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Lipoxins and ATL appear to be the first recognized members of a new class of endogenous mediator that are anti-inflammatory or serve for the “pro-resolution” of inflammation. PGE2 can and may display anti-inflammatory properties in certain settings, but in most cases, it enhances inflammation in vivo. This is likely the result of numerous receptor isoforms and differential coupled mechanisms for PGE2 and its diverse role in human physiology. Since the integrated response of the host is essential to health and disease, it is important to achieve a more complete understanding of the molecular and cellular events governing the formation and actions of endogenous mediators of resolution that appear to control the magnitude and duration of inflammation. In view of the present body of evidence, it is not surprising that a protective action for inhibition of COX-2 was found in cardiovascular disease. Characterizing useful experimental systems with clinically relevant endpoints will also take a multidisciplinary approach and require a shift in our current thinking about inflammation and the role of lipid mediators.

Purpose: Efficacy evaluation of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate complex (CPP-ACP), casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate complex (CPP-ACFP), fluoride mouthrinse, and fluoride containing toothpaste as compared to control group for the remineralization of white spot lesions (WSLs) in orthodontic patients with fixed brackets in an in vivo study. Methods: Seventy-five subjects with WSL determined by DIAGNOdent were randomly divided into 5 groups. The WSLs DIAGNOdent values for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Among the groups, the remineralizing potential of fluoride mouth rinse, fluoride containing toothpaste, and CPP-ACP were similar; however, CPP-ACFP value was superior in comparison to all other groups. Conclusion: The CPP-ACFP technique is highly beneficial for the remineralization of WSL in an orthodontic patient when compared to fluoride mouth rinse, fluoride-containing toothpaste, and CPP-ACP paste.

This review article will discuss Invisalign (Align Technology, Santa Clara, Calif) product in depth. How this system has evolved since it has been launched, how it differs from other clear aligners, why the results with Invisalign are more predictable than other clear aligner therapy and how Invisalign has managed to achieve these results. Advantages, disadvantages and its limitations. Aligners in COVID-19 pandemic. As clear aligner therapy is gaining more and more popularity among adult patients this article might be useful for orthodontist who are planning to incorporate Invisalign and clear aligners in their practice.

BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence is a relatively newer technology in the field of medical world. This science uses the machine – learning algorithm and computer software to aid in the diagnostics in medical and dental fields. It is a huge talking point in the field of technology which is spreading it’s wings in all possible sectors at a great speed. This field covers solutions from coaching solutions to diagnostics in medical field covering under the umbrella of all what can be achieved by machine and deep learning. CONTENT: In dentistry, artificial intelligence is creating a revolution in all sections from collection of data, creating algorithms for orthodontic procedures, diagnostic records in the aspect of radiographic data, three dimensional scans and cone beam computed tomography, CAD CAM systems for restorative and prosthetic purposes. Similarly continuous research is being done in the field of periodontics in terms of measuring bone loss, amount of plaque present and much more. CONCLUSION: The field of artificial technology with its varied applications will change the face of dentistry in the upcoming times. Artificial intelligence with its application of machine learning will change the face of dentistry in future.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a sleep associated breathing disorder and it affects the health and quality of life of individuals suffering from it. Orthodontists should be well aware of the symptoms of this disorder and competent enough to recognize its signs and symptoms. Orthodontics is well suited for the treatment of OSA patients due to their expertise and knowledge regarding growth and development of orofacial and dentofacial structures as well as orthopaedic, orthodontic, and surgical correction of the jaws and other supporting tissues. There are basically two types of sleep apnoea- Central sleep apnoea and obstructive sleep apnoea where obstructive sleep apnoea is the more common one. This disorder can be life threatening as the oxygen supply to various parts of the body is substantially reduced. Obstructive sleep apnoea is caused by an interplay between a variety of factors, including sleep related loss of muscle tone in the tissues supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve, anatomical obstruction of the nasal passages, large tonsils, large tongue, a retrognathic mandible, obesity, alcohol, sedative medication, and allergies. Sleep apnoea can be caused due to many factors and many treatment modalities have been employed to correct this disorder including mandibular advancement appliances, polysomnographs, and surgical intervention. It can be treated using surgery, continuous positive airway pressure and oral appliances therapy. This article highlights the role the orthodontist plays in the diagnosis and treatment planning of OSA patients. KEY WORDS Orthodontics, Obstructive Sleep Apnoea, Sleep, Snoring

