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The browning reaction produces melanoidins, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and humic acids which influence subsequent anaerobic digestion and protein recovery. This paper systematically evaluates the variation of organics that make sludge browning with heating temperature and reaction time, the effect of browning organics on protein recovery and anaerobic digestion, and finally proposes a pathway for the occurrence of the Maillard reaction (MR) in the sludge environment. The results show that the browning of sludge hydrolysate is related to the comprehensive influence of the MR, caramelization and humic acid desorption. The increase of temperature (80 °C-150 °C) and pH (9-13) will promote the extent of browning of sludge hydrolysate, and the sludge browning reaction basically stabilizes at the reaction time of 1 h. Humic acid and melanoidin could co-precipitate with the protein, thereby reducing the purity of the recovered protein. The inhibition of anaerobic digestion starts when the melanoidin concentration is 8.01 mmol/L. The three-dimensional fluorescence, GC-MS and FT-IR analysis show that melanoidins have the same functional groups and fluorescence properties as humic acid does, and the humic acid in the supernatant of the sludge treated with ATH was not only converted at its adsorbed state, but also possibly generated by the reaction of the dissolved proteins with polysaccharides. Finally, LC-MS/MS was used to identify the intermediate products of the MR and the possible structural formula of melanoidin. This study further clarifies the browning reaction in hydrothermal sludge treatment and provides help for the accuracy of subsequent studies.

The Maillard reaction (MR) occurs during the alkaline thermal hydrolysis (ATH) of sludge, which affects the quantity and quality of recovered protein. In this paper, four different sulfites were added to investigate their inhibitory effects on melanoidin production. The results showed that sulfites inhibited melanoidin production during ATH of sludge and the inhibitory rate increased with their concentration. At a concentration of 5.71 g/L, the inhibitory rates of NaHSO

Wind tunnel tests are carried out for the Commonwealth Advisory Aeronautical Research Council (CAARC) high-rise building with a scale of 1:400 in exposure categories D. The distribution law of extreme pressure coefficients under different conditions is studied. Probability distribution fitting is performed on the measured area-averaged extreme pressure coefficients. The general extreme value (GEV) distribution is preferred for probability distribution fitting of extreme pressure coefficients. From the comparison between the area-averaged coefficients and the value from GB50009-2012, it is indicated that the wind load coefficients from GB50009-2012 may be non-conservative for the CAARC building. The area reduction effect on the extreme wind pressure is smaller than that on the mean wind pressure from the code. The recommended formula of the area reduction factor for the extreme pressure coefficient is proposed in this study. It is found that the mean and the coefficient of variation (COV) for the directionality factors are 0.85 and 0.04, respectively, when the orientation of the building is given. If the uniform distribution is given for the building’s orientation, the mean value of the directionality factors is 0.88, which is close to the directionality factor of 0.90 given in the Chinese specifications.

Technology innovation has become the main driving force of China’s economic growth. Sustainable development highlights the harmonious symbiosis of the economy and the ecological environment. Renewable energy companies characterized by technology-intensive and environmental friendliness are playing an increasingly important role in achieving economic development while alleviating environmental pressure. Therefore, this paper selects the A-share renewable energy listed companies in China between 2014 and 2019 as samples, using the fixed-effect model and the logit model to explore the effect of technology innovation on corporate sustainability. We find that technology innovation has a positive effect on both financial sustainability (FS) and social and environmental sustainability (SES). Due to the imbalance of regional social and environmental development and different degrees of emphasis placed on environmental and social responsibility, the positive impact of technology innovation on SES is heterogeneous between the east and the central and west regions. Moreover, as the strategic emerging industry, although the renewable energy industry is granted lots of subsidies from the government, the results show that when government subsidies exceed the threshold, the effect of technology innovation on FS is weakened. Government subsidies have a negative moderating effect on the relationship between innovation and SES. Furthermore, we subdivide government subsidies into government subsidies beforehand (GSB) and government subsidies afterwards (GSA). We reveal that the threshold effect of government subsidies mainly comes from GSA, while the moderating effect of government subsidies is caused by GSA and GSB. This paper is an expansion and enrichment of current studies on sustainable development and also puts forward feasible suggestions for the government to formulate precise and effective subsidy policies to stimulate technology innovation.

