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Penicillium digitatum is the primary spoilage fungus that causes green mold during postharvest in citrus. To reduce economic losses, developing more efficient and less toxic natural antimicrobial agents is urgently required. We previously found that the X33 antimicrobial oligopeptide (X33 AMOP), produced by Streptomyces lavendulae X33, exhibited a sterilization effect on P. digitatum. In this study, the effects, and physiological mechanisms of X33 AMOP as an inhibitor of P. digitatum were investigated. The transcriptional and metabolome profiling of P. digitatum exposed to X33 AMOP revealed 3648 genes and 190 metabolites that were prominently changed. The omics analyses suggested that X33 AMOP mainly inhibited P. digitatum growth by affecting cell integrity, genetic information delivery, oxidative stress tolerance, and energy metabolism. These findings provide helpful information regarding the antimicrobial mechanism of X33 AMOP against P. digitatum at the molecular level and indicate that X33 AMOP is a potential candidate to control P. digitatum. Graphical Abstract

PURPOSE To investigate dynamic pupil changes after orbital blowout fracture repair. To compare postoperative changes in under photopic and mesopic pupil size and center position after orbital blowout fracture repair surgery. METHODS The study evaluated 19 eyes. Pupils were imaged for pupil size and center position before and 3 months after orbital blowout fracture repair surgery. Pupil size changes were measured, and the correlation between preoperative and postoperative pupil centroid shift was evaluated. RESULTS After repair, operative eyes exhibited a growth of 9.3% ± 8.6% in pupil size, and contralateral eyes showed a growth of 8.6% ± 8.2% (P = 0.011, P = 0.007). Similar findings were noted in mesopic conditions. Under mesopic conditions, the pupil of operative eyes in medial orbital wall fracture deviated 0.030 ± 0.019 mm towards the nasal side along the X-axis (P = 0.031). The postoperative orbital floor fracture group demonstrated statistical significance at a spatial frequency of 5 (P = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS Orbital blowout fracture repair surgery affects pupil size and center position.

To explore the offset distribution of pupillary centres, the offset between the pupil centre and the coaxially sighted corneal light reflex (P-Dist) and their correlation in femtosecond laser combined with excimer laser in situ keratomileusis.Randomly selected 194 patients (398 eyes) who underwent femtosecond-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis with preoperative use of WaveLight Allegro Topolyzer Corneal Topography (WaveLight Laser Technologies AG, Erlangen, Germany) to measure the pupil size and centre position. The P-Dist of the patients was recorded by the X and Y axis eyeball tracking adjustment program of the WaveLight Eagle Vision EX500 excimer laser system.The P-Dist was 0.214 ± 0.092 mm in the right eyes and 0.228 ± 0.105 mm in the left eyes (P = .041). Under scotopic conditions, the pupil centre of left eye X-axis was -0.046 ± 0.091 mm, the right eye was -0.152 ± 0.084 mm, with significant differences (P = .015), and the Y-axis direction showed no significant changes (P = .062). The white to white was positively correlated with changes of pupil diameter (scotopic pupil diameter-photopic pupil diameter) (r = 0.270, P .001). The equivalent spherical mirror and measured centroid shift were negatively correlated (r = -0.214, P = .002).The angle kappa of the right eye is smaller than that of the left eye and from scotopic to photopic condition, the pupil centroid shift of both eyes to the nasal inferior side. If the cornea is too large, the low illumination environment should be maintained during the operation to improve the efficiency of pupil matching.

