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Abstract MYB transcription factors have been linked to anthocyanin synthesis and various color phenotypes in plants. In apple, MYB10 confers a red‐flesh phenotype due to a minisatellite insertion in its R6 promoter, but R6:MYB10 genotypes exhibit various degrees of red pigmentation in the flesh, suggesting the involvement of other genetic factors. Here, it is shown that MdWRKY10, a transcription factor identified via DNA pull‐down trapping, binds to the promoter of MdMYB10 and activates its transcription. MdWRKY10 specifically interacts with the WDR protein MdTTG1 to join the apple MYB‐bHLH‐WDR (MBW) complex, which significantly enhances its transcriptional activation activity. A 163‐bp InDel detected in the promoter region of the alleles of MdWRKY10 in a hybrid population of identical heterozygous genotypes regarding R6 by structural variation analysis, contains a typical W‐box element that MdWRKY10 binds to for transactivation. This leads to increased transcript levels of MdWRKY10 and MdMYB10 and enhanced anthocyanin synthesis in the flesh, largely accounting for the various degrees of flesh red pigmentation in the R6 background. These findings reveal a novel regulatory role of the WRKY‐containing protein complex in the formation of red flesh apple phenotypes and provide broader insights into the molecular mechanism governing anthocyanin synthesis in plants.

Abstract Background and Aims To construct a bleeding events prediction model of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients receiving rivaroxaban. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study in patients with NVAF who received rivaroxaban from June 2017 to March 2019. Demographic information and clinical characteristics were obtained from the electronic medical system. Univariate analysis was used to find the primary predictive factors of bleeding events in patients receiving rivaroxaban. Multiple analysis was conducted to screen the primary independent predictive factors selected from the univariate analysis. Finally, the independent influencing factors were applied to build a prediction model by using R software; then, a nomogram was established according to the selected variables visually, and the sensitivity and specificity of the model was evaluated. Results Twelve primary predictive factors were selected by univariate analysis from 46 variables, and multivariate analysis showed that older age, higher prothrombin time (PT) values, history of heart failure and stroke were independent risk factors of bleeding events. The area under curve (AUC) for this novel nomogram model was 0.828 (95% CI: 0.763–0.894). The mean AUC over 10‐fold stratified cross‐validation was 0.787, and subgroup analysis validation also showed a satisfied AUC. In addition, the decision curve analysis showed that the PT in combination with CHA2DS2‐VASc and HASBLED was more practical and accurate for predicting bleeding events than using CHA2DS2‐VASc and HASBLED alone. Conclusions PT in combination with CHA2DS2‐VASc and HASBLED could be considered as a more practical and accurate method for predicting bleeding events in patients taking rivaroxaban.

