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Aim: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the impact of oral health on quality of life in oral cancer patients (OCPs). Methods: PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched for publications on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in OCP and the information was extracted according to the PRISMA guidelines. A random effect model was used to obtain the pooled standard mean differences of Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)-14 questionnaire responses in meta-analysis. Results: total of 12 research papers were analyzed and revealed poor OHRQoL in OCPs (standard mean difference: 2.53; 95% CI: 1.55–3.50; p

Oral cancer is a common and aggressive cancer with high morbidity, mortality, and recurrence rate globally. the over last three decades, number of annual deaths due to oral malignancy has remained around the same. Early detection of precancerous lesions such as leukoplakia, erythroplakia and other nonhealing ulcers pose a diagnostic challenge and dilemma for prognosis. Screening tools which serve as the predictive and prognostic markers are the most urgent need of the hour. The patient samples can be in the form of saliva, serum, or oral exfoliative cytological smears can be used for rapid and early detection of oral cancer. Biomarkers and biosensing techniques are more favored methods in diagnostics as, in addition to their advantage of avoiding surgical interventions, their application is fast and user-friendly. In oral and pharyngeal cancers or oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs) several studies are being done for various biosensors. This chapter gives an overview for the most relevant biomolecules which have been proven efficient in diagnosis using biosensor-based devices in predicting OPC.

INTRODUCTION: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is characterized by a high risk of cervical lymph node metastasis; however, it is still not clear whether patients with early stage OSCC with clinical N0 neck should undergo elective neck dissection (END) at the time of primary tumor removal, or they should undergo a conservative approach of observation (OBS), with therapeutic neck dissection at the time of lymph nodal recurrence. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared these two approaches. METHODS: PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for RCTs published in English language related to END and OBS in patients with early stage OSCC with clinical N0 neck. A meta-analysis was performed using random effects model with hazard ratio (HR) as the effect size for survival parameters and odds ratio (OR) as the effect size for lymph nodal recurrence. RESULTS: A total of 7 RCTs, comprising 1250 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Results of the meta-analyses showed that as compared to OBS approach, END could significantly improve overall survival (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.53, 0.86) and disease-free survival (HR 0.64; 95% CI 0.46, 0.89), and significantly reduce lymph nodal recurrence (OR 0.28; 95% CI 0.12, 0.66). After correcting for heterogeneity, the disease specific survival was also found to be improved by the END approach (HR 0.53; 95% CI 0.29, 0.98). CONCLUSION: The results of this meta-analysis suggest that elective neck dissection at the time of resection of the primary tumor not only leads to a reduced chance of nodal recurrence, but also confers a survival benefit in patients with clinically node-negative early stage oral cancer.

The emphasis on the knowledge about the importance of embryological development of the temporomandibular joint has been introduced in the previous chapters as it is essential to know the developmental stages of the joint to rule out any syndromic involvement in the growing patients. It not only helps in identifying the congenital problems but at times can prevent further worsening of the condition with appropriate interceptive interventions. Various developmental disorders involving the temporomandibular joint are discussed in this chapter.

Background: Oral diseases such as tooth caries, gingivitis, and bad breath are still major dental health-care concern, especially in children in the developing countries. Oral disease prevalence is high in school-going children, and there is inadequate information regarding the awareness among them. To evaluate the level of oral awareness among school children, a study was carried out in middle school. Materials and Methods: The present questionnaire study included middle school children from different socioeconomic background of the socioeconomic group. The consent from the school as well as the parents/guardians of children was taken. The trained dental surgeon distributed questionnaire among the children. Completely answered questionnaire was collected. The observations were reviewed and analyzed. Results: The response rate for school children was 81.27%. It was observed the age group of 11–14 years was very well aware of oral hygiene care and maintenance 67% and 55%, respectively. Seventy percent were sure about dietary food items causing dental decay. Toothbrush and paste are the best teeth cleaning aids as per this study group analysis. Conclusion: The findings of the present study reveal different aspects specifically directed toward the current scenario of oral health awareness among middle school children. There is a need for comprehensive dental care plan for school children. School-based educational intervention should be established with a focus on oral self-care and oral health education.

