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A new species, Mazosia hainanensis, is described from Hainan, China. It is most similar to M. pseudobambusae but differs by its yellowish green thallus and smaller ascospores (14–18.5 × 3–4 μm). An analysis of its relationships based on molecular phylogeny is given. A key to the Mazosia species recorded in China is also presented.

We employed a molecular phylogenetic approach using five markers (ITS, nuSSU, nuLSU, TEF1-α, and RPB2) to assess potential cryptic speciation in foliicolous members of Strigula s.lat. (Strigulaceae), including the recently segregated genera Phylloporis, Puiggariella, Raciborskiella, Racoplaca, and Serusiauxiella, from tropical areas in Asia, with selected materials from the Neotropics as reference. On the basis of combined molecular and phenotypic datasets, two new species of Racoplaca and 10 new species of Strigula s.str. are described: Racoplaca macrospora sp. nov., R. maculatoides sp. nov., Strigula guangdongensis sp. nov., S. intermedia sp. nov., S. laevis sp. nov., S. microcarpa sp. nov., S. pseudoantillarum sp. nov., S. pseudosubtilissima sp. nov., S. pycnoradians sp. nov., S. sinoconcreta sp. nov., S. stenoloba sp. nov., and S. subtilissimoides sp. nov. In addition, we propose the new combination Phylloporis palmae comb. nov. (≡ =Manaustrum palmae) and we validate the earlier combination Racoplaca melanobapha comb. nov. (≡ Verrucaria melanobapha; Strigula melanobapha). Our data clearly indicate a considerable degree of cryptic diversification in foliicolous representatives of Strigula s.lat., particularly in the presumably widespread taxa Strigula antillarum, S. concreta, S. nitidula, and S. smaragdula. Given that these phylogenetic revisions are thus far limited to few regions, we predict that our findings only represent the proverbial tip of the iceberg in this group of lichenized fungi.

The tropical areas of eastern Asia contain a high diversity of foliicolous lichens, including various species of the genusBadimia.Badimia xanthocampylidiaW. C. Wang & J. C. Wei is described from tropical rainforests in southern China and Thailand based on morphology, chemistry, and combined mtSSU, ITS and nrLSU sequences. It is characterized by a pale green thallus with yellow verrucae and bright yellow campylidia and the presence of isousnic acid. Three other species,B. multiseptataPapong & Lücking,B. pallidula(Kremp.) Vězda andB. polillensis(Vain.) Vězda, are discussed and the genusBadimiais newly reported from China. A worldwide key to currently known species in the genus is presented.

Numerous new taxa and classifications of Dothideomycetes have been published following the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013. A recent publication by Honsanan et al. in 2020 expanded information of families in Dothideomycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae with modern classifications. In this paper, we provide a refined updated document on orders and familiesincertae sedisof Dothideomycetes. Each family is provided with an updated description, notes, including figures to represent the morphology, a list of accepted genera, and economic and ecological significances. We also provide phylogenetic trees for each order. In this study, 31 orders which consist 50 families are assigned as ordersincertae sedisin Dothideomycetes, and 41 families are treated as familiesincertae sedisdue to lack of molecular or morphological evidence. The new order, Catinellales, and four new families,Catinellaceae,Morenoinaceae NeobuelliellaceaeandThyrinulaceaeare introduced. Seven genera (Neobuelliella,Pseudomicrothyrium,Flagellostrigula,Swinscowia,Macroconstrictolumina,Pseudobogoriella, andSchummia) are introduced. Seven new species (Acrospermum urticae,Bogoriella complexoluminata,Dothiorella ostryae,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Macroconstrictolumina megalateralis,Patellaria microspora, andPseudomicrothyrium thailandicum) are introduced base on morphology and phylogeny, together with two new records/reports and five new collections from different families. Ninety new combinations are also provided in this paper.