Apple ring rot, which is caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea, severely affects apple production. The mechanisms employed in apple cells against B. dothidea remain unknown. In this research, the pathogen infection mode and the relationship between cell death and disease resistance in ‘Fuji’/B. dothidea interaction pathosystem were investigated. By using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), our research showed that the pathogen infects apple cells both intracellularly and extracellularly. However, compared with that in immature fruit, the incidence of hyphae in the interior of mature apple fruit cells increased dramatically, suggesting that cell wall-mediated penetration resistance could be important in apple resistance against B. dothidea. TEM ultrastructural characterization identified the nuclear morphology of programmed cell death induction in both apple fruit and callus cells under B. dothidea infection. Overexpression of MdVDAC2 (MDP0000271281), which encodes an outer-membrane localized anion channel protein in mitochondria, significantly promoted cell death under B. dothidea infection and simultaneously inhibited pathogen infection, suggesting that cell death represents a disease resistance mechanism in apple against B. dothidea infection. Furthermore, BdCatalase (KAF4307763), a cytochrome P450 family protein BdCYP52A4 (KAF4300696), and subtilisin-domain containing proteins were identified from B. dothidea-secreted proteins, which suggested the potential involvement of active oxygen species and phytoalexins in combating B. dothidea infection and triggering or dampening apple resistance. Collectively, our research suggested that cell wall-mediated penetration resistance, programmed cell death machinery and microbial effector-interrelated signaling were among strategies recruited in apple to combat B. dothidea. The current research laid the foundation for further investigations into resistance mechanisms in apple.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of morning and afternoon surgeries on the early postoperative sleep function in patients undergoing general anesthesia. Methods Fifty nine patients, aged 18–60 years, American society of anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade I or II, Body mass index of 18.5–28 kg/m2, undergoing laparoscopic myomectomy under total intravenous anesthesia, were included in the study. These patients were divided into two groups according to the start time of anesthesia: morning surgery group (group A, 8:00–12:00) and afternoon surgery group (group P, 14:00–18:00). The sleep conditions of the two groups of patients were evaluated by the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) one day before and one day after the operation. A total score of > 6 was regarded as postoperative sleep disturbance. The incidences of sleep disturbance one day after the operation in two groups were compared. The bispectral Index assessed the patient’s total sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and overall quality of sleep from 21:00 to 6:00 on the first night after surgery. Plasma concentrations of melatonin and cortisol at 6:00 am 1 day before surgery, 1 day after surgery were measured by ELISA, and rapid random blood glucose was measured. Results The total AIS score, overall quality of sleep, total sleep duration, and final awakening earlier than desired scores of the two groups of patients on the first night after surgery were significantly increased compared with preoperative scores (P

Abstract Background To provide an economical and practical defibrillator for first aid teaching and training, to reduce the cost of teaching and training, increase teaching and training equipment, provide trainees with more hands-on training sessions, and improve first aid capabilities. Methods Developing a special teaching defibrillator with the same structure and operation configuration as the clinical medical emergency defibrillator. The appearance, structure and operating accessories of the two defibrillators are the same. The difference between the defibrillator and the clinical medical emergency defibrillator are as follows: the clinical medical emergency defibrillator can be energized, and there are expensive electronic accessories and defibrillation accessories for charging and discharging in the machine. When discharging, the electrode plate has current discharged into the human body; the power plug of the “special defibrillator for teaching and training” is a fake plug. When the power is plugged in, no current enters the body and the machine. There are no expensive electronic accessories and defibrillation accessories for charging and discharging, and no current is discharged during discharge. Then compare the teaching effect of the special defibrillator for teaching and training and the clinical medical emergency defibrillator (including operation score and attitude after training). Results The scores of defibrillator operation in the experimental group of junior college students (87.77 ± 4.11 vs. 83.30 ± 4.56, P

The increasing frequency of extreme rainfall is leading to a rise in groundwater levels in coastal areas, significantly affecting high-speed railway operations. To address this concern, this study developed a 2.5-dimensional finite element model of a coupled track-embankment-ground system based on Biot’s porous media theory to analyze the effect of groundwater level rise on the critical velocity of high-speed railways and vibration responses. The findings reveal a consistent decrease in the critical velocity of high-speed railways with rising groundwater levels. Particularly, the increase in groundwater levels within the embankment significantly influences the critical velocity compared to a similar rise in the foundation’s groundwater level. Furthermore, deformations induced by passing trains significantly increase as groundwater levels rise. Specifically, when the groundwater level rises from the foundation bottom to the subgrade surface, subgrade surface deformation increases by approximately 55%. As trains approach the critical velocity, significant vibration phenomena, known as the “Mach effect,” occur at the foundation surface. Importantly, as groundwater levels rise, the “Mach effect” intensifies. Analyzing the vibrating frequency spectrum of the displacement response demonstrates a substantial increase in vibration amplitude, particularly in the high-frequency region, as groundwater levels rise. This study highlights that the rise in groundwater level not only amplifies vibrations but also extends the propagation of high-frequency vibrations, underscoring the importance of effective embankment waterproofing in controlling track vibrations.

