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Purpose This study aims to explore and clarify the role of national traditional festival tourism in cultivating national identity (NI) and confirm its construction model. Design/methodology/approach Based on social identity theory and complexity theory, a complex nurturing framework for visitors’ NI is developed. The paper with 479 samples used fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to analyse NI from the holistic perspective of “cultural inheritance” (festival authenticity [FA], historical re-enactment [HR] and cultural experience [CE]) and “inherited innovation” (event design innovation [EDI], cultural innovation [CUI], aesthetic innovation [AI] and creative innovation [CRI]). Findings The findings indicated three driving modes of forming NI: cultural inheritance-led, inherited innovation-led and the dual coordination of cultural inheritance and inherited innovation. FA, HR, CE, AI and CRI are core incentives, whereas event design and CUI are AI. Practical implications The findings provide directions for strengthening visitors’ national emotion, which has significant value for the development of traditional festival tourism. Originality/value The study offers a new perspective for the cultivation of NI in the tourism context and provides theoretical guidance for the coordinated development of cultural inheritance and inherited innovation in national traditional festival tourism destinations.

Purpose This study aims to analyze how bed and breakfast (B&B) experience influences customer value cocreation (CVCC) through emotional psychological factors under the social servicescape (SSC). Design/methodology/approach A moderated chain mediation model was constructed based on the SSC framework. This study collected 722 valid questionnaires through convenience sampling in Xiamen, China, and tourists with B&B experiences were taken as samples. A structural equation model analysis was used to test relevant hypotheses. Findings Results reveal that B&B experience is the core factor to stimulate CVCC. In this process, the individual emotional psychological factors [pleasant arousal (PAL) and place attachment (PAT)] play the critical chain mediating role. In addition, localness positively moderates the reinforcing effect of B&B experience on PAL and strengthens the positive effect of PAL on PAT. Practical implications The findings can provide useful CVCC strategies for B&B operators. They can achieve CVCC by enhancing customer experiences, strengthening emotional interactions and building local culture, thereby improving the competitiveness of B&Bs. Originality/value Current research lacks an in-depth analysis on the internal relationship and logic between B&B experience and CVCC, especially from emotional psychological perspectives. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is one of the first studies to reveal the mechanism of the CVCC process of B&Bs under the SSC from an emotional psychological perspective. It provides a new theoretical model for research on the CVCC of experience-dominant logic.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore the influence of entrepreneurial attitudes, motivation and orientation on the entrepreneurial competitive advantage of innovative entrepreneurs in the tourism and hospitality industry, including those involved with bed and breakfasts, travel agencies and restaurants.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the sample for this study was selected through news media reporting on well-known new entrepreneurs, from lists of those entrepreneurs who have won innovation entrepreneurship loan subsidies from the government and from lists of those who have won innovation awards. Second, a pretest was used to confirm the feasibility of the questionnaire. The pretest survey was distributed to a total of 150 tourism and hospitality entrepreneurs. A total of 8 dimensions/facets and 36 items were confirmed. Finally, data collection took place for 9 months. A total of 1,150 questionnaires were distributed, and 606 questionnaires were recovered.FindingsThis study proposes a new multi-integration model of moderation-mediation analysis. The innovative business model explores the relationship between entrepreneurial factors and competitive advantage. Based on a survey of 606 staff members and managers of tourism and hospitality firms, entrepreneurs in the tourism and hospitality industry with entrepreneurial attitudes and motives had opportunities to increase their entrepreneurial orientation.Practical implicationsIn the process of innovative entrepreneurship, whether through organizational learning or other enterprise cooperation, it is necessary to pay more attention and propose different environmental management strategies. In addition, this study also found that marketing uncertainty moderates between entrepreneurial attitudes and entrepreneurial motives. Entrepreneurial motives are more conservative than other motives, and there is increased confidence in investing in innovative entrepreneurship in stable environments.Originality/valueThis study indicates that innovative entrepreneurial tourism and hospitality firms have a mediating or moderating effect on the relationship between entrepreneurial attitudes and positional advantage. If used properly, these resources can help the new entrants in the tourism and hospitality sector avoid the limitations of environmental change, firm size or insufficient information and improve their competitive advantage.

Purpose Virtual tourism has become popular in recent years. However, there is still a research gap on virtual tourist motivation. This study aims to identify virtual tourist motivation and explore the relationship between virtual tourism and on-site tourism. Design/methodology/approach This research identifies virtual tourist motivation based on Means-end chain (MEC) theory. Laddering interviews with 32 respondents were conducted to construct a hierarchical value map. Additionally, a motivation analysis of virtual tourism and on-site tourism was developed based on a review of the relevant literature. Findings This exploratory study revealed 12 attributes, 9 results and 4 values that virtual tourists wish to achieve and identified 5 means-end chains where self-satisfaction is the most important value-led motivation. Compared with on-site tourism motivations, virtual tourism shows possibilities of replacing, complementing and extending on-site tourism under certain circumstances. However, it significantly depends on whether tourists are attracted by the technical characteristics, security and experience conditions of virtual tourism. Originality/value This study contributes to understanding virtual tourist motivation and offers motivation-based insights into the relationship between virtual and on-site tourism. Managerial implications on how to attract potential online tourists are also provided.