The humid tropical and subtropical forests in South China harbour a rich diversity of crustose lichens. As a result of taxonomic studies of Anisomeridium, two species new to science are described. Comparisons and discussions with similar species are given. In addition, a key to the species of Anisomeridium in China is also provided.

The class Dothideomycetes is the largest and most ecologically diverse class of fungi, comprising endophytes, epiphytes, saprobes, human and plant pathogens, lichens, and lichenicolous, nematode trapping and rock-inhabiting taxa. Members of this class are mainly characterized by bitunicate asci with fissitunicate dehiscence, and occur on broad range of hosts in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Since the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013, numerous novel species, genera, families and orders have been discovered. This has expanded information which has led to the modern classification in Dothideomycetes. In this paper, we provide a refined updated document on families of Dothideomycetes with emphasis on Dothideomycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae. We accept three orders with 25 families and four orders with 94 families in Dothideomycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae, respectively. The new family Paralophiostomataceae is introduced in Pleosporales. Each family is provided with an updated description, notes, including figures to represent the morphology, list of accepted genera, and economic and ecological significances. We also provide an overall phylogenetic tree of families in Dothideomycetes based on combined analysis of LSU, SSU, rpb-2 and tefl sequence data, and phylogenetic trees for each order in Dothideomycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae. Family-level trees are provided for the families which include several genera such as Mycosphaerellaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae. Two new genera (Ligninsphaeriopsis and Paralophiostoma) are introduced. Five new species (Biatrisopora borsei, Comoclathris galatellae, Ligninsphaeriopsis thailandica, Paralophiostoma hysterioides and Torula thailandica) are introduced based on morphology and phylogeny, together with nine new reports and seven new collections from different families.

During a study of the genus Mazosia in China, a new species, named here M. weii, was found. Its position was found to be supported by molecular data of the mtSSU and nuLSU markers. The new species is characterized by a pilose thallus with brown verrucae and 3-septate ascospores measuring 22.5–35 × 4–6.25 µm. The morphological, anatomical and chemical characteristics are described in detail and a key to Mazosia with pilose thalli is added.

Phylogenetic analysis of some foliicolous lichens collected in Hainan Province, China, revealed a new lineage morphologically similar to Porina but phylogenetically related to Strigulaceae (Dothideomycetes), differing from the latter in ascus type. The monospecific genus Tenuitholiascus gen. nov. is introduced for the single species, T. porinoides sp. nov., which is placed in the new, monogeneric family Tenuitholiascaceae, sister to Strigulaceae in Strigulales. The new taxon closely resembles the genus Porina in external morphology and ascospore type, as well as the thin-walled asci and unbranched paraphyses. Yet, it is entirely unrelated to the latter, which belongs in class Lecanoromycetes in the order Gyalectales.

Strigulasensu lato has been previously defined based on phenotype characters as a rather broad genus including tropical to temperate species growing on a wide array of substrata. In this study, based on a multilocus phylogenetic approach, we show that foliicolous species form six well-delimited clades that correlate with diagnostic phenotype features, including thallus morphology, carbonization of the involucrellum and excipulum, ascospore dimensions, and type of macroconidia. Given the topology, with five of the six clades emerging on long stem branches, and the strong phenotypical differentiation between the clades, we recognize these at the genus level, making mostly use of previously established genus names. Four genera, namelyPhylloporis,Puiggariella,Raciborskiella, andRacoplaca, are resurrected for theS. phyllogena,S. nemathora,S. janeirensis, andS. subtilissimagroups, respectively, whereas one new genus,Serusiauxiellagen. nov., is introduced for a novel lineage with peculiar macroconidia. The only sequenced non-foliicolous species,S. jamesii, is not closely related to these six foliicolous lineages but clusters withFlavobatheliumandPhyllobathelium, revealing it as an additional undescribed genus-level lineage being treated elsewhere. Within the new genusSerusiauxiella, three new species are described:Serusiauxiella filiferasp. nov.,S. flagellatasp. nov., andS. sinensissp. nov. In addition, ten new combinations are proposed:Phylloporis austropunctatacomb. nov.,P. radiatacomb. nov.,P. vulgariscomb. nov.,Puiggariella confluenscomb. et stat. nov.,P. nemathoracomb. nov.,P. nigrocinctacomb. nov.,Racoplaca maculatacomb. nov.,R. melanobaphacomb. nov.,R. transversoundulata, andR. tremenscomb. nov. We also report on a peculiar, previously unrecognized growth behaviour of the macroconidial appendages inStrigulas.lat.