Summary: Background: Some circulating proteins are linked to central adiposity. Gremlin 2 (GREM2) functions as a secreted factor involved in osteogenesis and adipogenesis. Here, we investigated the association of blood GREM2 levels and central adiposity, and the biological roles of GREM2 in the browning program of visceral preadipocytes. Methods: Three independent cohorts were applied to detect circulating GREM2 levels. Recombinant Grem2 protein, Grem2 overexpression and knockout mouse models, and preadipocyte-specific Bmpr2 knockout mice were used to assess the roles of Grem2 in the browning program. Findings: We detected the presence of GREM2 protein in human serum using an ELISA approach. We revealed elevated GREM2 levels in severely obese subjects and validated this finding in a large-scale community population involving 10,327 subjects. Notably, serum GREM2 was positively associated with visceral fat volume, as quantified by 3D reconstruction methods. In mice, Grem2 was highly expressed in visceral fat and liver tissues, while surgical removal of visceral fat lowered circulating Grem2 levels. Visceral fat secreted more Grem2 in obese mice. Grem2-overexpressed mice exhibited a reduced browning ability of visceral fat, whereas Grem2 ablation enhanced the browning capacity and reduced visceral fat content. Mechanistically, Grem2 attenuated the browning program of visceral preadipocytes partially by antagonizing BMP4/7-SMAD1/5/8 signaling pathway. Further, genetic deletion of Bmpr2 in Pdgfrα+ preadipocytes abolished the antagonistic effect of Grem2. Interpretation: These findings indicate that GREM2 might function as a circulating protein factor associated with human visceral adiposity, and Grem2 inhibits the browning capacity of visceral preadipocytes partially by BMP4/7-BMPR2 signaling pathway. Funding: The complete list of funders can be found in the Acknowledgement section.

Summary: Background: The updated definition of hypertension by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) is an important paradigm shift and has lead to extensive discussion. We aimed to examine the association between the updated blood pressure (BP) categories and the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) with potential modifications from other cardiovascular health metrics (CVHMs). Methods: This prospective study included 91,204 participants ≥40 years recruited from 20 community sites across mainland China. Participants were followed up during 2010-2016 for CVD events including nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and cardiovascular death. BP categories were defined according to the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline and CVHMs included smoking, physical activity, diet, body-mass index, total cholesterol, and fasting glucose. Findings: Overall, 1,985 major CVD events occurred during a mean follow-up of 3.7 years. Having more ideal CVHMs significantly reduced the risk of CVD events in both stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension. Compared with participants without hypertension, participants having ≥4 ideal CVHMs were no longer associated with an increased CVD risk in stage 1 hypertension (HR=1·04; 95% CI=0·83-1·31), but less so in stage 2 hypertension (HR=1·90, 95% CI=1·70-2·13). Such pattern of association was more evident in participants aged

BackgroundThe atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk predicted by traditional risk factors is used to guide preventive treatment. We aimed to investigate whether preferable levels of non-traditional emerging risk factors (i.e., negative risk markers) could downgrade the predicted ASCVD risk beyond traditional risk factors.MethodsA total of 7,568 Chinese adults aged ≥ 40 years were followed up during 2010–2015. Negative risk markers including non-traditional lipids, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, electrocardiogram (ECG), and measurements of atherosclerosis were evaluated using diagnostic likelihood ratio (DLR) and continuous net reclassification index (NRI) for their ability to downshift predicted CVD risk in the overall study population and in participants with intermediate (traditional risk factor predicted ASCVD risk 7.5% to 19.9%) or high risk (≥20%).ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 4.5 years, 416 participants developed CVD events including non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and cardiovascular death. Among negative risk markers examined, lipoprotein(a) ≤ 10th percentile (5 mg/dL), normal ECG, and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) ≤ 25th percentile (0.5 mm) provided moderate CVD risk reclassification and downward changes in pre- to post-test risk on top of the traditional CVD risk factors, especially in high-risk participants. The DLRs were 0.41, 0.75, and 0.41, and the NRIs were 18, 22, and 14% for lipoprotein(a), ECG, and CIMT, respectively in high-risk participants.ConclusionsLipoprotein(a) ≤ 5 mg/dL, normal ECG, and CIMT ≤ 0.5 mm might be used as negative non-traditional risk markers to correctly downgrade predicted ASCVD risk in Chinese adults.

