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Objective: To provide an inclusive blend of extant meta-analyses on the burden of Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and its resistant strains across diverse study populations, settings, and temporal contexts. Methods: The study has adopted PRISMA 2020-based guides and registered its protocol on Open Science Framework with an extensive literature search. Study quality was assessed by QUOROM and AMSTAR techniques. Data analysis included parsing of study-level statistical power, assessment of primary study overlap, pooling of meta-analysis results, subgroup and temporal analysis. Results: Totally 41 studies (64 meta-analyses) were selected by the inclusion criteria. The summary meta-analysis revealed global prevalence rates for S. aureus [24.8%, 95%C1 0.248(0.204-0.293), I2 = 93%], methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) [5.8%, 95%CI 0.058(0.044-0.073), I2 = 92%], vancomycin intermediate S. aureus [1.7%, 95%C1 0.017(0.013–0.021), I2 = 36.4%], heterogeneous vancomycin intermediate S. aureus [5.2%, 95%CI 0.052(0.038–0.056), I2 = 36.4%], community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus [19.9%, 95%C1 0.199(-0.170–0.568), I2 = 96.67%), livestock-associated-MRSA [13.6%, 95%CI 0.136(-0.028–0.243), I2 = 97.7%], and mupirocin resistant S. aureus [7.6%, 95%CI 0.076(0.062–0.090), 12 = 0%]. Temporal analysis revealed that the burden community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus notably increased from 1.3% in 2003 to 39.0% in 2014. Coagulase-negative staphylococci rose from 23.2% in 2021 to 29.8% in 2022. Vancomycin resistant S. aureus peaked at 9.0% in 2018, declining to 2.6% in 2020. Livestock-associated-MRSA significantly increased to 19.0% in 2020. MRSA fluctuated, peaking at 52.7% in 2012 and 31.0% in 2022. Conclusions: The study reveals a considerable global prevalence of S. aureus at 24.8%. Regional differences were apparent, with Africa facing a high burden of MRSA at 40.8% of S. aureus and temporal trends exposed a dynamic state.

Introduction. Hepatotropic viruses (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV) significantly impact global health, with varying prevalence across regions. Objective. This study aims to systematically consolidate data from diverse meta-analyses to provide a contemporary reference on virus distribution and prevalence. Materials and methods. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, the study utilized a mixed effects model for data integration. Quality evaluation was carried out with QUOROM and AMSTAR tools, with heterogeneity assessed via the Higgins I2 statistic, Q-statistic and Tau squared (τ2) values. Results. The study analyzed 86 meta-analyses from 56 studies (2017–2022) with minimal overlap. Prevalence rates by region were as follows: MENA – 29.2%, Afghanistan – 9.14%, Africa – 8.10%. Prevalence rates by virus type: HAV – 82.5%, HBV – 8.6%, HCV – 15.1%, HDV – 8.9%, HEV – 13.9%, dual HBV-HCV coinfection – 2.2%. Prevalence rates by risk groups: general population – 8.3%, healthcare workers – 4.0%. Continent-specific HBV-HCV prevalence rates: Africa – 9.2%, China – 6.9%, others. HCVprevalence rates among at-risk groups: healthcare workers – 5.58%, hemodialysis patients – 34.8%. Regional HCV rates: Africa – 7.42%, Middle East – 25.30%. Conclusion. Diverse global hepatotropic virus prevalence patterns are influenced by multifaceted factors. MENA faces higher rates due to healthcare challenges, while Africa struggles with limited resources. Tailored public health strategies, including vaccination and awareness campaigns, are essential to alleviate burdens and enhance global health. This consolidated data serves as a valuable resource for informed decision-making.

