device.

The two layers of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) systems are discussed in order to examine how the properties of developing nonlinear plasma waves are changed by the presence of electrostatic coupling between the two layers. We consider the case where the two layers are sandwiched by two metallic gates. If the separation between the 2DEG layers and gates is shorter than the wavelength of the investigating plasma waves, the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation well characterizes their propagation. It is found that the velocity of the KdV solitons increases as the separation between two 2DEG layers becomes small; therefore, when the solitons couple with neighboring grating, they generate high-frequency Smith–Purcell radiations more effectively than the solitons supported by the single-layer system.

The characteristics of spatially localized pulses developed in two-dimensional composite right- and left-handed (CRLH) transmission lines periodically loaded with Schottky varactors are discussed in order to develop an adaptive pulse control method. It was found that the wave propagation in the two-dimensional Schottky CRLH lines is well characterized by the two-dimensional nonlinear Schr?dinger equation. On the basis of this observation, it is found that spatially localized pulses develop, whose transmission properties can be changed by the biasing points of loaded Schottky diodes. In this paper, we discuss the propagation of spatially localized pulses and pulse-control potential by demonstrating a pulse splitter using the two-dimensional Schottky CRLH line.

Pulse propagation on nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs), which are transmission lines with regularly spaced Schottky varactors, is experimentally investigated for the amplification of short pulses. We recently found that the soliton developed in an NLTL experiences an exponential amplitude growth, when it couples with an existing voltage edge. Using a test NLTL, we successfully demonstrate the pulse amplification through time-domain measurements. The voltage edge becomes steeper as it travels further, because the nonlinearity leads to the shock formation. This steep edge contributes to the pulse amplification even for the presence of the large parasitic resistance of inductors.