Background Oral exfoliative cytology is simple, non-invasive, inexpensive tools prone to subjective bias. Objective computer-based quantitative cytomorphometry technique was developed in last few decades to overcome its limitation. However, there is no consensus about the utility of cytomorphometry as a routine screening tool for early detection of dysplastic changes. Objectives To review the utility of cytomorphometry in OPMDs in the detection of dysplasia changes. Method A scoping review was undertaken focusing on cytomorphometric analysis in exfoliative cells for detection of oral epithelial dysplasia and cytomorphometric parameter denoting dysplasia. The systematic search was carried out in the online journal databases (Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science) using keywords until December 2019 for the studies evaluated the cytomorphometry in the detection of dysplastic changes in OPMDs. Three authors independently extracted data using collection forms. Result The search strategy found seven analytical cross-sectional studies for scoping review after eliminating 8940 out of 8947 initial results. The scoping review showed that cytomorphometry is useful tool in detecting the dysplastic changes in OPMDs. In addition, decrease in mean cellular area, increase in mean nuclear area, and decrease in mean cell diameter, increase mean nuclear diameter, increase in mean nuclear and cytoplasmic area ratio, associated with development of dysplastic changes in OPMDs. Conclusion Cytomorphometry is promising tool, yet there is currently no-good evidence to support role of cytomorphometry in detecting the dysplastic changes in OPMDs in this setting. More research is required for refinement of cytomorphometry as a screening tool.

The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) was formerly considered to be a variant of the ameloblastoma and was designated as adenoameloblastoma. It represents 3-7% of all odontogenic tumor and over 750 cases have been reported in the literature. Though this lesion shows pathognomic histological features, few overlapping patterns of the odontogenic tumors may be seen. AOT may infrequently show additional areas resembling to calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor. Long-term follow-up research is need of the hour for such hybrid histological combination effect on the locally aggressive nature of the lesion. We present a case of a follicular variant of AOT in a 22 years male presenting with swelling on anterior maxilla associated with impacted canine.

Background and Objectives: Bhopal Gas Tragedy is the mankind worst industrial disaster resulted in deaths around 200,000 people. There are more than 5, 00,000 registered survivors of the tragedy. Various studies have been conducted that provide a strong evidence of disastrous influence of the gas on affected individuals and provide data that reveals unique abnormalities. The study aimed to record the effects of this gas on the craniofacial system after 28 years of disaster through the experience of Medical and Dental practitioners and to open up new possibilities for further research on this tragic event. Methods: 60 individuals were selected for the study. This includes 30 medical practitioners and 30 dental practitioners. All the practitioners had a working experience of more than 20 years. Many of the practitioners had been posted in the area affected by gas. A simple questionnaire consisting a list 19 questions was prepared and printed in English. Results: Frequencies and percentage distribution of the answers were calculated for medical practitioners and dental practitioners. Many of the practitioners were aware about the acute and chronic effects of the gas on vital systems of the body but were less aware about the craniofacial and dental effects which were told by only few dental practitioners. Interpretation and conclusions: Majority of the studies concentrated on the systemic effect of the gas exposure rather than craniofacial defects/effects. Less awareness within study group as well as scanty knowledge about craniofacial and dental effects of the dreaded gas.