Background To explore the dynamic distribution of pupil size and center,the eccentricity distribution of angle kappa, and its correlation with other biomechanics about suitable for excimer laser refractive surgery. Methods Randomly selected 225 patients (407 eyes) who underwent femtosecond laser combined with excimer laser in situkeratomileusis,preoperative use of Wavelight Allegro Topolyzer Corneal Topography ( Wavelight Laser Technologies AG, Erlangen, Germany ) to measure the pupil size and center position, the German Wavelight EX500 excimer Laser (500Hz) records the deviation between the pupil center and the coaxially sighted corneal light reflex when the patient is supine. Results The average displacement distribution of P-Dist (the eccentricity between the pupil center and the coaxially sighted corneal light reflex point) is 0.225 ± 0.102 mm, and 80% of the eyes are ≤ 0.30 mm.The coaxially sighted corneal light reflex point is mainly deviated to the superior temporal side of the corneal center (34%).Under the dark light condition, the x-axis of the left eye was: -0.046 ± 0.091 mm, the x-axis of the right eye was: -0.152 ± 0.084 mm, with statistical difference ( P = 0.015) (the right eye shifted to the temporal side), the y-axis direction had no statistical change ( P = 0.062). The WTW was positively correlated with changes of pupil diameter (dark pupil diameter-bright pupil diameter) ( r = 0.270, P

Purpose. To analyze the distribution of the offset between the pupil center and the coaxially sighted corneal light reflex (P-Dist), the effects of 50% and 100% angle kappa adjustments on refractive and visual quality in patients with moderate myopia were investigated. Methods. A randomly selected 254 patients (254 eyes) with moderate myopia who underwent femtosecond laser-combined LASIK were examined. During the operation, the P-Dist of the patients was recorded by the x- and y-axis eyeball-tracking adjustment program of the WaveLight Eagle Vision EX500 excimer laser system. Preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively, the WaveLight® ALLEGRO Topolyzer was used to measure the pupil size and center position, and the wavefront sensor was used to measure the wavefront aberrations. The visual function tester (OPTEC 6500) measured contrast sensitivity. Results. The average P-Dist was 0.220 ± 0.102 mm. When the P-Dist >0.220 mm, the postoperative residual cylinder was 0.29 ± 0.34 D in the group with the 50% adjustment and 0.40 ± 0.32 D in the 100% group, which was significantly higher than the 50% group P = 0.036 . The coma was 0.21 ± 0.17 μm in the 50% adjusted group and 0.34 ± 0.25 μm in the 100% group, which was significantly higher than that in the 50% group P = 0.021 . At the 1.5 c/d spatial frequency, contrast sensitivity in the adjusted 100% group was significantly lower than that in the 50% group under visual glare conditions P = 0.039 . Conclusion. The postoperative visual acuity and spherical equivalent were not affected in the two groups. However, when P-Dist >0.220 mm, the residual astigmatism and coma were lower in the 50% group. Individualized operations for those with moderate myopia and large-angle kappa in which 100% adjustment is chosen may not result in a better visual quality effect than 50%.

Central nervous system leukemia (CNSL) relapse is relatively common among Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) leukemia patients who undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). The prognosis of patients is dismal for those with a BCR-ABL T315I mutation, which is resistant to TKIs including second-generation drugs. We assessed ponatinib for nine patients with recurrent Ph+ CNSL and a T315I mutation after allo-HSCT, including five patients with Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia and four with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Five patients experienced isolated CNSL relapse, and four experienced CNSL with hematologic relapse. All patients received ponatinib combined with intrathecal chemotherapy, and four patients with hematologic relapse received systemic chemotherapy and/or donor lymphocyte infusion. All patients achieved a deep molecular response and central nervous system remission (CNSR) at a median time of 1.5 (range: 0.7-3) months after ponatinib treatment. Two patients experienced a second CNSL relapse due to ponatinib reduction, but they achieved CNSR again after an increase to the standard dosage. Six patients developed graft versus host disease. By April 1, 2019, eight patients were alive, and one died of pneumonia. The median time of survival after the first CNSL relapse posttransplantation was 18 (range: 11.2-48.5) months. Our data from a small number of samples suggests that ponatinib is effective for recurrent Ph+ CNSL patients with a BCR-ABL T315I mutation after allo-HSCT and warrants broader clinical evaluation.