Considering the large number of fixed functional appliances, choosing the best device for your patient is not an easy task. To describe the development of fixed functional appliances as well as our 20-year experience working with them. Fixed functional appliances are grouped into flexible, rigid and hybrid. They are different appliances, whose action is described here. Four clinical cases will be reported with a view in illustrating the different appliances. Rigid fixed functional appliances provide better skeletal results than flexible and hybrid ones. Flexible and hybrid appliances have similar effects to those produced by class II elastics. They ultimately correct class II with dentoalveolar changes. From a biomechanical standpoint, fixed functional appliances are more recommended to treat class II in dolichofacial patients, in comparison to class II elastics. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of masticatory muscles was monitored longitudinally with chronically implanted EMG electrodes to determine whether functional appliances produce a change in postural EMG activity of the muscles. Pre-appliance and post-appliance EMG levels in four experiments that had been fitted with functional appliances were compared against the background of EMG levels in controls without appliances. The insertion of two types of functional appliance to induce mandibular protrusion was associated with a decrease in postural EMG activity of the superior and inferior heads of the lateral pterygoid, superficial masseter, and anterior digastric muscles; the decrease in the first three muscles was statistically significant. This decreased postural EMG activity persisted for approximately 6 weeks, with a gradual return towards pre-appliance levels during a subsequent 6-week period of observation. Progressive mandibular advancement of 1.5 to 2 mm every 10 to 15 days did not prevent the decrease in postural EMG activity. KEY WORDS Orthodontics, Class II Malocclusion, Fixed Functional Appliance.

A severe pneumonia outbreak occurred in Wuhan City in late December 2019.Inhalation of airborne microorganisms that may remain in the air for a long time, direct blood contact, oral fluid or other patient material, connective contact with droplets and nasal or mouth mucosal microorganisms formed or proposed by an infected person transmitting pathogens to the dental environment for a short time.Contacts can also occur in a relatively closed environment where aerosols are exposed to high aerosol levels. Dental practice produces risky dentists and patients with aerosols.Therefore, the research aims to prevent infections in dental practices from hindering transmission routes between clinics and hospitals. Dentists played a significant role in stopping 2019-ncov transmission. In dental clinics and hospitals, infection control is advised to block routes from person to person. Keywords: COVID­19, Transmission & precautions, Dental clinic, Dental

The patient's post-surgical management is just as critical as the surgical treatment planning and management of the patient. Patients who do not receive proper and contemporary post-surgical instructions, or who do not follow them, are at higher risk for complications such as pain, swelling, and infection, as well as the possibility of altered healing of both the oral soft tissues and supporting osseous structures. During postoperative phase, the three most important factors to consider are the patient comfort, wound stability and plaque control. These are achieved through a combination of good surgical technique and careful postoperative care of the surgical site. Thus, surgeon's professional obligation is to ensure that patients receive consistent verbal and written instructions that describe activities during the critical early healing period after the surgery. Furthermore, the surgeon must have a thorough understanding of the instructions given to the patient, as well as the reasoning behind them. Keywords: Periodontal Surgery, Post­Surgical Care, Post­Surgical Instruction, Maintenance

Background: The future of medical health care is evolving day in and out. Researchers are focusing on facing the biggest challenges in the field by using smallest of the solutions. Nanotechnology uptil now have been seen only in science fiction stories and movies. An upcoming future is now promising us turn this fiction turn into reality. Content: Nanorobotics is a field where microsocopic robots will be created to perform medical and dental procedures. Gaining access to robotics at nano level in the dental world, the aim will be to treat dental conditions rapidly and more efficiently, by causing minimum pain. Nanorobots to be made up of “smart” structure which will have the ability of inciting, sensing, signalling, processing information and perform the required treatment at nano scale. Conclusion: The emergence of nanorobtics in healthcare sector will change the face of medical sciences. The article aims to elucidate the current scenario of nano world in dentistry and how nanorobotics will fabricate a better future in treatment modalities in dentistry. Keywords: Nanorobotics, Periodontics, Nanodentistry.

Introduction: In past few years, there is huge improvement in orthodontics. Different innovation in orthodontics made the procedure easier and less time consuming. Application of laser is one of them. Many types of dental lasers are currently available that can be efficiently used for soft and hard tissue applications in the field of orthodontics. Two types of lasers are there. One is hard tissue laser, and another is soft tissue laser. Laser therapy is advantageous because it often avoids bleeding, can be pain free, is non‑invasive and is relatively quick. The high cost is its primary disadvantage. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview regarding safe and proper use of soft-tissue lasers in orthodontics

Reduced width can cause inflammation more frequently leading to recession. Increase in width of attached gingiva can be done by free gingival grafts, connective tissue grafts, guided tissue regeneration or acellular dermal matrix (ADM). Though, ADM has advantage that it doesnot create a donor site but, it is costly and shrinkage is more in comparison to connective tissue graft. The present case report is of female patient with reduced width of attached gingiva which causes blanching and sensitivity of teeth. Keywords: Attached gingiva, Periodontium, Periodontitis.