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to investigate the association between the visit-to-visit variability (VVV) of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and arterial stiffness in Chinese adults.MethodsWe performed a cohort study involving 2002 Chinese adults with no history of myocardial infarction or stroke. All the participants attended three visits (the baseline visit in 2008, the 2nd visit in 2009 and the 3rd visit in 2013). We used four measures to define the VVV of FPG across the three visits: the standard deviation (SD), the coefficient of variation (CV), the average successive variability (ASV) and the variability independent of the mean (VIM). We used brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV) to measure arterial stiffness at the 2nd and the 3rd visits.ResultsCompared with the lowest tertile of all the four measurements of VVV of FPG, significantly increased levels of ba-PWV change, ratio of ba-PWV change and the occurrence of the elevated ba-PWV were found in the highest tertile. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) comparing participants in the highest tertile vs. the lowest tertile of FPG-SD was 1.37 (1.01-1.86) for risks of having elevated ba-PWV, even after adjustment for covariates including the mean FPG. Similar results were found for FPG-CV and FPG-VIM.ConclusionGreater long-term variability of FPG was associated with an increased risk of arterial stiffness, suggesting that the VVV of FPG could be used for an early detection of subclinical atherosclerosis.

Intracellular transport: Identifying how apple pigment is sent for storage The mystery of how pigmenting anthocyanins are transported to intracellular storage is starting to be revealed. Alongside giving fruit their color, anthocyanins confer benefits to plant and human health. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are responsible for transporting anthocyanins to storage vacuoles, yet research is lacking on how GSTs are regulated. Xuesen Chen, from China’s Shandong Agricultural University, and his team analyzed the activity of 23 GST genes in apple, finding one, MdGSTF6, was most highly active in the fruit-coloration stage of apple development. MdGSTF6 expression correlated with fruit anthocyanin levels and also restored anthocyanin levels in transport-suppressed plants, confirming its function. Chen’s team then discovered that MdGSTF6 expression is activated by the protein MdMYB1. The MdMYB1 gene is the major regulatory gene in anthocyanin synthesis, and is now revealed to also influence their transport.

As research progresses, the surface texture tool can significantly reduce the cutting heat and cutting force. However, the tool surface texture width, depth, and spacing also have an impact on the cutting performance. Using the Taguchi method and finite element analysis, the changing laws of cutting temperature, pressure, stress distribution, and cutting force were studied. The results showed that the tool texture width had the greatest influence on the cutting performance, followed by the tool texture depth and spacing. The increase of tool texture width lead to the decrease of cutting temperature, stress distribution, and cutting force, while the effect of texture depth on cutting stress distribution was more significant. Cutting performance could be improved by optimizing the texture size and structure of the cutting tool. This research has theoretical significance for improving the cutting performance of cutting tools.

Tools with chamfered edges are often used in high speed machining of hard materials because they provide compelling cutting toughness and reduced tool wear. Chamfered tools are also responsible for the dead metal zone (DMZ). Through numerical simulation of orthogonal cutting with AISI 4340 steel, this paper examines the mechanism of the DMZ, the cutting speed, the impacts of the chamfer angle, and the coefficient of friction on the generation of the DMZ. The analysis is based upon the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) finite element method (FEM) for the continuous process of chip formation. The different chamfered angles, cutting speeds, and friction coefficient conditions are utilized in the simulation. The research demonstrates that a zone of trapped material called DMZ has been formed beneath the chamfer and serves as an effective cutting edge of the tool. Additionally, the dead metal zone DMZ becomes smaller while the cutting speed increases or the friction coefficient decreases. The machining forces rise with increasing chamfer angles, rise with increasing friction coefficients, and fall with increasing cutting speed in both the cutting and thrust directions. In this paper, the effect of different chamfering tools on AISI 4340 steel using carbide tools in the simulation environment is studied. It has certain reference significance for studying the formation mechanism of the dead zone of difficult-to-machine materials such as AISI4340 and improving the processing efficiency and workpiece surface quality.