According to the requirements of on-site inspection for protection equipment in intelligent substation, combined with spatial anchor, an AR inspection system with man in the loop and virtual reality integration is proposed based on the augmented reality technology. The overall design is carried out from multiple dimensions such as system architecture, business functions, business processes and network topology, and the technical methods and key technology implementation methods such as target recognition, spatial positioning, and near-eye display are elaborated in detail, the implementation of inspection task is verified by field application from macro and micro scales. The system realizes the enhanced display of real equipment in physical space and various equipment status, monitoring data, operation and maintenance information in virtual space, assists personnel to carry out inspection activities such as inspection route navigation, equipment location, inspection operation and process record, improves the patrol quality, efficiency and upgrade methods, it has important application value.

Polarization calibration is a necessary prerequisite for quantitative analysis and application of polarized synthetic aperture radar images. The polarization calibration method based on point target has the characteristics that the model is relatively simple and easy to understand. However, the existing point target polarization calibration method has the problem of relatively poor stability and accuracy. In this paper, a polarization calibration optimization method combining genetic algorithm and Levenberg–Marquard method is proposed. The genetic algorithm solution result is taken as the initial value into the Levenberg–Marquard method to obtain more accurate polarization distortion parameters. Experiments with airborne X-band polarization synthetic aperture radar images show that the proposed method has higher calibration accuracy than the classic Whitt algorithm and unconstrained algorithm, and can obtain more accurate and stable calibration results.

Economic development in the “new era” will require green innovation. To encourage the growth of green technology innovation, it has become fashionable to strengthen environmental regulation. However, the impact of environmental regulation on green technology innovation, as well as the role of government subsidies, needs to be examined. Utilizing fixed-effect models and 2SLS models to explore the impact of environmental regulation on green technology innovation in China from 2003 to 2017, this research sought to examine whether environmental regulations impact green technology innovation, as well as the role of government subsidies in the above-mentioned influence path. The findings support the Porter Hypothesis by demonstrating an inverted “U” relationship between environmental regulation and green technology innovation. The impact of environmental regulation on green technology innovation varies by region. To be specific, there is an inverted “U” relationship between environmental regulation and green technology innovation in China’s central and central coast regions. In comparison, the north area, southern coast, and southwest region exhibit a “U” relationship between the two. The relationship is not significant in the Beijing-Tianjin region. Additionally, government subsidies act as an intermediate in this process, positively influencing firms to pursue green technology innovation during the earliest stages of environmental regulation strengthening. However, government subsidies above a certain level are unproductive and should be used appropriately and phased off in due course.

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process has mainly been applied to NH4+–N-rich wastewater with very low levels of organic carbon ( 0.4) abiotic stresses. Mass balance indicated that organotrophic anammox could outcompete denitrifiers under a TOC/TN ratio of 0.1–0.2. Quantitative response relationships and pathway analysis revealed that (AOA amoA + AOB amoA + anammox + nrfA)/bacteria, nrfA/(narG + napA), and nrfA were the key functional gene groups determining the organotrophic anammox contribution. Additionally, MiSeq sequencing showed that Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Chlorobi were the most abundant phyla in the organotrophic anammox system. Furthermore, higher TOC/TN ratios (>0.40) could result in the community succession of anammox species, in which “Ca. Jettenia caeni” and “Ca. Kuenenia stuttgartiensis” were the dominant organotrophic anammox bacteria species. Overall, combined analyses revealed that the coupling of anammox, DNRA (organotrophic anammox), and denitrification comprised the primary pathway that accounted for TOC and nitrogen removal.