Objective To evaluate the contributing factors for fever after tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Methods Between May 2009 and December 2013, 395 tubeless PCNLs were performed at our hospital. After stone extraction, the bleeding points were cauterized for hemostasis to enable tubeless modification. In patients with troublesome bleeding after cauterization, oxidized regenerated cellulose (Surgicel) strips were used to tamponade the access tract to facilitate bleeding control. The contributory factors for fever were evaluated by a retrospective chart review. Results Forty-four patients (11.7%) developed fever after tubeless PCNL. There was no difference in gender, age, and body mass index in the development of fever. Episodes of febrile or septic urinary tract infection before PCNL were found to have occurred in 35 patients, but the incidence of postoperative fever was not significantly higher in these patients. There is no significant difference in the mean stone size in fever and nonfever patients. Complete staghorn stones were noted in 40 patients, and their fever rate was not significantly higher than patients with nonstaghorn stone. The operation time is not significantly higher in the group with urinary tract infection. Patients with postoperative fever had a high incidence of residual stones than the remaining patients (38.9% vs 20.4%). There was no significant difference in incidence of postoperative fever in patients with struvite stones than patients with nonstruvite stones. In patients who received Surgicel packing, the incidence of fever was not significantly higher. Conclusion Incomplete stone extraction is a major contributing factor for the development of fever after tubeless PCNL.

This study is being conducted in an attempt to investigate the effectiveness of an educational card game we developed for learning about human immunology. The obtained results indicate that students did learn from the educational card game and generally had positive perceptions of the game-based instruction and its learning efficiency., This study was conducted in an attempt to investigate the effectiveness of an educational card game we developed for learning human immunology. Two semesters of evaluation were included to examine the impact of the game on students’ understanding and perceptions of the game-based instruction. Ninety-nine senior high school students (11th graders) were recruited for the first evaluation, and the second-semester group consisted of 72 students (also 11th graders). The results obtained indicate that students did learn from the educational card game. Moreover, students who learned from playing the game significantly outperformed their counterparts in terms of their understanding of the processes and connections among different lines of immunological defense (first semester: t = 2.92, p < 0.01; second semester: t = 3.45, p < 0.01) according to the qualitative analysis of an open-ended question. They generally had positive perceptions toward the game-based instruction and its learning efficiency, and they felt the game-based instruction was much more interesting than traditional didactic lectures (first semester: t = 2.79, p < 0.01; second semester: t = 2.41, p < 0.05). This finding is evidence that the educational card game has potential to facilitate students’ learning of how the immune system works. The implications and suggestions for future work are further discussed.

Summary Spontaneous rupture of pheochromocytoma is an extremely rare, but deadly condition with a mortality rate of approximately 32%. We report a case of spontaneous rupture of adrenal pheochromocytoma, which resulted in a retroperitoneal hematoma and respiratory distress. The 69-year-old female visited our emergency department because of progressive abdominal pain for 3 days and fever and shortness of breath for 1 day. Abdominal computerized tomography was performed and an 8 cm mass, with a hematoma in the retroperitoneal space, was revealed. Retroperitoneal exploration was performed on account of progressive respiratory distress and suspected superimposed infection. Elevated blood pressure was noted during anesthesia induction. During the operation, the tumor was found to have originated from the left adrenal gland. A drop in blood pressure was noted after removal of the tumor. Normal blood pressure was restored after fluid challenge and administration of vasopressive agents. The histopathological study of the tumor demonstrated adrenal pheochromocytoma. The patient was in good health, without any sequel at a 6-month postoperative follow up, and eventually fully recovered.

The earth is warming rapidly. Species around the world must adapt to the increasing heat and to the rapid rate of temperature change. Decision makers and managers must aid species to adapt and to keep up with the changes if they are not able to do so on their own. Special attention needs to be paid to small islands because they are at high risk for the loss of unique and threatened systems and species, and face habitat loss as a consequence of climate-induced rises in sea level. In this study, we examined 17 endemic avian species on the island of Taiwan. Bird observations from 1993 to 2004 were compared to modeled distributions for 2020, 2050, 2080 and 2100. We used 5 general circulation models (CCCMA, CCSR, EHAM4, GFDL, and HADCM3) for the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change A2 and B2 scenarios. Results show that the distributions of 15 out of 17 species are predicted to shift up in elevation with warming. As the lower distributional limits contract to higher elevation, the upper edge of their current distributions cannot shift up in elevation because they were already near or at the tops of the mountains. Consequently, their distributions are predicted to shrink over time. The median elevation of each of these species’ distributions is higher than the median elevation of all available habitats on Taiwan. In addition, we find that a few common species are predicted to become rare species under climate change. Two of the 17 species examined are not near the tops of the mountains and are the only species that have median elevations of their distributions lower than the median of all available habitats on Taiwan. These 2 species are predicted to expand the upper-elevation distribution limit but not to contract the lower-elevational limit, which results in a widening of their distributions. Hence, we suggest that the median elevation of a species’ current distribution plays a key rule and can be further used as an index of the response birds most likely will exhibit as the temperature increases.