Although previous studies have highlighted the impact of tourist information searches and sharing on a tourism economy, few have investigated the relationship between tourism information flow and regional tourism economic linkages from a macro perspective. Accordingly, this study took China's Yangtze River Delta (YRD) urban agglomeration as the research object and combined big data samples from the Baidu Index and official regional statistics to fill this knowledge gap. A gravity model, spatial Durbin model (SDM) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) were also introduced to analyse the data. The results confirm that tourism information flow has a significant effect on regional tourism economic linkages and presents obvious spillover effects. However, these effects are short-term. Additionally, the best causal combinations for improving tourism economic linkages are identified, including high tourism information flow, urbanization, transportation convenience, tourism reception capacity, and tourism resource endowments, as well as limited industrial structures.

Although scholars have fully explored the factors influencing tourists’ positive emotions, there is still a research gap on the joint effect of multiple factors. Based on 509 samples of cultural an...

This study explores the spatial heterogeneity of COVID-19 on tourism demand at different spatial scales. The results indicate that at the macroscale, cities with developed economies and mature tour...

To examine the brand development of starred hotels, this study examines asample of 615 five-star customers to confirm anewly proposed path for the formation of starred hotel brand equity. The resea...

This study clarifies different mechanisms among multiple mediation-moderation models related to 622 restaurants in Taiwan, that won innovation awards and entrepreneurship loan subsidies from governments and that joined an innovative brand for less than three years from 2015 to 2017. Regarding mediation, we found that absorptive capacity and innovation mediate the relationships between market orientation and performance, and market orientation mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and performance. Regarding moderation, we discovered that the critical moderating role of human capital strengthens the relationships between market orientation, absorptive capacity and innovation, and that competitive strategy strengthens the relationships between market orientation and innovation to performance. The first and second orders of the proposed models are also discussed for improving the relevance and accuracy of examinations of moderation and mediation in tourism and hospitality research.

Tourism ecological security evaluation is a critical way of measuring the sustainable development of tourism destinations. Based on ecological system theory, this study creates a new comprehensive evaluation model, “Driver-Pressure-State- Impact-Response"—"Data Envelopment Analysis” (DPSIR-DEA), to measure tourism ecological security, which is an evaluation of “Quality” from the perspective of “Efficiency”. The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) is chosen as the study site, and methods including Geo-Detector and spatial autocorrelation are used to analyze space-time law and influence factors. Results indicate that the spatial differentiation pattern of southeast–northwest is gradually presented from hot-spot to cold-spot. Moreover, some critical impact factors affecting tourism ecological security are identified, including third-industry growth rate, tourist density, etc, and the driving mechanism is constructed. We not only introduces a new evaluation of tourism ecological security but also explores the crucial impact indexed and the driving mechanism.

The rapid growth of family travel shows enormous market potential for current and future tourism development. Based on cognitive dissonance theory, a multiple mediation-moderation examination proce...

This study provided a new multiple mediation-moderation model to explore how authenticity may enhance the flow experience through the function of perceived value and involvement. Data from 605 tour...

The constant changes in new technology are affecting China's tourism environment. Tourists have become increasingly reliant on travel apps when searching for a tourism destination. This stu...

There are numerous arguments regarding the attitudes of different tourists and scenic destination managers regarding virtual tourism. However, it remains difficult to understand the public's attitude towards virtual tourism in a crisis situation. In this way, under the influence of COVID-19, this study explores the public sentiment and drivers of virtual tourism using Python and the grounded theory method. The results reveal that tourists' positive sentiment in virtual tourism dominates, with few tourists showing negative or neutral sentiment polarity. Furthermore, there is an obvious law of time decay in the intensity of public sentiment. Especially as the crisis fades, the supplementary effect of virtual tourism on on-site tourism weakens. Moreover, project design, experience quality, travel convenience, travel cost, travel motivation and destination attractiveness are the critical factors affecting tourist sentiment. The findings provide implications for the sustainable development of both destination and virtual tourism in a new world order post-COVID-19.

Evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithms based on the R2 indicator have achieved better convergence and well-diversified Pareto front for solving traditional multi-objective optimization problems, which contains two or three objectives. Recently there are some new developments to explore the relationship between the R2 indicator based selection strategy and the decomposition based selection methods to address many-objective optimization problems. This paper proposes the R2 indicator and objective space partition based evolutionary algorithm to address many-objective optimization. A set of weight vectors gives the possible relationship between two selection methods. In the proposed algorithm, the original R2 indicator was modified by adopting the penalty-based boundary intersection scalarizing method to balance the convergence and the diversity in high-dimensional space. Then, a new selection strategy, which combined the R2 indicator with the objective space partition together, is proposed. Finally, the adaptive penalty parameter is updated adaptively to guarantee the elitist population along a set of weight vectors. Our proposed algorithm has been tested on some benchmark test problems. The performance of the proposed algorithm performs better or at par with recent R2 indicator based evolutionary algorithms and the decomposition based evolutionary algorithms for solving many-objective optimization.

Customer word of mouth (WOM) is the focus of restaurant research. However, until now, few empirical studies with integrated perspectives have explored whether traditional and emerging restaurants have different paths. To fill this research gap, Study 1 examined 546 customers of time-honored restaurants and proved that brand authenticity affects customer WOM through perceived value and brand identification. Furthermore, that process is positively moderated by cultural involvement. Study 2 conducted a survey of 571 customers in an Internet celebrity restaurant and found that brand personality could promote customer WOM through perceived coolness and brand experience. Moreover, food quality enhanced the process of coolness perception and brand experience. These findings highlight that different paths of brand characteristics lead to a high level of customer perception and brand behavior. In other words, brand psychology and brand behavior occupy different core positions in traditional and emerging restaurants.

The time-honored brand is the best brand retained from centuries of business and handicraft competition, representing inestimable brand, economic and cultural value. However, it has encountered the issue of heritage in the new era. To address this issue, in view of the critical role of customer word-of-mouth (WOM) in brand inheritance and reputation, this study constructed and examined the WOM path of time-honored catering brands by investigating 606 customers. Its conclusions highlight the positive antecedent of brand authenticity for customers' in-person WOM and EWOM. The path is influenced by the mediation mechanisms of response (awakening of interest), cognition (brand experience) and affection (brand identification). Moreover, the interaction between creative performance and brand authenticity can positively promote customers' brand experience. However, cultural proximity plays different roles in the stages of customers' brand attitudes and behaviors. The results provide managerial implications for how to promote the sustainable inheritance of traditional brands.

In accordance with the increasing attention in entrepreneurship among tourism and hospitality students, this study aims to discover whether entrepreneurial education may influence the entrepreneurial intention of students. A total of 668 tourism and hospitality students were used to test our Hypothesis. The findings support the positive impact of education on entrepreneurial intentions. In addition, empirical training is the leading factor in the formation of entrepreneurial intention, while theoretical enhancement is an important moderating factor. Furthermore, it was confirmed that social worth and risk-taking can strengthen the formation of entrepreneurial intention.

Non-heading Chinese cabbage encompasses a wide diversity of morphotypes, like the well-known Pak-choi, Wu ta cai, Cai xin, Tai cai, and Fen nei cai. Despite recent developments in re-sequencing which results in the detection of SNPs, insertions, deletions and copy number variants, there has been no systematical cytogenetic characterization of different non-heading Chinese cabbage morphotypes, aiming to detect large structural variations. To tackle this issue, the karyotypes of five genotypes belonging to five non-heading Chinese cabbage morphotypes were analyzed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and blend DAPI band (BDB) on mitotic chromosomes. The ideograms of these five non-heading Chinese cabbage genotypes were produced by exploring and comparing the distributional patterns in terms of rDNA (45S and 5S) and constitutive heterochromatin regions between morphotypes. This study revealed variation in the distributional patterns of ribosomal genes and heterochromatin regions, which point to chromosomal rearrangements in non-heading Chinese cabbage. The 45S rDNA site on chromosome A5 and 5S rDNA signal on chromosome A10 were conserved between all five morphotypes, suggesting that these sites were presented in the ancestor karyotype of non-heading Chinese cabbage. Karyotypic variation and conservation facilitates accurate estimation of the genetic diversity, to better understanding of the evolution, and insight in this variation may facilitate breeding of non-heading Chinese cabbage.

Due to that the Doppler parameters vary according to slant and the resolution is lower using imaging algorithm of traditional pulse compression in processing raw echo data of the missile-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Moreover, an algorithm is proposed to solve these problems, which is based on the fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) for missile-borne SAR imaging. Firstly, an echo signal model is built for the terminal guidance stage of the missile-borne SAR. Secondly, measure the chirp rate of the echo signal through the local optimum processing and get the optimum angles for the FrFT, and then the entire SAR image can be obtained by using FrFT with the optimum angles of the azimuth and range. Finally, the performances of the algorithms are assessed using simulated and real Radarsat-1 data sets. The results confirm that the FrFT-based missile-borne SAR processing methods provide enhanced resolution yielding both lower side lobes effects and improved target detection. The method introduced in this paper has important theoretical significance in detection and recognition for military targets and precision guidance.