Appropriate Fe(II) concentration has been regarded as a significant factor for fast start-up of the anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidizing) process. However, little is known about the influences of Fe(II) on microbial communities, nitrogen transformation pathways and iron cycling in anammox systems. Moreover, detailed evidence for a “Ca. Brocadia sinica” growth rate under different levels of Fe(II) constraints remains unclear. In this study, results showed that with the increase of Fe(II) concentrations from 0.02 mM to 0.08 mM, the specific growth rate of anammox increased from 0.1787 d−1 to 0.2648 d−1. However, further increasing Fe(II) concentration to 0.12 mM slightly decreased the specific anammox growth rate to 0.2210 d−1. The results of this study indicated that lower Fe(II) concentrations (0.06–0.08 mM) could significantly increase the anammox growth rate up to 0.2648 d−1. In addition, the activity of anammox bacteria could be suppressed by higher Fe(II) concentrations (>0.08 mM). Quantitative molecular analyses showed that (AOA amoA + AOB amoA)/anammox, (AOA amoA + AOB amoA + anammox + nrfA)/bacteria, nosZ/(nirS + nirK), FeOB (iron oxidizing bacteria), and FeRB (iron reducing bacteria) were the key functional groups determining nitrogen loss. Furthermore, MiSeq sequencing indicated that Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Chlorobi were the dominant phyla. In addition, 55.5% of generalists were identified as 9 functional groups. Correlation-based network analysis demonstrated that nitrogen-cycling-related functional genes had strong ecological inter-correlations with iron-cycling-related bacteria. Overall, combined analyses clearly revealed that the coupling of nitrification, anammox, DNRA (Dissimilartory nitrate reduction to ammonium), NAFO (Nitrate-dependent ferrous iron oxidation) and Feammox (Anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled with ferric iron reduction) is a potential important pathway accounting for nitrogen loss in the anammox process under Fe(II) stress conditions.

Rapid growth and high quality have always been important goals pursued for timber forests. Therefore, growth traits and wood properties are the basis of superior materials to select and breed new cultivars. In this study, 42 half-sib families of 31-year-old P. koraiensis trees were used as materials. Nine growth traits (tree height, diameter at breast height, volume, basal diameter, average annual growth of the tree height, under branch height, stem straightness degree, form quotient, and branching angle) and eight wood properties (cellulose contents, hemicellulose contents, holocellulose contents, lignin contents, ash contents, wood density, fiber length and fiber width) were measured and analyzed. The results of an analysis of variance showed that there were extremely significant differences among the families in their growth and wood properties with the exception of the form quotient and wood density; that there were significant differences among block by family for growth traits except for the tree height, basal diameter, under branch height and branching angle; and that there was no significant difference for each growth trait among the blocks. The phenotypic coefficient of variation and heritability of the growth traits ranged from 7.17 to 42.35% and from 0.13 to 0.62, respectively. The phenotypic coefficient of variation and heritability of the wood properties ranged from 10.21 to 50.26% and from 0.67 to 0.92, respectively. There were extremely significantly positive correlations between the tree height, basal diameter, diameter at breast height, volume, under branch height, average annual growth of tree height and form quotient. However, there was no significant correlation between growth traits and wood properties. The result of the principal component analysis indicated that the tree height, diameter at breast height, volume, basal diameter, and cellulose contents, holocellulose contents, and lignin contents could be selected as comprehensive evaluation indices of growth and wood properties, respectively. According to a comprehensive evaluation, when the selection rate was 10%, four families (PK 40, PK 80, PK 42, and PK 71) were selected as elite families based on growth performance; another four families (PK 70, PK 62, PK 52, and PK 44) were selected as elite families based on their wood quality; and finally, four elite families (PK 70, PK 62, PK 61, and PK 40) were selected due to a combination of growth traits and wood properties. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of fast-growing and high-quality P. koraiensis families.

Restaurant recommended software has been a lot, but for many people have not yet dinner, more than dinner to consider not only everyone's preferences, but also need to consider the location of dining personnel and other information. This article will introduce a solution to the multi-person dining recommendation. First of all, through the association rules mining relationship between the cuisines. Next, based on the influence of the time on the user's selection, the possible dining information is supplemented based on the result of the association rule. And then through the statistical order to be recommended for dining cuisine type. The next step is to determine the restaurant's range using the location information of the diner and the restaurant density data. The season is then used to exclude seasonally unsuitable restaurants. Finally, restaurant recommendations are based on restaurant ratings, restaurant per capita consumption, cuisine and location.

A major question in cytokinesis research is the precise architecture of actin and nonmuscle myosin II filaments in the animal cell contractile ring. Superresolution and transmission electron microscopy support an actomyosin organization consistent with the sliding-filament/purse-string model of cytokinesis., Despite recent advances in our understanding of the components and spatial regulation of the contractile ring (CR), the precise ultrastructure of actin and myosin II within the animal cell CR remains an unanswered question. We used superresolution light microscopy and platinum replica transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine the structural organization of actin and myosin II in isolated cortical cytoskeletons prepared from dividing sea urchin embryos. Three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy indicated that within the CR, actin and myosin II filaments were organized into tightly packed linear arrays oriented along the axis of constriction and restricted to a narrow zone within the furrow. In contrast, myosin II filaments in earlier stages of cytokinesis were organized into small, discrete, and regularly spaced clusters. TEM showed that actin within the CR formed a dense and anisotropic array of elongate, antiparallel filaments, whereas myosin II was organized into laterally associated, head-to-head filament chains highly reminiscent of mammalian cell stress fibers. Together these results not only support the canonical “purse-string” model for contractile ring constriction, but also suggest that the CR may be derived from foci of myosin II filaments in a manner similar to what has been demonstrated in fission yeast.