Data assimilation is important for the spatial analysis of small regions with complex terrain and diverse climates and for interpolation among observations. A data assimilation method incorporating observations, coarse-grid re-analysis data and physiographical features is demonstrated to generate high-resolution temperature data for small islands such as Taiwan. The method is also able to weigh physiographic and anthropogenic factors. Among the spatial factors, the orographic effect is the dominating factor and the lapse rate varies seasonally. Population density is significantly related to temperature, which may correspond to the urban heat-island (UHI) effect. It is also shown that an anthropogenic factor could be used with this interpolation method to explain the details of the temperature variation. The data assimilation model provides an opportunity to assess the extent to which simple statistical regression equations, calibrated from natural variability, can reproduce climate changes driven by land effects without considering a complex climate model. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society

Aim: This study aims to assess the impact of climate change on forests and vascular epiphytes, using species distribution models (SDMs). Location: Island of Taiwan, subtropical East Asia. Methods: A hierarchical modelling approach incorporating forest migration velocity and forest type-epiphyte interactions with classical SDMs was used to model the responses of eight forest types and 237 vascular epiphytes for the year 2100 under two climate change scenarios. Forest distributions were modelled and modified by dominant tree species’ dispersal limitations and hypothesized persistence under unfavourable climate conditions (20 years for broad-leaved trees and 50 years for conifers). The modelled forest projections together with 16 environmental variables were used as predictors in models of epiphyte distributions. A null method was applied to validate the significance of epiphyte SDMs, and potential vulnerable species were identified by calculating range turnover rates. Results: For the year 2100, the model predicted a reduction in the range of most forest types, especially for Picea and cypress forests, which shifted to altitudes c. 400 and 300 m higher, respectively. The models indicated that epiphyte distributions are highly correlated with forest types, and the majority (77-78%) of epiphyte species were also projected to lose 45-58% of their current range, shifting on average to altitudes c. 400 m higher than currently. Range turnover rates suggested that insensitive epiphytes were generally lowland or widespread species, whereas sensitive species were more geographically restricted, showing a higher correlation with temperature-related factors in their distributions. Main conclusions: The hierarchical modelling approach successfully produced interpretable results, suggesting the importance of considering biotic interactions and the inclusion of terrain-related factors when developing SDMs for dependant species at a local scale. Long-term monitoring of potentially vulnerable sites is advised, especially of those sites that fall outside current conservation reserves where additional human disturbance is likely to exacerbate the effect of climate change.

Summary Changes in the annual supply and demand ratio with respect to the past mean state are quantified and indexed to evaluate the effect of climate change on the water resources in Taiwan, a complex-terrain island. Four sub-regions were divided based on general terrain structures and major river flows. The changes in future temperature, precipitation and river runoff were projected statistically from monthly mean atmosphere–ocean coupling global circulation model (AOGCM) outputs. The results show that water resources will increase over the unpopulated eastern region, but will decrease over other densely populated and densely industrialized regions. Significant yearly variation is another worrisome factor burdening the vulnerable water management system. The developed yearly warning index for assessing the climatic impact on water resources is very useful to the water management agency and has a universal application potential.