In this study, an assessment of Radon concentration in some selected water sources from Kiyawa town, Kiyawa local Government area, Jigawa state, Nigeria was conducted. The results obtained show that the concentrations of Radon in the water samples ranged from 32.152 to 43.891 Bq/L, with mean values of 37.78 Bq/L and 35.13 Bq/L for well and borehole water respectively. These results were compared with the world average Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 Bq/L set by the World Health Organization (WHO), and it was observed that 60% of the recorded Radon concentrations, alongside the mean values for both water types, exceeded the WHO's recommended MCL of 10 Bq/L, as well as the MCL of 11.1 Bq/L set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in 1991. However, all mean values were below the recommended action level of 100 Bq/L set by the European Commission (2001/928/Euratom) for public water supplies, and WHO in 2008. Also, all the mean values of the annual effective doses exceeded the recommended level of 0.1 mSv/year set by the WHO. Consequently, it is recommended that the inhabitants of Kiyawa town boil their water, regardless of its source, before drinking to reduce Radon concentrations in the water.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a widespread global epidemic that affects individuals across all age groups and presents a significant public health challenge. Comprising various cardio-metabolic risk factors, MetS contributes to morbidity and, when inadequately addressed, can lead to mortality. Current therapeutic approaches involve lifestyle changes and the prolonged use of pharmacological agents targeting the individual components of MetS, posing challenges related to cost, compliance with medications, and cumulative side effects. To overcome the challenges associated with these conventional treatments, herbal medicines and phytochemicals have been explored and proven to be holistic complements/alternatives in the management of MetS. Thymoquinone (TQ), a prominent bicyclic aromatic compound derived from Nigella sativa emerges as a promising candidate that has demonstrated beneficial effects in the treatment of the different components of MetS, with a good safety profile. For methodology, literature searches were conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar for relevant studies until December 2023. Using Boolean Operators, TQ and the individual components of MetS were queried against the databases. The retrieved articles were screened for eligibility. As a result, we provide a comprehensive overview of the anti-obesity, anti-dyslipidaemic, anti-hypertensive, and anti-diabetic effects of TQ including some underlying mechanisms of action such as modulating the expression of several metabolic target genes to promote metabolic health. The review advocates for a paradigm shift in MetS management, it contributes valuable insights into the multifaceted aspects of the application of TQ, fostering an understanding of its role in mitigating the global burden of MetS.

An intensive study on structural, electronic mechanical and optical properties of bulk Niobium Dichalcogenides NbX2 (X=S, Se) was carried out using the first principle. The structural parameters such as Equilibrium Lattice Parameters, Volume, Bulk Modulus, and FirstDerivative Modulus were calculated to determine if the materials are energetically stable. Elastic constants were further obtained from which mechanical properties i.e. bulk, Young's and shear moduli and consequently Poisson's ratio were obtained. Based on the well-known Born stability conditions Bulk-NbS2 is most likely mechanically anisotropic ductile material. While Bulk-NbSe2 for the predicted B/G ratio in all three methods is less than a critical value of 1.75, hence this shows that NbSe2 is a brittle material exploring its electronic and optical properties whose motivation was to find out the most stable phase and ascertain if these materials could be used in various fields that suit their mechanical and optical properties. Furthermore, from the calculated optical spectra, plasma frequencies were analyzed which indicated the possibility of applying the material in plasmonic-related fields.

Whether it is the poor quality of education, insufficient funds to access schooling, distance to schools, insecurity, or cultural norms, many children in Nigeria have been denied the opportunity to be educated. Despite the government's efforts to build schools and hire teachers, the factors responsible for the high numbers of out-of-school children are multifaceted and deep-rooted. ACE Radio School is an alternative form of education that caters to the learning needs of out-of-school children and adolescents (age 6-18 years) by providing access to quality basic and secondary education through the radio. It began as an emergency education initiative for children in underserved areas who could not access online learning while quarantined at home during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is now designed to address poor access to quality education in marginalized communities, by providing free, quality, and safe education for children who are otherwise unable to access formal education. Because the ACE Radio School curriculum is based on the Nigerian National Curriculum, this facilitates entry of out-of-school children into formal education. The scripts are reviewed for creativity, interactivity, and pedagogy. ACE Radio School has the potential to have long-lasting impacts on rural communities and the lives of out-of-school children. It has the power to break down barriers and transform lives.