Aim The study was outlined to determine and assess the C-reactive protein (CRP) level in chronic periodontitis patients and to assess the CRP values after using Dental Air Force home dental cleaning system. Materials and methods A total of 100 adult chronic periodontitis subjects were recruited voluntarily for this study. Clinical assessment of plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, clinical attachment level and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were made prior to phase-1 therapy and at 7th and 15th day posttherapy. Effects of treatment were assessed by paired tests and analysis of variance by treatment group with baseline covariates. Comparative assessments were done among all the patients that were divided into four groups. Results The results of this study showed that there was 35% decrease in CRP level in periodontitis patients that used Dental Air Force home dental cleaning system without undergoing phase 1 (complete scaling and root planing) therapy. There was 100% decrease in CRP in group D (phase 1 therapy followed by use of Dental Air Force home dental cleaning system) as compare to group C (phase 1 therapy followed by use of toothbrush) where there were 89.61% decrease in CRP level from baseline to 15th day of recordings. Conclusion There was strong correlation between periodontal diseases and CRP level and as there is progression and remission of periodontal disease; CRP values follow the same. Dental Air Force home dental cleaning system with the access to interdentally area helps in preventing the accumulation of dental plaque biofilm, thus able to maintain the CRP at lower levels as compare to traditional toothbrushing. How to cite this article Mani A, Vadvadgi V, Anarthe R, Saini R, Mani S. A Clinical Study on Dental Air Force Home Dental Cleaning System on Adult Chronic Periodontitis Patients and its Assessment to C-Reactive Protein Levels. Int J Exper Dent Sci 2012;1(1):14-18.

Aim This pilot study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of sea salt-based oral rinse as adjunct with conventional oral hygiene measures in gingivitis patients in terms of clinical parameters. Materials and methods A total 30 gingivitis patient between the ages of 18 and 55 years were enrolled in the study and divided under two categories. Clinical parameters were recorded prior to phase one therapy; and subjects were put on different oral hygiene regime with and without sea salt-based mouth rinse. At baseline and 3rd month subjects were evaluated. Results The results of this study showed that there was significant decrease in clinical parameters from baseline to 3 months in both the groups (p < 0.01). The subjects under groups using sea salt-based mouthwash showed a highly significant reduction to all the parameters as compared to subjects under groups using a conventional toothbrushing only. Conclusion Thus, we can conclude that long-term regular use of sea salt-based product seems to be more beneficial. How to cite this article Mani A, Mani S, Anarthe R. A Clinical Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Sea Salt Based Oral Rinse in Gingivitis Patients. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2015;4(2):116-118.

Aim To compare the shear bond strength of Tetric N Bond (Ivoclar Vivadent) and Single Bond Universal Adhesive (3M ESPE, MN, USA) on ground enamel and dentin. Materials and methods A total of 30 extracted human maxillary and mandibular molars and premolars were used for this study and divided into two groups which were treated with Tetric N Bond (Ivoclar Vivaden) t- and Single Bond Universal Adhesive (3M ESPE, MN, USA). The shear bond strength was tested on Universal testing machine (Instron). Results There was statistically significant difference in the shear bond strength among the two groups. Conclusion Based on the results (Tetric N Bond, Ivoclar Vivadent) had higher bond strength than Single Bond Universal Adhesive (3M ESPE, MN, USA) on ground enamel and dentin. How to cite this article Shah DD, Chandak M, Manwar N, Mani S, Mani A, Saini R, Malde R. Comparing Shear Bond Strength of Two Step vs One Step Bonding Agents on Ground Enamel and Dentin: An in vitro Study. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2014;3(1):1-3.

Functional orthopedic treatment seeks to improve skeletal and dental relationship of the jaws. The challenging task is to correctly position jaws antero-posteriorly and vertically with correct overbite, overjet and Centric relation. The Churro Jumper is an efficient, inexpensive and uncomplicated fixed flexible functional appliance. It is used to evaluate the efficacy of the Churro Jumper appliance in treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion with retrognathic mandible. Churro Jumper contributes in correction of Class II molar relationship by dento-alveolar effects on both jaws. There was up-righting of maxillary incisors and proclination of mandibular incisors. Churro Jumper is clinically efficient as well as effective appliance to correct skeletal class II malocclusion. The only problem with this appliance is its frequent breakage and oral hygiene maintenance causing inconvenience to both patient as well as operator.

Periodontal disease is an infectious disease. However, certain factors like environmental, physical, social and host stresses may affect and modify disease expression. Certain systemic disorders affecting the neutrophil, monocyte/macrophage and lymphocyte function result in altered production or activity of host inflammatory mediators which may affect the initiation and progression of gingivitis and periodontitis. Evidence has also shed light on the converse side of the relationship between systemic health and oral health i.e. the potential effects of periodontal disease on a wide range of organ systems like the cardiovascular, endocrine, reproductive and the respiratory system. This article sheds light on the effects of periodontal disease on different systemic conditions, the possible mechanisms involved and the role of periodontal therapy on systemic outcomes.