Runs of three regional climate models (RCMs) dynamically downscaling the outputs of atmosphere–ocean coupling general circulation models (AOGCMs) are studied. These RCMs are NCAR-MM5, NCEP-RSM (Regional Spectral Model), and Purdue-PRM (Purdue Regional Model). A useful approach is developed to compare the variability, error, and spatial distribution of model-simulated results with respect to the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) datasets over East Asia and seven sub-regions during the 1990s. The results show that NCEP-RSM outperforms the other two in meeting criteria selected on evaluating the model performance. Furthermore, three super-ensemble approaches are tested on merging RCMs’ outputs. The inverse of the square error summation (ISES) method is selected as a suitable method with a generally good performance during the verification period. The projected future climate changes by ISES indicate larger temperature increases over high-latitude continent and smaller over low-latitude maritime areas. Rainfall will increase in summer over the central simulation domain, i.e. the eastern China, but decrease in winter, which are clearly linked to the variation in the synoptic airflows. Also, a more frequent occurrence of extreme rainfall events than what happened in the 1990s is projected. The projection over Taiwan suggests strong warming in summer, followed by autumn, winter, and spring. The interaction between the synoptic flow and the local terrain affects significantly the changes in precipitation. In general, larger change of the variability of rainfall will be over areas with lesser rainfall in the future, while lesser change will be over areas with more projected rainfall.

Objective To determine the required sample size for, and feasibility of, a RCT examining the effectiveness of early acupuncture for acute ischaemic stroke. Methods Thirty-eight patients aged 40–85 years with a first episode of acute ischaemic stroke presenting within 72 h of stroke onset were randomly assigned to receive manual acupuncture (MA group; n=20) plus standard care or standard care only (control group, n=18). The acupuncture treatment was provided daily for 2 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score between baseline and 4 weeks. Secondary outcomes included changes in the Fugl–Meyer assessment (FMA) and the functional independence measure scores between baseline and 4 weeks, and changes in NIHSS, Barthel Index and modified Rankin Scale scores at 12 weeks. Results Thirty-one patients completed the study (dropout rate=18%) and adverse effects were minimal. No significant differences were seen between groups in the improvements in NIHSS scores, although there tended to be a greater reduction in NIHSS score after 1 week in the MA group relative to the control group (p=0.066). The post-stroke motor activity at 4 weeks was associated with a significantly increased FMA score in the acupuncture group compared with the control group (pConclusions This pilot study indicates that acupuncture appears to be safe for patients in the acute stage of ischaemic stroke. A subsequent trial with a larger sample size (estimated at n=122) is required to confirm whether early acupuncture intervention contributes to earlier functional improvement and to assess the longer-term clinical efficacy of acupuncture. Trial Registration Number NCT02210988; Results.

We have observed the phenomenon of phase transition of a few trapped ions in a miniature Paul trap. Judging from the quantum jump signals, a single laser-cooled trapped Ca+ ion has been realized. The ion temperature is estimated to be 22mK. The result shows that the amplitude of ion micromotion is strongly dependent on the rf voltage.

This study determines the major weather factors affecting hiking activity and builds a prediction model to estimate participation. An empirical assessment of hiking participation using weather factors was demonstrated for trails on Kuanyin Mountain, Taiwan. By adapting the concepts of the range of tolerance and the eclectic model, a nonlinear function was used to explain hiking participation with weather factors. Stepwise multiple-regression analysis was carried out to determine the major weather factors affecting hiking participation. The results indicate that not only did participation vary with the season but hiking behavior was affected by different weather factors in each season. The explanation rates for the seasons exceeded 90% except that for spring.

To investigate the effects of recombinant human interleukin 11 (rhIL-11) on hematological malignancy after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT).A total of 48 patients with hematological malignancy from January 2006 to June 2010 were alternately enrolled into a prospective randomized study. And they were assigned into the control and rhIL-11 injection groups. Later the investigators compared two groups with regards to hematopoietic reconstitution, graft versus host disease (GVHD) classification, clinical recurrence rate and disease-free survival.With the therapy of rhIL-11, the absolute neutrophil counts recovering to 0.5 × 10(9)/L and platelet recovering to 20 × 10(9)/L were (15.1 ± 1.6) and (18.2 ± 3.3) days respectively. And they were significantly lower than those in control group [(16.1 ± 1.6) vs (22.4 ± 5.5) days, P = 0.032, 0.003]. The incidence of acute GVHD was surprisingly low in the study group (26.1% vs 50.0%, P = 0.048). There was no significant difference in chronic GVHD (36.8% vs 38.9%, P = 0.899) or relapse rate (5.1% vs 7.7%, P = 0.662) between two groups during a median follow-up period of 11.7 months. A trend of improved 3-year-disease-free survival was observed in the study group (65.4% vs 50.9%, P = 0.637).The application of rhIL-11 after allo-HSCT may accelerate both neutrophil and platelet engraftment and lower the occurrence of acute GVHD.