Understanding how neighborhood environments are related to older adults quality of life (QoL) and physical activity (PA) is important for public health actions on healthy ageing in sub-Saharan Africa. We examined associations of perceived neighborhood environment attributes with QoL among older adults in Nigeria and investigated the moderating effects of PA on these associations. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 353 older adults (mean age = 68.9 ± 9.1 years) selected from 5 high- and low-income communities in Maiduguri, Nigeria. QoL, attributes of the neighborhood environments and PA were self-reported using validated questionnaires. Multi-level models were used to examine the direct associations between neighborhood environment attributes and each of the four domains of QoL (physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health), as well as the moderating effects of leisure-time and total PA. Seven of nine neighborhood environment features were positively associated with multiple domains of QoL. Residential density, land-use diversity, land-use mix-access, walking infrastructure, traffic safety and overall walkability were positively related to both or either physical health and environmental health QoL among those who are physically active. In contrast, walking infrastructure, traffic safety, and overall walkability were negatively related to psychological health QoL among those not physically active. Our findings suggest being physically active moderates the association of neighborhood environments with QoL among Nigerian older adults. We suggest that designing age-friendly communities and simultaneously promoting PA may be needed to improve QoL and help prepare the Nigerian society for the predicted increase in the older adult population.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder associated with persistent hyperglycemia and metabolic imbalance. Flavonoid compounds possess notable qualities in mitigating diabetes and its complications. Aim: Hibiscus sabdariffa linn and daflon-500® were assessed for their effects on body weight, blood glucose/indices, and oxidative changes in type-2 diabetes rats over 28 days. Methods: 35 male rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 5). Diabetes mellitus was induced in groups 2–7 via a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 55mg/kg). Group 1(DW) received distilled water (2mL/kg) only. Group 2 (STZ; untreated), group 3 {MET; metformin (Glucophage)}, group 4 {HS; Hibiscus sabdariffa (400mg/kg)}, group 5 {DAF; daflon-500® (1000mg/kg)}, group 6 {DAF+HS; daflon-500® (1000mg/kg) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (400mg/kg)}, group 7 {DAF+MET+HS; daflon-500® (1000mg/kg), metformin (Glucophage), and Hibiscus sabdariffa (400mg/kg)}. Body weight and blood glucose were assessed fortnightly. Blood and hepatic/pancreatic tissues were collected for hematological and antioxidant testing. Results: Groups 2–7 revealed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in body weight on day 14 compared to the increased growth rate observed on day 28 (Group 7).Blood glucose levels significantly increased on days 1 and 14 in groups 2–7 but declined on day 28 in groups 4–7. Significantly higher packed cell volume, hemoglobin levels, red blood cell counts, lymphocytes, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were observed in groups 5–7. Platelet counts were higher in Groups 2 and 5. Untreated group 2 exhibited considerably reduced catalase activity, glutathione, and malondialdehyde concentrations compared to the treated groups. Conclusion: Hibiscus sabdariffa linn and Daflon-500® expressed substantial hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and hemato-protective effects.