Strigula has traditionally been circumscribed based on morphology, but species delimitation in the genus generally lacks comprehensive analyses. Molecular approach has now been applied to foliicolous material of the genus from tropical areas in China. On the basis of combined phenotype and genotype, Strigula univelbiserialis is described as a new species and Strigula delicata, S. janeirensis are reported as two new records in China.

Taraxasterol is an effective component of dandelion that has anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro. The present study was performed to explore whether taraxasterol exhibits a protective effect against rheumatoid arthritis through the modulation of inflammatory responses in mice. Eight-week-old CCR9-deficient mice were injected with a collagen II monoclonal antibody cocktail to create a rheumatoid arthritis model. In the experimental group, arthritic model mice were treated with 10 mg/kg taraxasterol once per day for 5 days. Treatment with taraxasterol significantly increased the pain thresholds and reduced the clinical arthritic scores of the mice in the experimental group compared with those of the model group. Furthermore, treatment with taraxasterol significantly suppressed tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and nuclear factor-κB protein expression levels compared with those in the rheumatoid arthritis model mice. Taraxasterol treatment also significantly reduced nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 and cyclooxygenase-2 levels compared with those in the rheumatoid arthritis model group. These observations indicate that the protective effect of taraxasterol against rheumatoid arthritis is mediated via the modulation of inflammatory responses in mice.

Phylogenetic analysis of some foliicolous lichens collected in Hainan Province, China, revealed a new lineage morphologically similar to Porina but phylogenetically related to Strigulaceae (Dothideomycetes), differing from the latter in ascus type. The monospecific genus Tenuitholiascus gen. nov. is introduced for the single species, T. porinoides sp. nov., which is placed in the new, monogeneric family Tenuitholiascaceae, sister to Strigulaceae in Strigulales. The new taxon closely resembles the genus Porina in external morphology and ascospore type, as well as the thin-walled asci and unbranched paraphyses. Yet, it is entirely unrelated to the latter, which belongs in class Lecanoromycetes in the order Gyalectales.

Hierarchically porous silica with mesopore and zeolitic micropore was synthesized via pseudomorphic crystallization under high-temperature hydrothermal treatment in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium tosylate and tetrapropylammonium ions. A combined characterization using small-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and elemental analysis showed that dual templates, CTA+ and TPA+ molecules, can work in a cooperative manner to synthesize mesoporous zeolite in a one-pot system by precisely tuning the reaction conditions, such as reaction time and temperature, and type and amount of heterometal atoms. It is found that the presence of Ti precursor is critical to the successful synthesis of such nanostructure. It not only retards the nucleation and growth of crystalline MFI domains, but also acts as nano-binder or nano-glue to favor the assembly of zeolite nanoblocks.

The synthesis of highly uniform mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSNs) with dendritic pore channels, particularly ones with particle sizes below 200 nm, is extremely difficult and remains a grand challenge. By a combined synthetic strategy using imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) with different alkyl lengths as cosurfactants and Pluronic F127 nonionic surfactants as inhibitors of particle growth, the preparation of dendritic MSNs with controlled diameter between 40 and 300 nm was successfully realized. An investigation of dendritic MSNs using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nitrogen physisorption revealed that the synthesis of dendritic MSNs at larger size (100-300 nm) strongly depends on the alkyl lengths of cationic imidazolium ILs; while the average size of dendritic MSNs can be controlled within the range of 40-100 nm by varying the amount of Pluronic F127. The Au@MSNs can be used as a catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol by NaBH4 into 4-aminophenol and exhibit excellent catalytic performance. The present discovery of the extended synthesis conditions offers reproducible, facile, and large-scale synthesis of the monodisperse spherical MSNs with precise size control and, thus, has vast prospects for future applications of ultrafine mesostructured nanoparticle materials in catalysis and biomedicine.