Recently, whole slide imaging technology allows glass slides to be scanned and viewed on a computer screen via dedicated software. This technology is referred as virtual microscopy and has created enormous opportunities in pathological training and education. Students are able to learn key histopathological skills, e.g. to identify areas of diagnostic relevance from an entire slide, via a web-based computer environment. Students no longer need to be in the same room as the slides. The Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Standard specifies a non-proprietary data interchange protocol, digital image format, and file structure for biomedical images and image-related information. The use of digitized histopathologic specimens (also known as whole-slide images (WSIs)) in clinical medicine requires compatibility with the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard. Knowledge of DICOM's benefits and realistic understanding of its limitations enable one to use the Standard effectively as the basis for a long term implementation strategy for image management and communications systems. I. Introduction The field of Pathology is undergoing a transformation in which digital imaging is becoming increasingly important. This transformation is fueled by the commercial availability of instruments for digitizing microscope slides. The most widely used medical imaging standard is the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) 1 , which is routinely used in several medical specialties, especially radiology. The Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Standard specifies a non-proprietary data interchange protocol, digital image format, and file structure for biomedical images and image-related information. DICOM addresses five general application areas: (1) network image management, (2) network image interpretation management, (3) network print management, (4) imaging procedure management, (5) off-line storage media management. 2 In pathology, digitization of whole microscope specimens has recently become possible with high-throughput slide scanners

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor is a term used to describea category of neoplasms of neuroectodermal originwith variable cell differentiation. These tumors arise inmany places throughout the body. The chest wall, larynx,abdomen, and pelvis being the most common primarysites; in rare cases, they occur in the head and neck area.Only 3% of cases have been reported within the skull andjaws. In this report, a rare case of primitive neuroectodermaltumor in the left side posterior mandible in a youngadult is described. J Clin Exp Invest 2013; 4 (1): 101-104Key words: Neuroectodermal tumors, primitive, peripheral,oral cavity, mandible

Pleomorphic adenoma in adolescence is relatively rare. In buccal pad fat area these tumors are even rarer. A case of Pleomorphic adenoma of buccal pad area of 5 yrs duration, painless & slow growing is reported. The mass was removed by wide local excision & a follow up period of 1 yr with no recurrence has been noted. Pleomorphic adenoma should be considered in differential diagnosis of mass of the cheek in youngsters.

Cellular cannibalism is defined as the ability of a cell to engulf another cell of its own type or any other. It has been recognized in various malignancies and is linked well with the aggressiveness, degree of anaplasia, invasiveness and metastatic potential. Literature search fetched up very few studies related to the presence and significance of cannibalism with respect to Oral squamous cell carcinoma [OSCC]. The present study was aimed to detect tumor cell cannibalism in OSCC and to validate its role as a prognosticator of OSCC in relation to metastasis and degree of differentiation.30 histopathologically proven cases, 15 cases each of metastatic OSCC (7 well differentiated OSCC and 8 moderately differentiated OSCC) and non-metastatic OSCC (8 well differentiated OSCC and 7 moderately differentiated OSCC) were included in the study. Quantitative assessment of tumor cell cannibalism was done. The data was analyzed using Mann Whitney test.Metastatic OSCC showed higher frequency of cannibalistic cells compared to non-metastatic OSCC. More number of cannibalistic cells were found in moderately differentiated OSCC than well differentiated OSCC in both groups. Moreover, Grade III cannibalism and complex cannibalism was also found to be associated with metastatic, moderately differentiated OSCC exclusively.It has been found that higher number of cannibalistic cells were associated with OSCC showing metastasis indicating their aggressive behavior. So, we recommend that quantitative assessment of tumor cell cannibalism should become a part of the routine histopathological examination of OSCC to screen its hostile behavior.