Objective We aimed to examine the associations of urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) levels with risks of subclinical atherosclerosis, cardiovascular events and all-cause deaths.Methods Data from a large population-based cohort were used, which included 9580 participants aged ≥40 years free from cardiovascular diseases. Carotid intima–media thickness, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and ankle-brachial index were measured at baseline to assess subclinical atherosclerosis. After a median of 4.53 years’ follow-up, 486 cardiovascular events and 230 all-cause deaths were recorded.Results The urinary ACR levels were categorised into three groups. Compared with the normal group (0≤ACR

Nepenthes pitcher has evolved particular structures to effectively capture and digest insects to obtain sufficient growing nutrients. The pitcher can be typically distinguished by several parts depending on its difference in macro-morphology and micro-structure, including lid, peristome, slippery zone and digestive zone. The peristome consists of radial ridges, making liquid film generate a continuously unidirectional transport. The slippery zone contains structures with micro-nano scale parameters, presenting the properties of anti-attachment and superhydrophobicity. The structures and properties of the pitcher have attracted numerous studies and become the hot topic. In this review, based on the research progress of peristome and slippery zone in the engineering bionic field, the morphological structures and functional properties are introduced. Especially, the progress of the bionic fabrication of functional surfaces used in liquid film unidirectional transport, insect slippery trapping and superhydrophobicity is dis cussed, and several aspects that should be paid attention to in near future are highlighted. This review enriches the understanding of structures and properties of Nepenthes pitcher, and also provides the bionic ideas for fabricating functional surfaces.

Plant defense: Regulating resistance to ring rot A gene with multiple functions in defense against apple ring rot may provide a target for breeding apple varieties resistant to this devastating and enigmatic fungal disease. In China, the world’s greatest producer of apples, apple ring rot poses a severe challenge to growers. A Chinese team led by Shujing Wu and Xuesen Chen, of Shandong Agricultural University, explored the role of a gene, MdSYP121, thought to provide resistance to ring rot. A combination of genetic, genomic, and transgenic experiments showed that MdSYP121 does indeed confer resistance to the disease, and may do this both by regulating hormonal pathways of defense and by stimulating enzymes involved in defensive oxidation/reduction reactions. Overall, their results suggest potential foci for breeding programmes aimed at reducing the susceptibility of apple cultivars to the ring rot fungus.

Abstract Background Molecular hydrogen has been shown to have antioxidant effect and have been used to prevent oxidative stress-related diseases. The goal of this study was to explore if hydrogen-rich saline (HRS) plays a cardioprotective effect on abdominal aortic constriction (AAC) induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats. 60adult Sprague–Dawley rats received surgically the AAC for 6-week. After the surgery, the rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (15 for each):1: sham-operated (sham); 2: AAC-model; 3: AAC + Low HRS (LHRS); and 4: AAC + High HRS (HHRS). The rats in sham and AAC-model groups were treated with normal saline intraperitoneally, while rats in LHRS and HHRS groups were intraperitoneally treated with 3 or 6 mL/kg HRS daily, respectively, for 6-week. Results The ratios of HW/BW and LVW/BW were shown in an order of Model > LHRS > HHRS > SHAM groups. The cardiac hypertrophy was also manifested with increased expressions of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptides (BNP) and fibrosis of cardiac tissues in AAC-model group, which could likewise be restrained in LHRS and HHRS groups. Moreover, the JAK-STAT (Janus Kinase-Signal transducers and activators of transcription) signaling molecule expressions were decreased with HRS treatment. Conclusions Our results showed a protective effect of HRS on pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats, which may be associated to a decreasing in JAK-STAT signaling pathway.

Apple is one of the most important fruit crops. Here, the authors perform deep genome resequencing of 117 diverse accessions and reveal comprehensive models of apple origin, speciation, domestication, and fruit size evolution as well as candidate genes associated with important agronomic traits.