[1] The objective of this paper is to describe a statistical downscaling model based on established links between large scale variables from a general circulation model (GCM) and regional rainfall to project climate change over East Asia in the 21st century. We develop a SVD (singular value decomposition)-based regression model to downscale the GCM data. In order to establish a link between monthly regional precipitation and large scale variable (mean sea level pressure, 10 m wind speed, or 2 m temperature), we used the IS92a scenario data of ECHAM4/OPCY3 and the data from the Climate Research Unit from 1901 to 1990. In the 20th century, their connections have remained unchanged over time for all seasons. The continuity of these relationships to the next century is tested by checking the similarity in the main SVD modes of predictors and the empirical orthogonal functions of predictors throughout the 20th and 21st century. Furthermore, comparing the SVD-downscaled and ECHAM4-projected changes of precipitation in the 2090s with respect to the 1990s reveals similar patterns over most areas with much more detailed regional characteristics, although the magnitude of change is not compatible. In all, the annual rainfall over East Asia is projected to increase over northern China and the Indochina peninsula and to decrease over the coast of southern China by the end of the 21st century.

Global influenza surveillance is one of the most effective strategies for containing outbreaks and preparing for a possible pandemic influenza. Since the end of 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) H5N1 have caused many outbreaks in poultries and wild birds from East Asia and have spread to at least 48 countries. For such a fast and wide-spreading virulent pathogen, prediction based on changes of micro- and macro-environment has rarely been evaluated. In this study, we are developing a new climatic approach by investigating the conditions that occurred before the H5N1 avian influenza outbreaks for early predicting future HPAI outbreaks and preventing pandemic disasters. The results show a temperature drop shortly before these outbreaks in birds in each of the Eurasian regions stricken in 2005 and 2006. Dust storms, like those that struck near China's Lake Qinghai around May 4, 2005, exacerbated the spread of this HPAI H5N1 virus, causing the deaths of a record number of wild birds and triggering the subsequent spread of H5N1. Weather monitoring could play an important role in the early warning of outbreaks of this potentially dangerous virus.

To study the epidemiology and etiologic characteristics of a Dengue fever outbreak in Fuzhou from the beginning of September to the end of October in 2004 in order to understand the source of infection.Data on descriptive epidemiology was collected to study the characteristics and related factors to the epidemic. Dengue virus was isolated through the use of C6/36 cell line while viral serotypes were identified by indirect immunofluorecent assay with type-specific monoclonal antibody. The sources of infection were traced by nucleotide sequencing.During the epidemic, 93 cases occured consistently with the region entomoplily growth and decay. The viruses of 6 strains isolated from 10 patients' blood specimens were identified as dengue virus type 1. Phylogenetic evidence suggested that the viral isolate had high genetic relation with the isolates from Kampuchea (DENV-1/KHM/2001; GenBank Accession No. L0904278).The epidemic was caused by introduction of patients migrating into Fuzhou.

This study reveals that the environment temperature will affect the operating voltage and the image quality of ChLCD. The data demonstrate that with the decrease of temperature the operating voltage will be increased and we found that we can maintain the operating voltage by increase the addressing time.

