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Based on the theory of energy transfer, this study analyzes the fracture mechanism of machinable ceramics, and establishes the machinable ceramic tool-workpiece-chip coupling cutting force model. Research on the brittleness removal of hard and brittle materials by indentation test. The pre-existing defects on the surface of the workpiece are subjected to tensile stress. With continuous loading on a certain point on the surface of the workpiece, the cracks begin to sprout and expand; when the critical load is loaded, the cracks become unstable; with the load continues, the conical cracks expand in an unstable state. The Hertz crack system is obtained at the end of the indentation. The crack system model is established based on indentation fracture mechanics. According to Griffith energy balance theory, different types of energy models of the crack system are established. The theoretical model of cutting force is established according to the principle of energy conservation, the tool input is equal to the energy change between crack systems. The results of turning experiments show that the main cutting force increases with the increase of the radius of the tool nose, and decreases with the increase of the tool rake angle. The calculated values of the theoretical model of cutting force in turning of hard and brittle materials are basically consistent with the experimental values.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of delayed femoral vein ligation on the clinical outcomes of hip disarticulation. We retrospectively reviewed 20 patients with extremity tumors (10 bone tumors and 10 soft tissue sarcomas [STS]) who underwent hip disarticulation. Patients treated for hip disarticulation with synchronous femoral vein ligation (n = 10, regular surgery group) and hip disarticulation with delayed femoral vein ligation (n = 10, delayed ligation group), respectively, were enrolled in this study. The operative time and blood loss were used to evaluate the clinical outcomes. The delayed ligation group had significantly lower operative times than the regular surgery group (P < 0.05). Total, hidden, and intraoperative blood loss were all significantly lower in the delayed ligation group than in the regular surgery group (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in postoperative blood loss. In conclusion, delayed femoral vein ligation could significantly reduce the operative time, hidden blood loss, and intraoperative blood loss in patients undergoing hip disarticulation.

Since the institutional translation teaching began in 1978, we can notice that translation teaching in the Chinese Mainland has undergone five distinctive stages: intuition-guided, contrast-oriented, equivalence-oriented, function-oriented and cognition-oriented. In each stage, distinct teaching approaches have been applied according to the specific teaching objectives, teaching materials, assessments and the demands of students as well as the qualities of teachers, and the teaching approaches evolved from the earlier personal experience and reflection-based teaching to the structural approach, the constructive approach and the holistic approach, crystallizing the teaching philosophy from experientialism, structuralism to constructivism and holism. In line with translation teaching practice, translation teaching researches have also developed and displayed the following features in terms of research methods: experience-based elicitation, dialectics-based deduction, experiment-based induction, interdisciplinary integration. In view of the development of translation studies and the variety of translation practice, this chapter surveys some major streams of research on translation teaching in China, providing critical comments on the previous research and outlining some future trends for translation teaching research in China. Translation teaching research informs the training of all-round translators and interpreters as well as contributes to the growth of translation studies as a discipline.

Is Frankenstein's monster coming to the realm of translation? Many scholars have voiced their concerns about the emergence of cutting-edge translation technology such as Google Neural Machine Trans...

In contrast to the increased research interest in artificial intelligence (AI) and translation, the relationship between human beings’ emotional intelligence (EI) and translation has not yet receiv...

New Prospects and Perspectives for Educating Language Mediators is a collection of 10 papers submitted to the ‘Innovation in Translation and Interpreting Teaching’ panel at the International Associ...