To cite this article: Int J Dent Hygiene9, 2011; 303–307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2010.00497.x Agrawal N, Agrawal K, Mhaske S. An uncommon presentation of an inflammatory gingival enlargement – responding to non-surgical periodontal therapy. Abstract: Background: The various clinical manifestations of inflammatory gingival enlargement reported are more or less similar regardless of the underlying aetiological factors. Unusual presentation and unknown aetiology pose a diagnostic challenge for a periodontist. Methods: A 34-year-old Indian woman presented with the complaint of gum swelling that was sessile, lobulated, soft in consistency and bluish red in colour with ulcerated surface in some region, which was covered by the necrotic slough. This type of enlargement was unusual and some underlying systemic pathology was suspected. But a written consultation from her physician confirmed her systemic health, which was based on clinical, radiological and haematological investigations. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of inflammatory gingival enlargement. Patient was treated with oral hygiene instructions, scaling and root planning. Result: Within a month of conventional periodontal therapy, gum enlargement reduced markedly and patient was put on oral hygiene maintenance programme. Conclusion: Periodontal therapy is diagnosis-driven and, to the extent possible, should address all the possible factors that impact development and progression of diseases that may affect periodontal tissue. In plaque-induced periodontal diseases, non-surgical periodontal therapy is still a gold standard among all the therapies available.

Background Prolonged use of conventional microscope develops musculo-skeletal injuries like chronic pain syndrome, including shoulder, neck, back aches & fatigue. Since the problems go unnoticed, the injuries can lead to some serious permanent damages. This further leads to a compromise in the health and welfare of the person and the institute. Hence, an understanding about the ergonomics is the need of the hour in this postmodern era. Inspite of few studies and surveys about ergonomics, there is still a steep rise in the musculoskeletal disorders. Aim of the study The aim of our study was to gauge the general awareness of pathologists, microbiologists and oral pathologists towards ergonomics in their profession. Materials and methods A cross-sectional survey based study was de-signed, which included a questionnaire. The questionnaire included multiple choice questions with four alternatives. Professionals (pathologists, microbiologists and oral pathologists) were included in the survey. Teaching faculty (Professors, Associate Professors and Lecturers) and Post graduate students formed the study group. Results and observations The response to the questionnaire was 100%. Less than 50% of oral pathologists were aware of the importance of ergonomics in their profession. The most common site affected was neck and back. One of the drastic observations was that, Oral Pathologists suffered from a combination of problems affecting neck, back, eyes, headache, shoulders, arms and wrists. Conclusion Increase in our understanding regarding ergonomic-ally designed microscopes can increase our efficiency and in turn improve our general well-being. With improvements in ergonomics, professionals would be able to modify and optimize their working conditions. Certain guidelines need to be followed by the profes-sionals to reduce chances of musculoskeletal disorders.

Congenital granular cell tumor is a rare benign neoplastic growth affecting the gingival mucosa of neonates. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis has recently come to focus and in spite of several reports on immune-histochemical and other advanced marker studies, the cause and origin of the lesion remains debatable till date. Review of literature on prenatal diagnosis and histopathology along with immunohistochemistry is discussed.

Use of acids and other caustic substances in destroying the human body to avoid personal identification is drawing great deal of attention in recent times. With rapid industrial growth, incidence of industrial disasters has increased. In an event of chemical industry disaster, human identification can become a challenge. Embedding bar codes and other electronic means for identification in denture have proved to be a novel innovation in identification of edentulous patients. However, the validity of this method in events of chemical extremes has not been assessed. Hence, the study was undertaken to know the effect of different acids on dentures embedded with quick response codes. Results of this study indicate that simple bar code can be readable up to 33 h after acid treatment. With minimal armamentarium, bar code can be generated incorporating large data into it, providing it to be a cheap and reliable means of denture identification.

The occurrence of natal and neonatal teeth is an uncommon anomaly, which for centuries has been associated with diverse superstitions among different ethnic groups. Natal teeth are more frequent than neonatal teeth, with the ratio being approximately 3 : 1. It must be considered that natal and neonatal teeth are conditions of fundamental importance not only for a dental surgeon but also for a paediatrician since their presence may lead to numerous complications. Early detection and treatment of these teeth are recommended because they may induce deformity or mutilation of tongue, dehydration, inadequate nutrients intake by the infant, and growth retardation, the pattern and time of eruption of teeth and its morphology. This paper presents a concise review of the literature about neonatal teeth.