Strigula has traditionally been circumscribed based on morphology, but species delimitation in the genus generally lacks comprehensive analyses. A molecular approach has now been applied to foliicolous material of the genus from tropical areas in China. On the basis of combined phenotyic and genotypic data, two new species are described from southern China: S. acuticonidiarum and S. guangxiensis.

In this paper a novel filter structure which can be used to find the zero point of the sensorless back-emf of BLDC is proposed. The back-emf amplifier circuit applied this structure is a kind of analog and digital mixed type. It can improved sensorless performance under low speed situation greatly. At last the production and experiments were carried out based on the 100W BLDC driver system. The applicability of the proposed structure was also verified

Researches have been conducted into the technology of data transmission and position detection based on induction radio to realize positioning control in mobile locomotive location, and the locomotives positioning control systems by induction radio have been designed. The principles and methods of induction radio technology are mainly analyzed. The reliable information transmission systems between locomotives and center control room are built, and the mobile locomotive location can be acquired by detecting the phase and amplitude of induced emf. The basic principles of data transmission by induction radio are discussed in this paper. The technology of co-channel interference in data transmission is described, and the hardware circuit of data transmission by induction radio is also provided. The system principle mentioned in this paper is easy, and the design methods are reasonable, which can meet the requirements of positioning control in mobile locomotive location.

APT (Acquisition, Pointing, and Tracking) system of space laser communication adopts compound axis structure; it consists of coarse tracking and fine tracking system. Its response speed and tracking precision mainly rests with the fine tracking system. Traditional PID control algorithm often is used in APT fine tracking system. In order to improve the dynamic performance of the system and decrease the tracking error, optimum control technology was adopted in this paper. On the basis of considering the system dynamic performance requirements and tracking precision requirement, optimum controller was designed. The simulation result shows that the bandwidth of APT fine tracking system is up to 1310 Hz, and the stable state error is less than 0.002. Compared with PID control, optimum control can improve the tracking performance of system.

Electrically heated boiler is a large inertia, time invariant and nonlinear process. Classical PID control algorithm cannot make the system meet up the needs of performance index. Dynamic matrix control (DMC) predictive control algorithm is adopted to control electrically heated boiler temperature. Simulation result shows that the temperature control system’s overshoot is zero, settling time is 200s, the steady-state error is 9.7574e-006. Compared with PID control, DMC predictive control decreases the overshoot and settling time and improves the system dynamic performance. Aim at disturbance, improved DMC control algorithm is put forward and enhance the system disturbance suppression ability.

To investigate the effect of filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) on blood contents of rheumatoid factor (RF), C reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in active stage, and to appraise the therapeutic effect of DFPP on RA.The changes in contents of blood RF, CRP, ESR before and after DFPP were compared. The treatment was given for 2-3 times, and the activity of RA and the appearance of filtrate plasma were compared before and after the treatment.There were dramatic reductions of the levels of RF, CRP, ESR after single DFPP by 22.55%, 57.08% and 50.48%, respectively, compared with those before the treatment (all P0.001). The color of the filtrate was green in RA in active stage. The cases with dark green filtrate had higher active indexes (pain, tenderness, swelling) and blood contents of CRP and ESR than those with green or yellow-green ones (all P0.001).DFPP can remarkably reduce the level of RF, CRP, ESR of blood. The filtrate of RA in active stage appeared green. There is a relationship between the activity of RA and the color of filtrates.