Study region: The study is conducted in the transboundary Komadugu–Yobe Basin, Lake Chad region, a critical groundwater resource shared across national boundaries of Nigeria and Niger Republic. Study focus: The research investigates geochemical evolution and sources of chemical constituents in groundwater through an integrated methodology that integrates geochemical modeling, molar ratios, bivariate plots, and chemometric analysis. Groundwater samples (n = 240) were collected during wet and dry seasons to identify seasonal variations and the impact of geogenic and anthropogenic processes on groundwater quality. New hydrological insights: The findings revealed that Cl⁻ and NO₃⁻ are associated with anthropogenic pollution. The Principal Component Analysis identified three main components associated with geogenic and anthropogenic processes, agricultural pollution, and mineral weathering. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis highlighted geogenic, anthropogenic, and evaporative influences. Groundwater in the basin is predominantly of Ca–HCO₃ and Na–Cl types and is significantly undersaturated with calcite, dolomite, and fluorite, though seasonal variations show saturation in some samples. Elevated partial pressures of CO₂ (pCO₂) above atmospheric pCO₂ in nearly all samples suggests active biogeochemical processes. Moreover, Gibbs plots, molar ratios, and bivariate plots, along with chloroalkaline indices (CAI-I & CAI-II) confirms influence of mineral weathering and ion exchange reactions within the aquifer system. Few locations show evaporation during the dry season. This study provides valuable insights for sustainable management of groundwater resources in semi-arid and arid regions.

BackgroundSeminal oxidative stress has been shown to be a key factor in the development of male infertility. However, the benefits of infertility treatments with antioxidants such as coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) remains controversial.ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to assess the effects of CoQ10 supplementation on semen quality, i.e., semen volume, total sperm number, sperm concentration, total sperm motility, percentage of progressive sperm motility and sperm morphology. In addition, the effects of CoQ10 supplementation on circulating testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and inhibin B levels were evaluated.DesignA systematic review and a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were performed to assess the effects of CoQ10 supplementation on semen quality and serum levels of male reproductive hormones.MethodsWe conducted a strategic literature search in the Cochrane, EMBASE, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases and collected only RCTs. The data in the collected RCTs were then meta-analyzed according to PRISMA guidelines.ResultsOut of 2,144 collected studies, only eight were classified eligible. The studies included a total of 877 male subjects; 462 CoQ10-treated and 415 untreated/placebo-treated. We found significantly higher total sperm counts (SMD -13.38 [95% CI: −16.33, −10.43] P< 0.0001), total (SMD -7.26 [95% CI: −10.15, −4.36] P< 0.00001) and progressive motility (SMD -6.386 [95% CI: −10.04, −2.73] P= 0.0006), and normally formed sperm (SMD -1.96 [95% CI: −3.29, −0.62] P= 0.004) in CoQ10-treated male subjects compared with untreated/placebo-treated male subjects. Nonetheless, there was a significant inter-study heterogeneity in these studies. Moreover, significantly higher serum testosterone (SMD -0.59 [95% CI: −0.79, −0.40] P< 0.00001) and inhibin B levels (SMD -0.92 [95% CI: −1.47, −0.37] P= 0.001) were recorded in CoQ10-treated subjects compared to untreated/placebo-treated subjects. In addition, CoQ10 supplementation significantly lowered serum LH (SMD 1.77 [95% CI: 1.26, 2.28] P< 0.00001) and FSH concentrations (SMD 1.60 [95% CI: 1.38, 1.81] P< 0.00001). Interestingly, there was no significant inter-study heterogeneity in the hormonal studies. However, CoQ10 supplementation had no significant effect on semen volume (SMD 0.12 [95% CI: −0.13, 0.37] P= 0.34) and sperm concentration (SMD -6.69 [95% CI: −16.28, 2.90] P= 0.17).ConclusionOur study shows that CoQ10 supplementation increases total sperm count, total and progressive sperm motility, and the proportion of normally formed sperm in association with higher serum testosterone and inhibin B levels. Our study therefore supports the view in the literature of a beneficial use of CoQ10 in male infertility treatment. However, further well-designed RCTs with sufficiently large numbers of subjects are required to reach a final conclusion.

