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Abstract: Ascidians (tunicates) are widely recognized as one of the most prolific producers of bioactive natural products in the marine environment. This present study reviewed the chemical diversity of marine ascidians from the Aplidium genus and their pharmacological applications since Jan 2005. The resources of this genus from China Seas, including the changes of their names in the family Polydinidae were also summarized in this paper. In addition, a concise outlook on their chemical and pharmaceutical investigation is made to support further development.

Conventional storage conditions of erythrocytes cause storage lesions. We propose that hypoxic storage conditions, involving removal of oxygen and replacement with helium, the changes in stored erythrocytes under hypoxic condition were observed and assessed. Erythrocytes were divided into two equal parts, then stored in conventional and hypoxic conditions, separately. Blood gas analysis, hemorheology, and hemolysis were performed once a week. Energy metabolism and membrane damage were monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Phosphatidylserine exposure was measured by flow cytometry. P50 was measured and the oxygen dissociation curve (ODC) plotted accordingly. Erythrocyte morphology was observed microscopically. In the 9th week of storage, the hemolysis of the hypoxia group was 0.7%; lower (p < .05) than that of the control group and still below the threshold of quality requirements. The dissolved oxygen and pO2 were only 1/4 of that in the control group (p < .01); the adenosine triphosphate, glucose, and lactic acid levels were decreased (p < .05), while the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels were increased relative to that in the control group (p < .01). There were no statistically significant differences in membrane damage, deformability, and aggregation between the two groups. In addition, the ODC of the two groups was shifted to the left but this difference was not statistically different. Basically similar to the effect of completely anaerobic conditions. Erythrocytes stored under hypoxic conditions could maintain a relatively stable state with a significant decrease in hemolysis, reduction of storage lesions, and an increase in shelf-life.

Cryopreservation can slow down the metabolism and decrease the risk of bacterial contamination. But, chilled platelets (PLTs) show a reduced period in circulation due to the rapid clearance by hepatic cells or spleen macrophages after transfusion. The deleterious changes that PLTs undergo are mainly considered the result of PLT protein variation. However, the basis for proteomic variation of stored PLTs remains poorly understood. Besides count, activation markers (CD62P and Annexin V), and aggregation, we used quantitative mass spectrometry to create the first comprehensive and quantitative human PLT proteome of samples stored at different temperatures (22°C, 10°C and -80°C). We found different conditions caused different platelet storage lesion (PSL). PLT count was decreased no matter at what temperature stored. PLTs viability at low temperature dropped by 21.78% and 11.21%, respectively, as compared 10.26% at room temperature, there were no significant differences between the storage methods. Membrane expression of CD62P gradually increased in all groups especially stored at 22°C up to 40% and 10°C up to 30%. However, exposure of PS on the PLT membrane was below 1% in every group. The PLT proteome showed there were 575 and 454 potential proteins identified by general iTRAQ analysis and phosphorylation iTRAQ a nalysis, respectively, among them, 33 common differentially expressed proteins caused by storage time and 44 caused by storage temperature Especially, membrane-bound proteins (such as FERMT3, STX4, MYL9 and TAGLN2) played key roles in PLT storage lesion. The pathways "Endocytosis", "Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis" and "Regulation of actin cytoskeleton" were affected predominantly by storage time. And the pathways "SNARE interactions in vesicular transport" and "Vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption" were affected by cold storage in our study. Proteomic results can help us to understand PLT biochemistry and physiology and thus unravel the mechanisms of PSL in time and space for more successful PLT transfusion therapy.

Bombay phenotype, H partially deficient non secretor phenotype and Para-Bombay phenotype are rare blood groups with deficiency or absence of H antigen. A 52-year-old female with Chronic suppurative otitis media was referred to our hospital. The primary serologic results of ABO blood typing were discrepant in forward and reverse grouping. Further, the saliva secretion tests, the pedigree studies and the sequence analysis were performed to confirm the rare phenotype. The patient was diagnosed as a variant H-deficient phenotype, secretor (para-bombay). Red cells of the patient have no H antigens, and it’s a very interesting thing that there were two opposite results in the saliva test by using different anti-H. The test showed that H substances were present in the saliva by using anti-H from Libo Biotechnology Co, while which were absent by using anti-H from Shanghai blood center. The patient’s Lewis phenotype was Le (a−b+). Anti-HI was present in the sera of her. The sequence of the ABO gene of the patient was 261delG and 467C>T heterozygote by direct DNA sequencing and was assigned as A102/O01. There were two mutations of the patient’s FUT1, 328G/A and 658C/T, which were identified by DNA sequencing compared with the reference sequence (GenBank, NG_007510.2). In this case, we report a patient with particular H-deficient phenotype, secretor, which showed opposite results in the saliva test by using anti-H from different sources. We suspect that it is a variant of para-Bombay phenotype.