China’s paper production reached 79.8 × 106 t in 2008 and ranked number one in the world. Because of its high consumption of water, energy and materials and its serious pollution, the present processes are not likely to be sustainable. An alternative, the closed Water Loop-Papermaking Integration (WLPI) method, is put forward in this paper. The WLPI method can be realized in a recycled paper mill by adding technologies and using recycled water. Many industrial case studies have shown that a large quantity of water, energy and materials can be saved, and the quantity of waste sludge and wastewater discharge was minimized by using the WLPI method. The design of the water reuse system, control of calcium hardness, water recycling and minimal waste sludge are discussed. Anaerobic technology plays an important role in the WLPI method to lower cost, energy use and waste. In the brown paper and coated white board production, zero-effluent discharge can be realized. Fresh water consumption is only 1–2m3·t−1. For the paper mills with deinking and bleaching processes, about 10 m3·t−1 of fresh water and a similar amount of effluent discharge are needed. Power saving using anaerobic technology is 70% when recycled water is used in comparison with the conventional activated sludge process.Waste sludge can be decreased to about 5% of the initial process due to reuse of the waste sludge and the lower bio-sludge production of the anaerobic process.

The direct conversion of methanol into methane is the main process in anaerobic treatment of methanol containing wastewater. However, acetic acid can also be produced from methanol theoretically, which may probably result in an abrupt pH drop and deteriorate the anaerobic process. Therefore, it is interesting to know what would really happen in an anaerobic reactor treating methanol wastewater. In this study, an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor treating methanol wastewater was operated. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), acetic acid and pH of the effluent were monitored at different loadings and influent alkalinity. The results showed that the anaerobic reactor could be operated steadily at as low as 119 mg/L of influent alkalinity and high organic loading rate with no obvious pH drops. Volatile fatty acids accumulation was not observed even at strong shock loadings. The microorganisms in the sludge at the end of the test became homogeneous in morphology, which were mainly spherical or spheroidal in shape.

Introduction On July 1, 2011, the Chinese government launched a national Action Plan for antibiotic stewardship targeting antibiotic misuse in public hospitals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of the Action Plan in terms of frequency and intensity of antibiotic utilization and patients costs in public general hospitals. Methods Administrative pharmacy data from July 2010 to June 2014 were sampled from 65 public general hospitals and divided into three segments: (1) July 2010 to June 2011 as the preparation period; (2) July 2011 to June 2012 as the intervention period; and (3) July 2012 to June 2014 as the assessment period. The outcome measures included (1) antibiotic prescribing rates; (2) intensity of antibiotic consumption; (3) patients costs; and (4) duration of peri-operative antibiotic treatment in clean surgeries of thyroidectomy, breast, hernia, and orthopedic procedures. Longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses were conducted. Results Longitudinal analyses showed significant trend changes in the frequency and intensity of antibiotic consumption, the patients’ costs on antibiotics, and the duration of antibiotic treatment received by surgical patients undergoing the 4 clean procedures during the intervention period. Cross-sectional analyses showed that the antibiotic prescribing rates were reduced to 35.3% and 12.9% in inpatient and outpatient settings, that the intensity of antibiotic consumption was reduced to 35.9 DDD/100 bed-days, that patients’ costs on antibiotics were reduced significantly, and that the duration of peri-operative antibiotic treatment received by surgical patients undergoing the 4 types of clean procedures decreased to less than 24 hour during the assessment period. Conclusion The Action Plan, as a combination of managerial and professional strategies, was effective in reducing the frequency and intensity of antibiotic consumption, patients’ costs on antibiotics, and the duration of peri-operative antibiotic treatment in the 4 clean surgeries.