It is believed that breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), like normal stem cell counterparts, have the capacity of self-renewal and differentiation. Simultaneously, estrogen receptor (ER)-negative (-) BCSCs are affected by surrounding differentiated ER-positive (+) tumor cells by virtue of paracrine signaling within the tumor micro-environment. Genistein (GEN), as a sort of phytoestrogen, can act on ER+ breast cancer cells but the role of GEN in the differentiation of neighboring ER- BCSCs has not been defined. Transwell co-culture system was utilized so as to elaborate the interaction between well-differentiated ER+ breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and ER- breast cancer stem/progenitor cells (mammospheres derived from MDA-MB-231 cells). GEN-induced differentiation of BCSCs was analyzed by mammospheres formation assay, flow cytometry and RT-PCR after a 3 day solo-culture or co-culture. We find that GEN sized 2 µM, and 40 nM, effectively promotes morphological alteration of mammospheres, reduces the ratio of subset of CD44+/CD24-/ESA+ cells and upregulates the expression of differentiated cell markers of mammospheres in co-culture system, but not in solo-culture condition. Besides, we demonstrate that the differentiation-inducing effect of GEN on mammospheres is associated with PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK signaling pathways which are activated by amphiregulin released from ER+ cancer cells. These results indicate that GEN was able to induce the differentiation of breast cancer stem/progenitor cells through interaction with ER+ cancer cells by a paracrine mechanism.

As the blurb on p. i states, this book ‘explores how linguistic hybridity contributes to the reader's construction of the textual agents’ world-view and how it can be exploited in order to encourag...

Cancer stem cells are enriched in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) tumor tissues, which present strong capacities of proliferation and tumorigenicity. The present study detected the distribution of cancer stem cell markers cluster of differentiation (CD)44/CD24 and analyzed the clinical outcomes of different CD44/CD24 phenotypes in patients with TNBC. Multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed with regard to the prognostic value of cancer stem cell markers CD44/CD24, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 and other baseline clinical characteristics, including tumor size, lymph node involved, adjuvant chemotherapy, Ki-67, breast cancer susceptibility gene 1, cellular tumor antigen p53, vimentin and basal-like status. The multivariate analyses showed that three of these factors, CD44/CD24 phenotype, basal-like status and number of lymph nodes involved, had an impact on overall survival. Furthermore, patients with CD44+/CD24− phenotype, basal-like tumors and ≥4 lymph nodes involved had a significantly worse prognosis. The expression of CD44 and CD24 was detected by double-staining immunohistochemistry, which can locate cancer stem cells individually. Overall, the present results indicated that CD44/CD24 status evaluated by double-staining immunohistochemistry constitutes an independent prognostic factor for TNBC.

The aim of this study was to establish a prognostic risk model for patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). A total of 278 specimens of human TNBC tissues were investigated by immunohistochemistry for growth-arrest specific protein 6 expression, infiltrations of stromal natural killer cells and tumor-associated macrophages. According to their prognostic risk scores based on the model, patients were divided into three groups (score 0, 1-2, 3). Correlations of prognostic risk scores, clinicopathologic features and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. To study the clinical value of this stratification model in early disease recurrence or metastasis, 177 patients were screened out for further analysis. Based on disease free survival (DFS), 90 patients fell within the DFS ≤3 years group and 87 patients within the DFS ≥5 years group. We analyzed the differences in prognostic risk scores between the two groups. The prognostic risk scores were negatively related to tumor size, lymph node metastasis and P53 status (P < 0.001 for all). Patients with low prognostic risk scores had longer OS (P = 0.001). Using multivariate analysis, it was determined that TNM stage (HR = 0.432, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.281-0.665, P = 0.003), FOXP3 positive lymphocytes (HR = 1.712, 95% CI = 1.085-2.702, P = 0.021) and prognostic risk scores (HR = 1.340, 95% CI = 1.192-1.644, P = 0.005) were independent prognostic factors for OS. Compared with the DFS ≥5 years group, the DFS ≤3 years group patients had significantly higher prognostic risk scores (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the prognostic risk score of the model was a significant indicator of prognosis for patients with TNBC.