The microstructure, precipitates, and austenite grain in high-strength low-alloy steel were characterized by optical microscope, transmission electron microscope, and laser scanning confocal microscopy to investigate the effect of Mo on the toughness of steel. The microstructure was refined and the toughness was enhanced after the addition of 0.07% Mo in steel. The addition of Mo can suppress the Widmanstätten ferrite (WF) formation and promote the transformation of acicular ferrite (AF), leading to the fine transformed products in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The chemical composition of precipitates changed from Nb(C, N) to (Nb, Mo)(C, N) because of the addition of Mo. The calculated lattice misfit between Nb(C, N) and ferrite was approximately 11.39%, while it was reduced to 5.40% for (Nb, Mo)(C, N), which significantly affected the size and number density of precipitates. A detailed analysis of the precipitates focusing on the chemical composition, size, and number density has been undertaken to understand the contribution of Mo on the improvement of steel toughness.

The successful introduction and micron-scale characterization of uniaxial strain with wafer level play pivotal roles in designing and optimizing of the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) microstructures for next-generation strained-Si transistors. In this paper, the successful fabrication of uniaxially strained SOI with wafer level by simply mechanical bending and annealing was realized. Employing polarized Raman measurements, the Raman intensity as a function of the angle between the crystal-axis and the polarization-direction of the scattered light for the strained top Si layer demonstrated the uniaxial character of the induced strain. Micro-Raman measurements revealed that the strain was uniaxially compressive with 0.114% strain value. The transmission electron microscopy characterization was used to reveal the little effect of process on crystallinity, which was confirmed by XRD measurements. The crystal symmetry change from cubic to tetragonal structure of the strained Si was further discussed.

Many bacterial pathogens inject a cocktail of effector proteins into host cells through type III secretion systems. These effectors act in concert to modulate host physiology and immune signaling, thereby promoting pathogenicity. In a search for additional Pseudomonas syringae effectors in suppressing plant innate immunity triggered by pathogen or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or MAMPs), we identified P. syringae tomato DC3000 effector HopF2 as a potent suppressor of early immune-response gene transcription and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling activated by multiple MAMPs, including bacterial flagellin, elongation factor Tu, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide and HrpZ1 harpin, and fungal chitin. The conserved surface-exposed residues of HopF2 are essential for its MAMP suppression activity. HopF2 is targeted to the plant plasma membrane through a putative myristoylation site, and the membrane association appears to be required for its MAMP-suppression function. Expression of HopF2 in plants potently diminished the flagellin-induced phosphorylation of BIK1, a plasma membrane–associated cytoplasmic kinase that is rapidly phosphorylated within one minute upon flagellin perception. Thus, HopF2 likely intercepts MAMP signaling at the plasma membrane immediately of signal perception. Consistent with the potent suppression function of multiple MAMP signaling, expression of HopF2 in transgenic plants compromised plant nonhost immunity to bacteria P. syringae pv. Phaseolicola and plant immunity to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea.

In the model tracking control of robot manipulator system, the treatment of nonlinear uncertainty in the system has always been an active research field. This article establishes a kinetic equation for robot manipulator system based on Lagrange equation and proposes a model tracking control system based on differential divisor. On this basis, this article proposes a model tracking control scheme for robot manipulator systems with disturbances. The proposed scheme is robust stable under the external disturbances. At last, the system simulation approach is employed to verify the effectiveness of this scheme on robot manipulator control.

Color is an important agronomic trait of pears, and the anthocyanin content of fruit is immensely significant for pear coloring. In this study, an anthocyanin-activating R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene, PyMYB10.1, was isolated from fruits of red sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Aoguan). Alignments of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences suggested that PyMYB10.1 was involved in anthocyanin regulation. Similar to PyMYB10, PyMYB10.1 was predominantly expressed in red tissues, including the skin, leaf and flower, but it was minimally expressed in non-red fruit flesh. The expression of this gene could be induced by light. Dual-luciferase assays indicated that both PyMYB10 and PyMYB10.1 activated the AtDFR promoter. The activation of AtDFR increased to a greater extent when combined with a bHLH co-factor, such as PybHLH, MrbHLH1, MrbHLH2, or AtbHLH2. However, the response of this activation depended on the protein complex formed. PyMYB10-AtbHLH2 activated the AtDFR promoter to a greater extent than other combinations of proteins. PyMYB10-AtbHLH2 also induced the highest anthocyanin accumulation in tobacco transient-expression assays. Moreover, PybHLH interacted with PyMYB10 and PyMYB10.1. These results suggest that both PyMYB10 and PyMYB10.1 are positive anthocyanin biosynthesis regulators in pears that act via the formation of a ternary complex with PybHLH. The functional characterization of PyMYB10 and PyMYB10.1 will aid further understanding of the anthocyanin regulation in pears.