Ting Xu, Qiang Zhang, Ya-han Fan, Ru-qing Li, Hua Lu, Shu-ming Zhao, Tian-lun Jiang Department of Transfusion Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China Background: Accurate and reliable blood grouping is essential for safe blood transfusion. However, conventional methods are qualitative and use only single-antigen detection. We overcame these limitations by developing a simple, quantitative, and multiplexed detection method for blood grouping using quantum dots (QDs) and magnetic beads.Methods: In the QD fluorescence assay (QFA), blood group A and B antigens were quantified using QD labeling and magnetic beads, and the blood groups were identified according to the R value (the value was calculated with the fluorescence intensity from dual QD labeling) of A and B antigens. The optimized performance of QFA was established by blood typing 791 clinical samples.Results: Quantitative and multiplexed detection for blood group antigens can be completed within 35 min with more than 105 red blood cells. When conditions are optimized, the assay performance is satisfactory for weak samples. The coefficients of variation between and within days were less than 10% and the reproducibility was good. The ABO blood groups of 791 clinical samples were identified by QFA, and the accuracy obtained was 100% compared with the tube test. Receiver-operating characteristic curves revealed that the QFA has high sensitivity and specificity toward clinical samples, and the cutoff points of the R value of A and B antigens were 1.483 and 1.576, respectively.Conclusion: In this study, we reported a novel quantitative and multiplexed method for the identification of ABO blood groups and presented an effective alternative for quantitative blood typing. This method can be used as an effective tool to improve blood typing and further guarantee clinical transfusion safety. Keywords: blood typing, quantum dots, magnetic beads, blood group antigens, fluorescence detection

Objective To deliver multiple component drugs to colon site and sustain a synchronous release for better therapeutic effect. For achieving this purpose, colon specific pellet containing total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides (TASA) was prepared. Methods The pellet was prepared by extrasion-spheronizing and subsequently coated with three layers of two polymers. Results The pellet core consisted of 40% TASA, 1:2 in ratio of Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP), an enzyme-degradable material, to microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), filler, and 1% CMC-Na solution as binder by optimization. Concerning of the three coated layers, the outer layer was coated with Eudragit RS30D for controlling drug release in colon, the intermediate layer and the inner layer were coated with same polymer, Eudragit S100, for preventing drug release in upper gastrointestinal tract, which required 23.2%, 21.7%, and 9.3% weigh gain, respectively. The coated pellets released 1.20% of sophoridine and 1.98% of matrine in media mimicking the stomach condition for 2 h, and 23.88% of sophoridine and 22.91% of matrine in media mimicking the intestine for 3 h and finally 90.25% of sophoridine and 89.94% of matrine in colonic conditions within 24 h. And the similarity factor f of sophoridine and matrine of release curve for investigated formulation was internal in (50–100) and > 80, demonstrating that sophoridine and matrine in formulation achieved a synchronous release. Conclusion The coated pellets achieve a certain colon-specific release and synchronous release.

Ecological considerations in urban planning stem mostly from the recent sustainable development requirements. In current urban planning, ecological considerations rarely take ecological network structure into account, which often leads to severe landscape fragmentation, poor patch connectivity and serious threats to urban ecological systems. Improving patch connectivity through ecological networks, a minimum cost distance model was proposed for constructing urban ecological corridors and networks and the established urban ecological networks was optimized by setting up foot stones and source points. The establishment of ecological network of Tianjin City was taken as an example. The importance of ecological corridors was further obtained by gravity model. The results showed that the optimized urban ecological network greatly improved on aspects of the city’s corridor connectivity and network closure.

A novel micro-machined out-of-plane resonant accelerometer with a differential structure is presented. The micro-machined accelerometer consists of two identical torsional structures with asymmetric mass distribution, torsion beam and two different-height resonant beams. Due to the asymmetric mass distribution, the two mirror-symmetrical-placed torsional structures turn an angle under an out-of-plane acceleration, which makes the different-height resonant beam connected to the structures bear different axial stresses, outputting a differential resonant frequency shift. A multi-layer mask etching process based on silicon-on-glass micro-machined technology was employed to fabricate the differential structure and the different-height resonant beams. Primary experiment shows the differential sensitivity of out-of-plane acceleration is 32Hz/g at the resonant frequency of 21.41 kHz.