An HPLC/MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the following benzimidazole anthelmintics and metabolites in plasma: flubendazole, albendazole, fenbendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole, hydrolyzed flubendazole, albendazole sulfoxide, albendazole sulfone, albendazole aminosulfone, oxfendazole, fenbendazole sulfone, aminomebendazole, hydroxymebendazole, and 5-hydroxythiabendazole. The sample preparation process involved a pH-dependent extraction of the analytes. Chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column with a mobile phase gradient starting with methanol–water (20 + 80, v/v) containing 0.1% formic acid. The overall average recoveries of the analytes based on a matrix-matched calibration ranged from 75.0 to 120.0%, with RSD values of

Olaquindox (OLA), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-2-quinoxalincarboxamide-1,4-dioxide, is an antimicrobial and growth-promoting agent for animals, which has been banned or allowed only limited use for its potential toxicity. To thoroughly understand the metabolic pathways, metabolism of OLA in rat was studied using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with MSE and mass defect filtering techniques. Twenty metabolites (M1–M20) were detected in rat feces and urine, of which nine phase I metabolites (M6, M7, M11–M16) and four phase II metabolites (M17–M20) were found in vivo for the first time. The structures of metabolites were reliably characterized on the basis of accurate mass and fragment ions in MSE spectra. The major metabolic pathways reported previously in pigs, including reduction of N→O groups, oxidation of the alcohol and hydrolysis, were also confirmed in this study. In addition, hydroxylation of the methyl group, N-dehydroxyethylation and glucuronidation were also proved to be the important metabolic pathways, which contribute to improving our knowledge about in vivo metabolism of OLA. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/ MS) method was established for the determination of methaqualone, chloropromazine, promethazine, diazepam, nitrazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, midazolam, triazolam and zolpidem residues in pork and kidney. After enzymolysis, the samples were extracted by ethyl acetate and tert-butyl methyl ether, separately. The separation of the ten sedatives was performed on a Waters Acquity UPLC system with a BEH C18 column. The mobile phases were acetonitrile (containing 0.1% formic acid) and water (containing 0.1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The electrospray was operated in the positive ionization mode and the ten sedatives were identified by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The method of matrix-matched standard solution was adopted as the quantitative method. The calibration curves showed good linearity within the concentrations of 2 - 100 microg/L with the correlation coefficients r > 0. 998. The limits of detection of the ten sedatives were 0.5 microg/kg, and the limit of quantification was 1 microg/kg. The recoveries of the ten sedatives were 64.5% - 111.4% at the spiked levels of 2, 5 and 10 microg/kg. The relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation were both less than 15%. This method is simple, sensitive and accurate in the determination of sedative residues.

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method was established for the determination of cyromazine and its metabolite, melamine, in animal-derived food. Chicken and tilapia muscle samples were spiked with (15)N(3)-melamine, extracted with an acidic acetonitrile/water solution, and defatted with dichloromethane. Egg and milk samples were directly extracted with 3% trichloroacetic acid. The extracts were purified using mixed cation-exchange cartridges, derived with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, and detected by GC-MS. Cyromazine and melamine were quantified by external standard methods except for the determination of melamine in animal muscle, which used an internal standard method. Recoveries ranged from 75.0 to 110.0%, and relative standard deviations were

Early detection and treatment of human colorectal cancers remain a challenge. Identification of new potential markers may help in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer. By comparative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis using extracts from colorectal tumor and adjacent normal tissues, we identified a calcium-binding protein, S100A11, which was highly expressed in colorectal cancer compared with adjacent normal tissues. We expanded our study in 89 clinical colorectal tumor samples to validate this finding and correlates S100A11 expression in human colorectal cancer tissues with various stages of the tumor by Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. We identified a calcium-binding protein, S100A11, which was highly expressed in colorectal cancer compared with adjacent normal tissues. S100A protein was expressed predominantly in the cytoplasm of normal tissue; however, it was expressed in both the nuclei and cytoplasm of colorectal cancer. S100A11 level in colorectal cancer tissue was increased following stage progression of the disease. These findings suggest S100A11 could be helpful in the pathological study of colorectal cancer, especially for the classification of different stages in colorectal cancer.

