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Yam (Dioscorea opposita) is a kind of vegetables with important nutritional, medicinal and economic value. To reveal the relationship between starch synthesis and gene expression in yam tubers at gene transcription level, transcriptome profiling was conducted by RNA-Seq in Bikeqi yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.) tubers at five key developmental stages (105, 120, 135, 150, and 165 days after sowing, DAS). Based on transcriptome sequencing data, a total of 45,867 unigenes were obtained. The results showed that 135 days after sowing are the key period of starch accumulation. During yam tuber development, 1,941 candidate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were successfully classified into three GO categories, respectively, and there were 292, 267 and 478 unigenes in cellular component, molecular function and biological process. There were 767, 90 and 73 DEGs enriched in metabolic, plant hormone signal transduction and Plant-pathogen interaction pathway by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), individually. Especially 72 DEGs were enriched in starch and sucrose metabolism pathway. In this pathway, the metabolic process was mainly positive regulated by genes encoding sucrose synthase, glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase, alpha-trehalase, and so on. There was negative regulated by genes encoding beta-glucosidase. 10 DEGs involved in starch synthesis were selected to prove the accuracy of the RNA-Seq data by qPCR, 85% (34/40) of the results were consistent. The results lay a theoretical foundation be used for further understanding the starch synthesis mechanism of yam tubers development and accelerating breeding progress.

ATP synthase plays a vital role in plant growth and stress tolerance, functional studies of DoVHAb2 in yam tuber starch metabolism and salinity tolerance have so far not been reported. Full-length cloning and analysis of DoVHAb2 were conducted to ascertain its function. The gDNAs were cloned and analyzed. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was probed in yam tuber developmental stage and different organs of DoVHAb2. Transient expression vector was constructed and injected into tobacco leaves to observe the subcellular localization of genes. Overexpressed fusion vector of gene was constructed and transformed into tobacco by Agrobacterium-mediated method to identify the function of DoVHAb2 gene. In the results, the full-length of DoVHAb2 was 1926 bp, encoding 488 amino acids, and it was divided into 14 exons and 15 introns, its highest expression was found in tubers than in stems and leaves in yam, the yam DoVHAb2 protein was localized to cytoplasm. The starch content, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthase and ATPase activity were significantly higher in transgenic tobacco plants than in the wild-type. The transgenic plants also had higher leaf differentiation rate, soluble protein content, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities, and lower malondialdehyde content than the wild type under NaCl stress. In conclusion, the results indicated that overexpression of DoVHAb2 enhanced starch metabolism and conferred salinity tolerance.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is a rapid-growing complex chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to lessened insulin secretion, insulin resistance and hepatic glucose overprodu...

With a very different form from the ancient Greek mathematics, traditional Chinese mathematics was good at calculation and advanced in the world from the second or third century B.C. to the beginning of the fourteenth century.

All supplementary Figures. (DOCX 2305Â kb)

KEGG pathways of SCK-VS-PCK. (DOCX 16Â kb)

Statistics of the reads in resistant genotype (S18) and susceptible genotype (P77). (DOCX 16Â kb)

The summary of pairwise comparisons. (DOCX 17Â kb)

A series of novel alkylthio/sulfinyl-8 H -thieno[2,3-b]pyrrolizin-8-oximino derivatives V 1 –VIII 15 were designed and synthesized as antitumor agents. Their structures were confirmed using IR, 1 H NMR, elemental analysis, and MS. The antitumor activities of all the target compounds were tested by the MTT method in vitro against Bel-7402, HT-1080, SGC-7901, and A549 Cell Lines. Among them, compound VI 9 displayed a promising antitumor activity superior to that of Cisplatin.

A novel series of 4-arylamino-6/7-substituted-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidines were designed, synthesized and their biological activities as the potential anti-proliferative agents and EGFR kinase inhibitors were evaluated. Both of N-acrylamide fragment in THPPs and 4-aniline groups with substituents played key roles for their significant anti-proliferative activities against four cancer cell lines (HT29, A549, H460 and H1975). Especially inhibitory activity of Gefitinib-resistant H1975 were showed more favorable, which could be observed from compounds 13b, 13c, 13n, 13o, 13p, 13r, 13s, 13u and 24c obviously. By evaluation of inhibiting EGFR and HER2 kinases, seven compounds (13b, 13g, 13n, 13o, 13p, 13r and 13s) showed stronger EGFR potency with IC50 ⩽ 18 nM, which could also be understood by preliminary docking study of 13b with EGFR kinase. In view of the primary SAR, bisarylaniline derivatives (13o, 13p, 13r and 13s) showed obvious improvements on HER2 inhibition, which indicated their being potential EGFR/HER2 dual kinase inhibitors.

A series of novel pyrazolo [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-7-ones was designed and synthesized in order to find new potent phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5). The structures of all the compounds were confirmed by IR, 1 H NMR and MS; their in vitro vasodilatory activities were tested on isolated rabbit aortic spiral strips. Among them, compound X3 displays a significant vasodilatory activity, which is more potent than verapamil.

When discussing ancient mathematical theories, scholars often limit themselves to Greek mathematics and, especially to its axiomatic system, which they use as the standard to evaluate traditional mathematics in other cultures: whichever failed to form an axiomatic system is considered to be without theory. Therefore, even those scholars who highly praise the achievements in ancient Chinese mathematics consider that “the greatest deficiency in old Chinese mathematical thought was the absence of the idea of rigorous proofs” and that there is no formal logic in ancient Chinese mathematics; in particular it did not have deductive logic. They further contend that, “in the flight from practice into the realm of pure intellect, Chinese mathematics did not participate,” [5, p. 151] and conclude that Chinese mathematics has no theory.

A series of novel methylthio-, sulfinyl-, and sulfonyl-8H-thieno[2,3-b]pyrrolizin-8-oximino derivatives 7A-12P was designed and synthesized as anti-tumor agents. Their structures were confirmed by IR, (1)H-NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. The anti-tumor activities of all the target compounds were tested by the MTT method in vitro against Bel-7402 (human liver cancer) and HT-1080 (human fibro sarcoma) cell lines. Among them, compound 11N (IC(50) = 18.2 microM, 8.2 microM), was the most promising compound of all synthesized molecules, it was 2.5- and 3.3-times more active than cisplatin (IC(50) = 45.2 microM, 26.7 microM), respectively.

A series of novel [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives has been designed and synthesized in order to find novel anti-tumor compounds. The structures of all the compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR, MS and elemental analysis. Their anti-tumor activities against cancer cell lines (HT-1080 and Bel-7402) were tested by the MTT method in vitro. Among them, compound 19 displayed the best anti-tumor activity with IC50 values of 12.3 microM and 6.1 microM against Bel-7402 and HT-1080 cell lines respectively.