Rubber composite sleepers can experience significant temperature variations in service, causing temperature-induced deformation. Real-time monitoring of this deformation is crucial for operational safety and maintenance; however, it is costly, time-consuming, and requires substantial resources and personnel. Developing temperature-dependent predictive models offers a cost-effective and efficient alternative, providing accurate insights into sleeper behaviour under different conditions while saving time, labour, and materials. This study attempts to develop a novel deformation model of rubber composite sleepers using response surface methodology (RSM) and machine learning (ML) techniques. Platinum temperature (Pt) sensors, embedded at various points on a full-scale rubber composite sleeper model, were used to measure both the sleeper temperature field and ambient temperature in real-time at 30-minute intervals over the period of a year. Simultaneously, lateral deformation was recorded using linear variable differential transducer (LVDT) displacement sensors. The temperature data were filtered to remove noise and normalized based on the Log-Pearson Type III outlier detection method and Box-Cox transformation, respectively, before being used to develop temperature-dependent models for sleeper deformation. To ensure accurate ML predictions, the dataset was split into 70% for training and 30% for testing. Model performance was evaluated using the correlation coefficient (R2), mean square error (MSE), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). The analysis revealed that the sleeper’s body temperature closely follows the changing trend of the ambient environment. Also, like any polymer material, the rubber composite sleeper expands when it absorbs heat from sunlight and contracts as it cools when sunlight intensity decreases, potentially reversing much of the deformation. The K-nearest neighbour algorithm outperformed the RSM and other ML techniques with R2, MSE, RMSE, and MAE values of 0.999, 0.000258, 0.016, and 0.000896, respectively. The developed model can serve as an important reference for monitoring lateral deformation for safety and maintenance purposes.

Coreless axial flux permanent magnet machines (C-AFPMMs) offer exceptional efficiency, power, and torque density by eliminating iron losses, making them attractive for applications like electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, and aircraft propulsion. However, the coreless design introduces challenges, including complex mechanical structures, high production costs due to the usage of conventional materials, unstable axial forces leading to mechanical instability, potential cooling difficulties, and higher energy dissipation rates. Recent innovations in winding designs, advanced magnet arrays, and material technologies, combined with novel optimization techniques, have significantly enhanced the electromagnetic performance of these machines. This systematic review synthesizes advancements in AFPMMs with a focus on coreless technology, evaluating research developments, innovations, and applications from 2004 to 2024, based on a comprehensive analysis of 149 articles indexed by major databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and IEEE. The findings indicate sustained and increasing research activity from 2019 to 2024, with key areas of focus. Of the three coreless designs, single stator double rotors (SSDR) with stator coreless are the most commonly used, followed by double stators single rotor (DSSR) and fully coreless multi-stators multi-rotors (MSMR). There is also growing interest in rotor coreless designs, despite challenges like flux leakage, with Halbach magnet arrays of unconventional shapes being explored to mitigate these effects. These insights highlight the potential for enhancing modular configurations and thermal management in C-AFPMMs through the integration of high-strength materials, 3D printing of parts, and advanced optimization methods.

Background Modern workplace requirements in the banking sector require bankers to work on screens for more than 6 h a day, putting much stress and strain on their eyes, which leads to computer vision syndrome. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of computer vision syndrome and associated factors among urban and rural bankers in Trinidad and Tobago. Methods and materials A cross-sectional design was applied to collect data from 399 bankers between April and June 2023. The collected data was entered into Excel worksheets and later uploaded to SPSS for further analysis. A variable with a P-value of 0.25 in binary logistic regression is a candidate for multi-variable logistic regression analysis. Finally, a variable with a P-value of 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. Results A total of 371 participants were enrolled in this study, leading to a response rate of 92.9%. Of the total participants, 277 (74.7%) had computer vision syndrome. Working in rural areas (AOR = 2.69; 95% CI [1.41–5.13]) and using eyesight glasses (AOR = 0.57; 95% CI [0.33–0.97]) was associated with computer vision syndrome. Conclusion Despite being easily preventable, computer vision syndrome is substantially prevalent among bankers in Trinidad. The use of eye-sight glasses and the working area are significantly associated with computer vision syndrome. Therefore, it is necessary to improve workplace practices by encouraging the use of anti-glare screens and glasses for employees who work long hours on the computer.