The nuclear factor of the activated T cell (NFAT) family was primarily recognized for its central role in T lymphocyte activation. Recent evidence showed that NFAT isoforms participate in the regulation of genes related to cell proliferation and differentiation in epithelial malignancies. Here, we investigated the expression and activation of the calcineurin/NFAT transcription pathway and its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) proliferation. Expression of NFATc1 and calcineurin proteins was examined by immunohistochemical analyses in 76 human HCC samples. The cellular NFAT activation and distribution in HepG2 cells were analyzed by immunofluorescence and western blot analyses. After NFATc1 expression was knocked down by NFATc1-specific siRNA, we analyzed its implications in cell cycle progression and growth by MTT and flow cytometry. The impact of calcineurin/NFAT signaling on protein expression of c-myc and cox-2 were performed by western blot analyses. NFATc1 is significantly overexpressed in HCC. The regulation of calcineurin activity by ionomycin or cyclosporin A caused rapid nuclear import or export of NFATc1 in HepG2 cells. NFATc1 knock-down led to a significant reduction in proliferation rates and cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. The expression of c-myc and cox-2 was decreased in the NFATc1 knock-down HepG2 cells. Ionomycin increased c-myc and cox-2 expression in HepG2 cells, but not in siNFATc1 HepG2 cells. The calcineurin/NFATc1 signal is overexpressed and active in HCC. It may enhance the proliferative potential of HepG2 cells through transcriptional activation of the c-myc and cox-2 oncogenes.

Olaquindox (OLA), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-2-quinoxalincarboxamide-1,4-dioxide, is an antimicrobial and growth-promoting agent for animals, which has been banned or allowed only limited use for its potential toxicity. To thoroughly understand the metabolic pathways, metabolism of OLA in rat was studied using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with MS(E) and mass defect filtering techniques. Twenty metabolites (M1-M20) were detected in rat feces and urine, of which nine phase I metabolites (M6, M7, M11-M16) and four phase II metabolites (M17-M20) were found in vivo for the first time. The structures of metabolites were reliably characterized on the basis of accurate mass and fragment ions in MS(E) spectra. The major metabolic pathways reported previously in pigs, including reduction of N→O groups, oxidation of the alcohol and hydrolysis, were also confirmed in this study. In addition, hydroxylation of the methyl group, N-dehydroxyethylation and glucuronidation were also proved to be the important metabolic pathways, which contribute to improving our knowledge about in vivo metabolism of OLA.

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method has been established for the determination of cyromazine and its metabolite melamine in chickens. The homogenized tissue samples added with melamine-15N3 were extracted with acidic acetonitrile-water solution, and defatted with dichloromethane. The samples were derivatized with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), after solid-phase extraction (SPE) which was performed on Oasis MCX cartridges, and then detected by GC-MS. Cyromazine was quantified by an external standard method, and melamine by an internal standard method using melamine-15N3. The results indicated that the linearities of cyromazine and melamine were within the range of 100 - 1,000 microg/L, and their limits of quantification (LOQ) were 20 microg/kg. The mean recoveries of chicken samples fortified at three concentrations of 20, 40 and 80 microg/kg were within the range of 75% - 110%. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of intra- and inter- batch were less than 10% and 15%, respectively. The application of this method was further demonstrated by analyzing 10 real samples which were brought from local markets. The results show that this method is simple, rapid, sensitive and specific. It is appropriate for the identification and quantification of cyromazine and its metabolite melamine in chickens.

An ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/ MS) method was established for the simultaneous determination of terbutaline, cimaterol, salbutamol, fenoterol, clorprenaline, ractopamine, clenbuterol, tulobuterol, penbutolol residues in animal derived foods. After enzymolysis, the samples were extracted by perchloric acid, centrifuged, neutralized, followed by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate and tert-butyl methyl ether, separately. The combined extracts were applied to a solid phase extraction MCX cartridge for cleanup. The separation of beta-agonists was performed on Waters Acquity UPLC system with a BEH C18 column (50 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.7 microm) and the gradient elution solvent of acetonitrile (containing 0.1% formic acid) and water (containing 0.1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The method was quantified by external standard method. The calibration curves were good linear between the peak areas and the concentrations of 0.25 - 5 microg/kg with the correlation coefficient r0.990. The limit of detection of the 8 beta-agonists was 0.1 microg/kg, and the limit of quantification was 0.25 microg/kg. The limit of detection of penbutolol was 0.25 microg/kg, and the limit of quantification was 0.5 microg/kg. The average recoveries from spiked animal tissues at three concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2 microg/kg ranged 87.1% - 108.6%. The relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-batch were both less than 20%.