Background The high prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) is causing serious harm to human health worldwide. The aim of this research was to assess the prevalence and influencing factors of TTIs in Southwest China. Methods A retrospective study of blood donor records from January 2008 to December 2015 was conducted. All samples were screened for HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis. The donor's data was recorded and analyzed statistically using SPSS software. Results We revealed that the prevalence of TTIs showed a decreasing trend from 2.39 to 1.98%, and this was slightly lower than that in other regions of China. Syphilis infection was the most serious issue among blood donors in Southwest China, which demonstrated a significantly higher rate than that in other areas of China. The high infection rate of the female and farmer groups in rural regions is worth noting. The logistic regression model showed that age, occupation and donor category was the influential factors for TTIs. Conclusions The overall prevalence of TTIs demonstrated a decreasing trend from 2008 to 2015 in Southwest China, but there is still a sufficient threat to blood safety, and more efforts are needed to further guarantee blood safety in China.

Background The induction of hematopoietic stem cells to produce mass numbers of platelets (PLTs) in vitro is an effective method to address a lack of PLTs and PLT transfusion resistance in the clinic. However, the design of a low-cost and sustainable culture system is currently problematic. Study Design and Methods Here, the thrombopoietin, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-11 genes, three regulatory factors important for thrombopoiesis, were used to construct self-splicing fusion genes linked by foot and mouth disease (F2A) and Theiler's murine encephalitis (T2A) viruses. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) transduced with the fusion gene acted as nourishing cells and induced cord blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) to generate PLTs in vitro. We counted these cells; determined the percentage of cells expressing specific cell surface markers (CD41); and measured their ability to aggregate via flow cytometry, immunohistochemical staining, and aggregation remote analyzer. Results BMSCs transduced with the fusion gene successfully induced cord blood MNCs to generate PLT-sized fragments in the absence of exogenous cytokines. The output was higher than that of the control groups, and the PLT-sized fragments were similar to endogenous PLTs in terms of shape, CD41 expression, and aggregation function. Conclusion These results suggest that our method could be used to develop a low-cost sustainable cultivation system that generates PLTs in vitro by enhancing the autocrine production of related cytokines through the nourishment provided by cells transduced with a syncretic gene.

The rationale of waterfront planning is an important issue for construction and usage. However, little attention had been given to the prediction of implementation effects and planning optimization using computational fluid mechanics. This resulted in many inharmonious problems after implementation. In this paper, the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Computer Code (EFDC) was applied and, for the first time, demonstrated successful waterfront planning. The quantitative prediction of the implementation effects and an improvement in planning feasibility were achieved. Using the Tianjin Harbor Economic Zone as an example, the planning was evaluated with regard to function, geometry, landscape, vegetation growth and water exchange. Waterfront plan was optimized based on the simulated results. Numerical results showed that the optimal plan met the planning requirements and was feasible. The present study proposed a predictive method for planning selection and optimization.

Green building is the core topic of human habitat construction. A comprehensive index of wind environment is proposed to evaluate the quality of wind environment of green buildings. Five evaluation indices are extracted from the regulatory requirements of green building and the local meteorological wind field is considered in the comprehensive index of wind environment. The five evaluation indices are calculated by the computational fluid mechanics software FLUENT with the RNG k−ɛ turbulence model under the condition of different wind directions. The weight of five evaluation indices is determined by the analytic hierarchy process. The wind environment of an urban community is evaluated by the proposed comprehensive index in four seasons. The proposed comprehensive index is favourable to evaluating the quality of green building and optimizing the shape and arrangement of buildings.