The number of affected people with preventable vision impairment in Borno state is increasing at an alarming rate. Statistics have shown that more than 55 % causes of preventable blindness in the state is cataracts [10]. Nevertheless, ensuring inclusive eye health care is important to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Thus, this study examines the direct and indirect societal impacts of the economic loss associated with cataract vision impairment in Borno state. Descriptive statistical method was used to analyze 239 surveyed respondents. The results revealed that about 62.1 % of surveyed participants were with cataract vision impairment and 55.4 % of the respondents were male. The study recommends that policymakers implement targeted intervention strategies to mitigate economic vulnerabilities and productivity loss connected to cataract vision impairment so as to accelerate the achievement of sustainable development in the state.

While shocks driven by exchange rate volatility and its impact on growth have been investigated in the extant literature, the recent exchange depreciation of major currencies has reignited interest among scholars. This study scrutinizes a novel Bootstrap Autoregressive Distributed Lag (BARDL) model for the effect of exchange rate shocks on the growth of the Nigerian economy. The results reveal several key findings. First, the finding from the bootstrap bound test revealed the presence of a cointegration relation between exchange rate and economic growth, indicating that exchange rate is a key indicator of inducing growth performance in Nigeria in the long-run horizon. Second, the results also show an inverted U-shaped effect of exchange rate on growth performance in the short-run horizon. This finding indicates that the coexistent positive effect of exchange rate shock on growth metamorphosed into a negative effect within a second lag. Third, while exchange rate depreciation retards economic growth in the short-run, the pattern demonstrates a strong potential for currency devaluation on external trade competitiveness of Nigeria. Fourth, the finding from the nonlinear model reveals the existence of strong asymmetries in exchange rate and economic growth nexus which validate the J-curve effect in Nigeria. The shocks driven from trade, particularly the import shocks are exacerbating the instability in the exchange market. Thus, controlling the asymmetric effects of exchange rate and import shocks is key to the sustainable growth of the Nigerian economy.

Aim: To identify the contribution and impact of Nigerian authors, institutions, and journal sources, assess the knowledge base, detect the trends regarding antimicrobial resistance research through bibliometric analysis. Methods: Data from a query of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) articles in the dimensions database (PubMed included) were subjected to bibliometric analysis (1972–2022). Bibliometric indicators, topic networks were established, and topic trends were analysed by frequency, relevance scores, and trends over time. Results and conclusion: A total of 0.2% of the papers on AMR published worldwide were written by authors or institutions from Nigeria. In 2021, publications grew by 13.6%, The vast majority of publications (57.18%) were in the field of medical and health sciences, with 2428 papers. The top journal for AMR papers with at least one Nigerian institution affiliation was African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, which published 1.8% of these papers. Antimicrobial stewardship, clinical and laboratory practices on AMR, public health implications, traditional and molecular methods, and phytomedicine and drug discovery were prominent areas of focus for Nigerian researchers. This study provided a comprehensive overview of the AMR research output, highlighting the need of increased research capacity to address the burden of AMR in Nigeria. Because Nigeria is overly reliant on conventional methods of discovery and development, innovation is essential for the future of antibiotics.

Abstract Although numerous ambient ionization mass spectroscopy technologies have been developed over the past 20 years to address diverse analytical circumstances, a single-ion source technique that can handle all analyte types is still lacking. Here, a wide-energy programmable microwave plasma-ionization mass spectrometry (WPMPI-MS) system is presented, through which MS analysis can achieve high coverage of substances with various characteristics by digitally regulating the microwave energy. In addition, ionization energy can be rapidly scanned using programmable waveforms, enabling the simultaneous detection of biomolecules, heavy metals, non-polar molecules, etc., in seconds. WPMPI-MS performs well in analyzing real samples, rapidly analyzing nine toxicological standards in one drop of serum, and demonstrating good quantification and liquid chromatography coupling capability. The WPMPI-MS has also been used to detect soil extracts, solid pharmaceuticals, and landfill leachate, further demonstrating its robust analytical capabilities for real samples. The prospective uses of the technology in biological and chemical analysis are extensive, and it is anticipated to emerge as a viable alternative to commercially available ion sources.