SummaryBrassica rapa ssp. chinensis (non-heading Chinese cabbage) is one of the most important vegetables grown in southern China. Autotetraploidy, induced artificially by colchicine treatment, has increased its nutritional value. For the first time, we report the distribution of repeat DNA sequences in autotetraploid B. rapa ssp. chinensis using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with ribosomal DNA (rDNA) probes. Comparisons of inbred lines of a diploid (10P15) and its induced autotetraploid (10P11) of B. rapa ssp. chinensis used genomic in situ hybridisation (GISH) by labelling the total genomic DNA as a probe, and using unlabelled genomic DNA of B. oleracea L. var. italica as the blocking reagent. GISH signals appeared at the centromere and/or adjacent regions of each chromosome; therefore, these could be used as alternative centromere markers. In addition, variations in the number and loci of repeat sequences between the diploid and its autotetraploid were observed, suggesting that some deletio...

A significant fraction of the nuclear DNA of all eukaryotes is comprised of simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Although these sequences are widely used for studying genetic variation, linkage mapping and evolution, little attention had been paid to the chromosomal distribution and cytogenetic diversity of these sequences. In this paper, we report the distribution characterization of mono-, di-, and tri-nucleotide SSRs in Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to characterize the cytogenetic diversity of SSRs among morphotypes of B. rapa ssp. chinensis. The proportion of different SSR motifs varied among morphotypes of B. rapa ssp. chinensis, with tri-nucleotide SSRs being more prevalent in the genome of B. rapa ssp. chinensis. We determined the chromosomal locations of mono-, di-, and tri-nucleotide repeat loci. The results showed that the chromosomal distribution of SSRs in the different morphotypes is non-random and motif-dependent, and allowed us to characterize the relative variability in terms of SSR numbers and similar chromosomal distributions in centromeric/peri-centromeric heterochromatin. The differences between SSR repeats with respect to abundance and distribution indicate that SSRs are a driving force in the genomic evolution of B. rapa species. Our results provide a comprehensive view of the SSR sequence distribution and evolution for comparison among morphotypes B. rapa ssp. chinensis.

We aimed to perform a meta-analysis of clinical trials on the efficacy of autologous bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) transfer for patients with chronic ischemic heart disease.We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane database through September 2009. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials of autologous BMCs infusion in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. We gathered information about left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) and death, and did a random-effect meta-analysis to obtain summary effect estimates for outcomes. The pooled analyses were performed and forest plots were generated with RevMan 5.0 software. Heterogeneity was assessed by meta-regression with STATA 10.0 software. Additionally, subgroup analysis was performed to compare the effect of intracoronary BMCs transfer with intramyocardial cell injection on LVEF.Eleven trials with 490 participants were identified. There were 268 patients in BMCs group, and 222 in control group. In control group, the patients received saline injection or autologous plasma injection or no injection. BMCs transfer was performed via intracoronary transfer or intramyocardial injection. Compared with controls, BMCs transfer significantly improved LVEF by 4.63% (95%CI 2.42 to 6.84; P0.01). BMCs transfer was also associated with significant reductions in LVEDV (standardized mean difference -0.55, 95%CI -0.94 to -0.17, P = 0.005) and LVESV (standardized mean difference -0.45, 95%CI -0.73 to -0.17, P = 0.002). In addition, BMCs treatment was associated with a significant effect on death (OR 0.42, 95%CI 0.18 to 1.01, P = 0.05). Subgroup analysis indicated that intramyocardial cell injection was preferred due to its more significant improvement of LVEF than intracoronary cell therapy. Meta-regression suggested the existence of a negative association between baseline LVEF and LVEF change.BMCs infusion is associated with a significant improvement in LVEF, and an attenuation of left ventricular remodeling.

Although multifractal describes the spectrum distribution of Singularity Exponent (SE), it loses the temporal information, and it’s hard to describe the dynamics evolving process of non-stationary system. The time-varying singularity distribution indicates the spatial dynamics character of system. Therefore, the time-varying quadratic multifractal spectrum is proposed. Similar to the Wigner-Ville time-frequency analysis, the time-delayed conjugation of analyzed signal is selected as the windows function, and the quadratic time-singularity exponent distribution of the instantaneous self-correlation is deduced based on the short-time multifractal analysis, i.e. quadratic time-singularity multifractal distribution, which includes Hausdorff Measure, time-varying singular spectrum distribution, time-varying large deviation multifractal spectrum, which exhibits the singular exponent distribution of signal at arbitrary time.