Apple is one of the most economically important horticultural fruit crops worldwide. It is critical to gain insights into fruit ripening and softening to improve apple fruit quality and extend shelf life. In this study, forward and reverse suppression subtractive hybridization libraries were generated from 'Taishanzaoxia' apple fruits sampled around the ethylene climacteric to isolate ripening- and softening-related genes. A set of 648 unigenes were derived from sequence alignment and cluster assembly of 918 expressed sequence tags. According to gene ontology functional classification, 390 out of 443 unigenes (88%) were assigned to the biological process category, 356 unigenes (80%) were classified in the molecular function category, and 381 unigenes (86%) were allocated to the cellular component category. A total of 26 unigenes differentially expressed during fruit development period were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. These genes were involved in cell wall modification, anthocyanin biosynthesis, aroma production, stress response, metabolism, transcription, or were non-annotated. Some genes associated with cell wall modification, anthocyanin biosynthesis and aroma production were up-regulated and significantly correlated with ethylene production, suggesting that fruit texture, coloration and aroma may be regulated by ethylene in 'Taishanzaoxia'. Some of the identified unigenes associated with fruit ripening and softening have not been characterized in public databases. The results contribute to an improved characterization of changes in gene expression during apple fruit ripening and softening.

'Taishanzaoxia' fruit rapid softening and dehiscence during ripening stage and this process is very sensitive to endogenous ethylene. In this study, we cloned five ethylene signal transcription factors (ZMdEIL1, ZMdEIL2, ZMdEIL3, ZMdERF1 and ZMdERF2) and one functional gene, ZMdPG1, encoding polygalacturonase that could loose the cell connection which associated with fruit firmness decrease and fruit dehiscence to illustrate the reasons for this specific fruit phenotypic and physiological changes. Expression analysis showed that ZMdERF1 and ZMdEIL2 transcription were more abundant in 'Taishanzaoxia' softening fruit and dehiscent fruit and their expression was inhibited by an ethylene inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene. Therefore, ZMdERF1 and ZMdEIL2 expression were responses to endogenous ethylene and associated with fruit softening and dehiscence. ZMdPG1 expression was induced when fruit softening and dehiscence but this induction can be blocked by 1-MCP, indicating that ZMdPG1 was essential for fruit softening and dehiscence and its expression was mediated by the endogenously occurred ethylene. ZMdPG1 overexpression in Arabidopsis led to silique early dehiscence while suppressing ZMdPG1 expression by antisense ZMdPG1 prevented silique naturally opening. The result also suggested that ZMdPG1 related with the connection between cells that contributed to fruit softening and dehiscence. ZMdERF1 was more closely related with ethylene signaling but it was not directly regulated the ZMdPG1, which might be regulated by the synergic pattern of ethylene transcription factors because of both the ZMdERF1 and ZMdERF2 could interact with ZMdEIL2.

The inverted pendulum robot is a classical problem in controls. The inherit instabilities in the setup make it a natural target for a control system. Inverted pendulum robot is suitable to use for investigation and verification of various control methods for dynamic systems. Maintaining an equilibrium position of the pendulum pointing up is a challenge as this equilibrium position is unstable. As the inverted pendulum robot system is nonlinear it is well-suited to be controlled by fuzzy logic. In this paper, Lagrange method has been applied to develop the mathematical model of the system. The objective of the simulation to be shown using the fuzzy control method can stabilize the nonlinear system of inverted pendulum robot.