Abstract Energy management controllers (EMCs) are pivotal for optimizing energy consumption and ensuring operational efficiency across diverse systems. This review paper delves into the various control strategies utilized by energy management controllers and explores their coordination mechanisms. Additionally, it examines the architectures of energy management controllers and their real-world implementations. The paper surveys a spectrum of EMCs, including conventional-based, rule-based, optimization-based, hybrid methods, and commercial software-based approaches, highlighting their respective advantages and drawbacks. It investigates how these controllers are coordinated within complex energy systems to achieve optimal performance and adaptability. Furthermore, the review outlines different architectures of energy management controllers, ranging from centralized to decentralized designs, discussing their suitability for various applications and their impact on system performance. Real-world applications of energy management controllers in sectors such as smart grids, buildings, industrial processes, and transportation systems are examined. Case studies and examples demonstrate the efficacy of different control strategies and architectures in addressing specific energy management challenges and achieving desired outcomes. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the current landscape of energy management controller design and implementation, offering direction for future research and development in the pursuit of energy optimization and sustainability.

Despite the importance of financial development-international trade nexus and its implication for growth, studies have yet to look at the impact of new financial development indicators developed by the International Monetary Fund on international trade performance in Nigeria. This is one of the few attempts made to examine the elasticity of trade to financial development, given the inconclusive findings that permeate the literature. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of financial development on aggregate trade performance in Nigeria using annual data from 1980 to 2021. The empirical framework is based on the ARDL approach to cointegration and error correction model. The findings revealed that (i) The ARDL bound test revealed the existence of a long-run equilibrium association between the variables; (ii) We find that a unit improvement in financial development induces a 1.1%-1.2% increase in trade performance in the short-run short term and a 9.7% in the long-run; (iii) The results show that a 1% increase in the exchange rate (depreciation) leads to a 0.01% improvement in trade performance in the short-term. The findings have important policy implications. The paper concludes that financial development contributes to trade performance.

A major worldwide health concern, chronic hepatitis B necessitates precise prognostic and diagnostic indicators for clinical guidance. This article highlights the clinical importance and current issues of the major markers used in both the detection and prognosis of chronic hepatitis B. An important indicator of an ongoing and persistent infection is the hepatitis B surface antigen. Hepatitis B virus DNA quantification monitoring aids in assessing viral load and hepatic cancer risk. While limited evidence of liver damage is provided by alanine aminotransferase levels, the hepatitis B core antibody verifies acute infection. Seroconversion to the hepatitis B e antibody is linked to a lower risk of disease development, and the hepatitis B e antigen status is a critical prognostic factor. Treatment choices are guided by a biopsy of the liver or minimally invasive liver fibrosis detection. Genotypes of the hepatitis B virus and host variables influence the prognosis by adding to the disease’s variability. Noninvasive techniques to evaluate the severity of the disease are provided by serum markers of fibrosis, such as the fibrosis score based on four criteria and the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index. The requirement for indicators that distinguish between distinct viral phases and increase specificity in evaluating liver damage is one of the challenges facing chronic hepatitis B research. Even though it is quite difficult to find reliable biomarkers for resistance especially when it comes to hepatocellular cancer risk estimation, there are advanced methods, which include imaging and omics that can help in improving the accuracy of the diagnostics and prognosis. Interventions early point that improve patient outcomes are made possible using diagnostics and prognostics as they are quite effective in managing the complicated landscape of chronic hepatitis B. Key in addressing these challenges today and improving the diagnostic and prognostic markers in the future, particularly those that would support the development of successful treatment plans for people living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV), are scientific research, technological advances and collaborations.