Background. The use of plasma frozen within 24 hrs is likely to increase. Whole blood (WB) and buffy coats (BCs) can be held for a few hrs or overnight before processing. Methods. Twenty-four bags of WB for plasma and 12 bags for platelet (PLT) concentrates were collected. The fresh frozen plasma (FFP) was prepared within 6 hrs. I-FP24 and II-FP24 samples were prepared either from leukodepleted WB that was held overnight or from WB that was held overnight before leukodepletion. The PLT concentrates (PCs) were prepared from BCs within 6 hrs (PC1) and within 18 to 24 hrs (PC2). The typical coagulation factors and some biochemical parameters were determined. Results. Compared to the FFP samples, the levels of FVII and FVIII in the I-FP24 and II-FP24 samples decreased significantly. The pH, Na+, LDH, and FHb levels differed significantly between II-FP24 and FFP. Compared to PC1, PC2 exhibited lower pH, pO2, and Na+ levels, a higher PLT count, and increased pCO2, K+, Lac, and CD62P expression levels. Conclusion. FP24 is best prepared from WB that was stored overnight at 4°C and then leukodepleted and separated within 24 hrs. PCs are best produced from BCs derived from WB that was held overnight at room temperature.

A rapid casting method for complex parts is presented. In this method, casting moulds with complex cavity are manufactured by self-created rapid prototyping approach which called Selected Laser Partitioning for Prototyping. After surface coating treatment for moulds, complex parts are obtained by centrifugal casting. As application cases, metal impeller was casted by this method. A self-developed five-axis coordinate measurement machine was used to process the surface measuring of impeller. The Dimension accuracy grade of impeller is CT-3 and the surface roughness is Ra 6.3µm through making comparisons directly between CAD model and point cloud data of impeller surface. The result shows that this rapid casting method which has the characters of simple technology and low production cost reaches the level of precision casting.

Boundary separation Approaching Rapid Casting is present. In this method, the 3-D CAD model of casting mould is sliced with certain thickness, and the 2-D profile of every slice is converted into the NC code automatically by computer. For case study, taking coated sand as material, casting moulds of propeller was made rapidly by self-developed laser rapid prototyping system. The casting test showed that this method can produce good quality parts. Boundary separation Approaching Rapid Casting with the characteristics of high production efficiency can cast products with complex cured surfaces in multi-variety and small batch, and it is a great significance in reducing the cost and shortening the cycle of new products development.

An integrated digital routine is applied in the near net shape manufacturing of marine propeller. Firstly, the 3D CAD file of propeller is created by parametric modeling. Secondly, the propeller casting process is simulated using CAE software, through which an optimized casting scheme is obtained. Thirdly, fabricates the mold using laser rapid prototyping and cast the metal propeller. Finally, evaluate the casting precision performance. CAD, CAE and CAM are integrated in this process. The dimensional accuracy of the final piece is controlled within 1mm and its surface roughness achieves Ra 6.3μm. The result shows that the pattern-less casting of propeller can be achieved by this method, reducing cost and performing high accuracy.

Diverse Streptococcus species including Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Sanguis, Gordonii, Mitis and Mutans cause life-threatening conditions including pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis. These diseases bear a high morbidity and mortality and for this reason, understanding the key events in the pathogenesis of these infections have a great significance in their prevention and/or treatment. Here, we describe as how the activation of the platelets and their affinity to bind to bacterial proteins act as early key events in the pathogenesis of Streptococcal infections.

Trehalose is widely used as a cryoprotective reagent to preserve various cells. Platelet additive solution-III (PAS) has been used to maintain platelet function, benefit the virus inactivation, and extend the storage period. PAS with trehalose (PAS-III M + T) may effectively protect platelets (PLTs) at a relatively low temperature (10 °C). The apheresis PLTs from six donors were divided into two groups. Group A was stored in PAS-III M + T at 10 °C as experimental group and group B in plasma at 22 °C as control group. The samples were collected on different storage dates, and multiple parameters were determined or investigated for in vitro studies. The in vivo recovery and survival of rabbit PLTs stored in the same conditions, and then labeled with (51)Cr were measured and evaluated using a rabbit model of thrombocytopenia. Over 9 days, P-selectin expression increased significantly in a time-dependent manner in both groups (n = 6). The levels of the hypotonic shock reaction and PLT aggregation rate decreased in both groups and were significantly higher in group A than B after 1 day of storage. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and glucose (GLU) consumption increased similarly, but the levels were significantly lower in group A than B. The pH decreased significantly after 5 days of storage in group B but did not change in group A. After 5 days, the morphology of the PLTs in group B maintained a more normal shape than that of group A. The recovery and survival of PLTs stored in both groups were not significantly different (p 0.05). The bacteria growth was not examined out in both groups for up to 5 (group A) and 9 (group B) days. Storage of PLTs in the modified PAS at low temperature was more effective in protecting PLT functions than that of standard storage method and may have the potential to decrease the risk of PLT activation and bacterial contamination.