To evaluate patients' clinical outcome, survival and performance status at the mild-term follow-up evaluation after optimal microsurgical resection of large and giant petroclival meningiomas (PCMs).During a 4-year period (2004-2008), 41 patients underwent operative procedures for resection of PCMs. The tumour size was large or giant in 100% of the patients, with a mean tumour diameter of 4.4 cm. Tumours extended into adjoining regions in 26 of the patients. Six previously underwent operation or irradiation. Gross tumour resection (GTR) was accomplished in 25 (61.0%) patients, subtotal resection (STR) in 15 (36.6%) patients and partial resection in 1 (2.4%) patient. There were no operative deaths. Postoperative complications (cerebrospinal fluid leakage, quadriparesis, infections, cranial nerve palsies, etc.) were observed in 27 (65.9%) patients. Postoperative radiation or radiosurgery was administered to 6 of the 41 patients who had residual tumours.At the conclusion of the study, 27 (65.9%) patients were alive with radiological evidence of the residual disease, and 14 (34.1%) patients were alive without radiological evidence of the residual disease. The mean follow-up period was 35 months (range, 15-45 months). Six (14.6%; five of the STR and partially resected patients and one of the total resection patients) had recurrence; of these patients, four underwent repeat resection and two were treated with gamma knife radiosurgery. The Karnofsky Performance Scale score was 78 ± 14 preoperatively, 80 ± 10 at 1 year postoperatively and 81 ± 10 at the time of the latest follow-up evaluation. Common disabilities at the time of the follow-up evaluation included diplopia, facial numbness and swallowing difficulty. Most patients developed coping mechanisms.The surgical strategy of large and giant PCMs should be focused on the survival and postoperative quality of life. The good surgical approach should be based on the tumour location, the growth direction, the invasion of adjacent structure, the age of the patients and the experience of neurosurgeons. Selectively pursuing an STR without radiotherapy rather than a GTR is a reasonable strategy. Moreover, microneurosurgical technique plays a key role in the level of tumour resection and preservation of nerve function. Intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring also contributes dramatically to the preservation of the nerve function.

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data offer the opportunity to map the western area of China, acquired from the first Chinese multi-modes airborne SAR mapping system. DEM could be obtained through airborne interferometric pairs. Furthermore, the quality of the InSAR DEM may vary significantly depending on the local topography. Aims of the approach are to smooth the noisy InSAR data, to merge the different directions DEM from the complementary interferometric pairs, to eliminate effectively spurious terrain surface points, to generate an improved 3-D visualization of the InSAR DEM scene and finally to meet DEM product accuracy requirement based on the different topography condition with a scale of 1∶50,000.

In western China, there is a large area perennially covered by cloud, fog, ice, and snow. It is very difficult to acquire optical image for mapping in this area, so high resolution spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images have to be used to make topographic maps. A scheme of SAR mapping technology is proposed in this paper. Digital elevation model (DEM) was extracted with stereo radargrammetry (StereoSAR), and topographic map was created with ideal SAR stereoscopic image pairs. Due to the difficult terrain, parallax edit under stereoscopic observation is used for improving matching result from stereo images. Ideal SAR stereoscopic image pairs generated with image simulation based on DEM are used for stereoscopic observation to extract topographic features. Ascending and descending image data were combined to solve the problem of lack of information caused by shadow and layover. Mapping experiment in western China shows that SAR data with resolution of 3–8 meters can be used to make topographic map at scale of 1∶50,000 by the scheme of SAR mapping introduced in this paper.

Intuitionistic stereo percipience can be got with stereo viewing of stereo image pair, and also three dimension information can be got by using stereo mapping tools. In china, the technique of generation of optical stereo image pair is mature, but the problem of SAR stereo image pair has not been solved, researching the technique of generation of stereo image pair is significative for topographic mapping using SAR image. This paper describes the principle and method of simulation of stereo image pair based on single SAR image. Geo-location model of SAR image is introduce in this paper, so are direct geo-location and indirect geo-location. The simulation of SAR stereo image pair is introduced detailedly. Simulation experiment is done with a TerraSAR image in China. The stereo percipience is well when stereo viewing, and the image pair can be used in stereo measuring.

In this paper, a method to construct of a stable dual-mode predictive controller of unknown nonlinear system using the fuzzy system as a predictive model is proposed. The dual-mode controller is designed to ensure the stability in this region. In the neighborhood of the origin, a linear feedback controller designed for the linearized system generates the control action. Outside this neighborhood, predictive controller based on the fuzzy model is applied to the real nonlinear system. This method yields a stable closed-loop system when is applied to nonlinear systems under some conditions.