Background: T-cell activation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). Quiescent T cells utilize oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP, whereas activated T cells utilize glycolysis, so using glycolysis inhibitor may be a metabolically regulator needed to control T cells inducing GVHD. Glucolysis inhibitor 3-Bromopyruvic acid (3-BrPA), a glucolysis inhibitor, can effectively induce multi-drug resistance leukemia cell lines apoptosis and enhance chemotherapy-induced cytotoxity to leukemia cells. Objective: This study aims to investigate the effect of glucolysis 3-BrPA inhibitor on aGVHD in mice after allogenic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) and its mechanism. Methods: aGVHD model after allo-BMT was established by use of C57BL/6(H-2kb) mice as donors and BALB/c(H-2kd) mice as receptors. Bone marrow and/or spleen cells from donor mice were injected within 4h after total body irradiation (TBI) to receptor mice via tail vein. Drugs were administrated 1 h after the cells were injected as follows: (1) control: the TBI group without cells injection; (2) the BMT group with bone marrow cells injection; (3) the GVHD group with bone marrow and spleen cells injection; (4) the rap amycin group (RAPA, 20 nM/d×7d) with bone marrow and spleen cells injection; (5) the 3-BrPA group (3-BrPA, 50 nM/d×7d) with bone marrow and spleen cells injection; (6) the 3-BrPA(25 nM/d×7d) and rapamycin(10 nM/d) combination group with bone marrow and spleen cells injection. The transplanted mice were observed for symptoms of GVHD, survival time, survival rate and Thomas GVHD pathologic grade. H-2kb was determined in BALB/c(H-2kd) mice by flow cytometry (FCM) to confirm allogeneic chimeric rate, and serum level of cytokine was detected by protein microarray. Results: Allogeneic chimeric rates of survived mice determined at day 21 after transplantation ranged from 95% to100%, confirming complete donor mouse implantation. All mice in TBI group died within 14 d. Median survival time of mice was respectively 9.1, 20, 17.1 and 24.5 days in GVHD group , rapamycin group, 3-BrPA group and the combination of 3-BrPA and rapamycin group. Rapamycin group, 3-BrPA group and the combination of 3-BrPA and rapamycin group had increased median survival time than GVHD group, and mice received the combination of rapamycin and 3-BrPA had better survival than rapamycin or 3-BrPA group(n=10 for each group, P Conclusions: In this study, the glycolysis inhibitor 3-BrPA has a significant inhibitory effect on GVHD, especially in combination with rapamycin. This effect might be achieved by regulating immune cells bias from Th1 cells towards Th2 cells. Disclosures Liu: National Natural Science Foundation of China (81270647, 81300445, 81200388): Research Funding; National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (2011AA020105): Research Funding; National Public Health Grand Research Foundation (201202017): Research Funding; Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (S2012010009299): Research Funding; the project of health collaborative innovation of Guangzhou city (201400000003-4, 201400000003-1): Research Funding; the Technology Plan of Guangdong Province of China (2012B031800403): Research Funding; the project of the Zhujiang Science & Technology Star of Guangzhou city (2013027): Research Funding.

With the decrease in dimension of ion traps employed in optical frequency standards and precision spectroscopy, the sensitivity of trapping behavior to trap geometry is more and more prominent. We present a guide for the design and construction of a miniature trap for a single ion confinement, and propose an optimized combination of r(ring)/r(endcap) approximate to 0.5 and z(0) approximate to r(0) within the range of r(0) = 0.7 +/- 0.2 mm. Compared with the trap used by Huang et al. [Phys. Rev. A 84 (2011) 053841], the design can lead to an increase in trap pseudo-potential of more than 20% and a reduction on potential anharmonicity of more than 90%. The improvements make the trap closer to an ideal hyperboloidal trap to confine a single ion tightly with the benefit of weaker micro-motion. Considering the imperfection of electrodes machining and traps alignment, we also demonstrate the importance of trap symmetry, especially on two endcap electrodes.

The purpose of this research is to assess climate change impacts on rainfall frequency in Taiwan. The changes in future precipitation were projected statistically from general circulation model (GCM) outputs. Based on five downscaled GCM outputs [China’s FGOALS-g1.0, Japan’s CGCM2.3.2, the USA’s CM2.0, Canada’s CGCM3(T47), and France’s CM3] under the SRES A1B scenario, the frequency of the maximum consecutive dry days and maximum 1-, 2-, and 3-day rainfall during 2080 - 2099 are evaluated and compared with those in the period of 1980 - 1999. The results show that by the end of the 21st century, the risk of droughts and floods over Taiwan has a tendency to increase. The distribution of water resources in Taiwan will be more uneven, with a noticeable change in the ratio of wet and dry seasons. Due to these climate change impacts, future water conservation work will be a major challenge for governments.