A sensitive and selective method is presented for simultaneous determination of tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) veterinary drugs. Oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracyclines (TC) and chlortetracycline (CTC) in the chicken muscle were extracted, and then solid-phase cleaned-up on a C18 reversed-phase column to obtain an extract suitable for analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Electrospray ionization was applied and operated in the positive ion mode. The calibration curves were good linear between the peak areas and the mass concentrations of TCs from 25 to 500 microg/L with the correlation coefficient more than 0.99. The average recoveries from spiked chicken muscle at the three concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 microg/kg were from 72.4% to 94.9% with relative, standard deviation less than 11%. The detection limits of TCs were 10 microg/kg. The method was successfully validated for chicken muscle in compliance with the requirements set by Document No. 1 of 2003 dispatched by the Bureau of Animal Husbandary of Ministry of Agriculture. This method is suitable for the determination of OTC, TC and CTC in chicken muscle.

To study the effect of combined use of autologous micro-morselized bone with bone morphogenetic protein(BMP) and type I collagen graft on the treatment of segmental bone defects.The bulk bone of rabbit iliac crest was ground into micro-morselized bone, which was combined with BMP and type I collagen. The model of 1.5 cm bone defect was established in the middle shaft of the radius. Fifty-six rabbits were assigned to four repairing methods: autologous micro-morselized bone graft with BMP and type I collagen, autologous micro-morselized bone graft with type I collagen, autologous micro-morselized bone graft alone, and control group. The defect-repairing capability of each group was assessed by radiographic, histological, bone densitometry and biomechanical studies.X-ray manifested that at the end of 8 weeks after operation, the bone defect treated with autologous micro-morselized bone graft with BMP and type I collagen was repaired completely, and at the end of 12 weeks after operation the bone defect treated with autologous micro-morselized bone and type I collagen was cured completely, but the bone defect treated with autologous micro-morselized alone was completely repaired. No healing was found in the control group. In the bone densitometry detection, the material with BMP exhibited the strongest defect-repairing capability in terms of amount increased and quality of the new bone at the end of 8 weeks and 12 weeks. The group with BMP has the best mechanical strength of all groups at the end of 12 weeks.Autologous micro-morselized bone graft with BMP/type I collagen and autologous micro-morselized bone graft with type I collagen prove to be effective in repairing segmental bone defects. The autologous micro-morselized bone combined BMP and type I collagen is an excellent bone repairing material considering the satisfactory osteogenesis, osteo-conduction, and osteo-induction seen in this method.

e11095 Background: The nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFATs) have been previously studied in the immune system as transcription factors during the activation of T lymphocyte. In the recent years, emerging evidences have showed that they may play an important role in the development and progression of human cancer. In this study we investigate NFATc1 protein expression and its relationship with clinical characteristics in breast cancer. Methods: NFATc1 protein expression was determined by immunohistochemical analysis in 86 surgically resected breast cancer samples between Jul 2004 and Jun 2006. The relationship between NFATc1 expression and clinical characteristics of breast cancer was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression and survival analyses. Results: NFATc1 protein was significantly overexpressed in breast cancer tumor cells compared with the matched normal tissues. High expression of NFATc1 proteins was associated with high tumor grade, lymph nodes involved and shorter disease free survival (P0.05). Conclusions: This study suggested that high NFATc1 expression was present in breast cancer and it might be involved in the process of cancer development and related to poor prognosis of breast cancer.

While eBay has flourished elsewhere in the world, its growth in Far Eastern markets has been quite the reverse. Drawing on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the study surveyed users' perceptions of the usefulness and ease of use of two Chinese auction platforms: eBayEachnet and Taobao. The study's findings suggest that consumers' acceptance and choice of an auction platform are influenced by such perceptions and these may have contributed in part to the demise of the former and the rise of the latter. Further factors influencing acceptance such as trust in a platform and the enjoyable nature of the shopping experience are also explored.