Five purine and carboline alkaloids were isolated from the methanol extract of the ascidian Symplegma oceania. Classic chromatographies including preparative HPLC were used for isolation and purification of the compounds. The structures were established as 6-methoxy-7-methyl-8-oxoguanine (1), 2-methylimino-3-methyl-6-methylamino- 9H-purine (2), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-betacarboline (3), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-methyl-beta-carboline (4) and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (5) by comparison the spectroscopic data (MS, 1H, 13C-NMR) with those reported in the literatures. Compounds 2-5 were reported from the the genus Symplegma for the first time. The purine and carboline were the major alkaloid types of S. oceania.

The situation of China suburbs soil pollution is becoming severe with the rapid development of economy and high strength of human activity. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of soil pollution and the existing restoration technology, the ecological restoration technologies being accordant with the status of suburbs development are carefully picked out. The selection principle of ecological restoration technologies is proposed and it is proved to be very helpful for choice of optimal technology in practical soil ecological restoration project.

With the rapid development of metropolis, the surface water pollution in china suburban is attracted much more attention. In this paper, the ecological restoration technologies, which are accordant with the status of suburbs development, are carefully picked out. After the key characteristics of them are evaluated, the selection method of ecological restoration technologies is proposed. The selection method is proved to be very important and helpful for choosing a proper technology in practical application.

To study the effect of taurine (Tau) on rabbit cardiomyocyte apoptosis during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.Rabbit heart I/R injury was induced by occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery for 45 min and reperfusion for 180 min. taurine (200 mg/kg) was intravenously injected 5 min before heart ischemia. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was measured by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase--mediated dUTP nick end labeling method (TUNEL), flow cytometry (FCM) and DNA agarose gel electrophoresis.DNA ladder pattern of DNA in myocardium was revealed by agarose gel electrophoresis in I/R group while was not found in Tau + I/R group. Apoptotic cardiomyocytes were sparse within ischemic myocardium at risk in Tau + I/ R group as compared with that in I/R group (TUNEL stain). Apoptosis rate in ischemic myocardium from I/R and Tau + I/R groups detected by flow cytometry was 17.66% +/- 1.54% and 4.86% +/- 1.23%, respectively. Fas and Bax protein expressions in ischemic myocardium of I/R group were higher than that in nonischemic myocardium group (P0.01), Bcl-2/Bax ratio in I/R group was lower than that in nonischemic myocardium (P0.01); while in Tau + I/R group, Fas and Bax protein expressions were lower than that in I/R group (P0.01), the Bcl-2/Bax ratio was higher than that in I/R group (P0.01).Taurine reduced apoptosis of myocytes in I/R rabbit heart; its mechanism may involve Fas, Bax and Bcl-2 proteins expression.

The aim of study was to evaluate the function of modified platelet additive solution (PAS-IIIM) with trehalose as a substitute of plasma for the storage of platelet concentrates at low temperature (10 degrees C). Apheresis platelets from 6 donors were divided and added with different media (group A: 100% plasma; group B: 70% PAS-IIIM/30% plasma; group C: 100% plasma/trehalose). Groups A, B, C were stored at 10 degrees C, 22 degrees C and -85 degrees C separately. In addition, group D (platelet concentrates stored with 100% plasma at 4 degrees C) was set up as control group for scan electronmicroscopy. The samples of each platelets were collected on day 0, 1, 5, 7 and 9 after storage respectively, while samples of platelets stored at -85 degrees C (group C) were collected on day 20 after storage. CD62p, hypotonic shock response (HSR), platelet aggregation, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and morphology of platelets were evaluated. The results showed that the expressions of CD62p in groups A and B increased in a time-dependent manner, but HSR and platelet aggregations decreased. The expression of CD62p, LDH release, and platelet aggregation in group A were significant higher than that in group B (p0.05). HSR in group A was significant lower than that in group B (p0.05). LDH release was significant high in samples of group C and the expression of CD62p was lower than that in other two groups (p0.05). It is concluded that the protective effects of 70% PAS-IIIM/30% plasma (10 degrees C) and plasma platelets (22 degrees C) on morphology of platelets are similar, but better than those of plasma platelets (4 degrees C) and plasma/trehalose (-85 degrees C). In short, PAS-IIIM serves as a good substitute of plasma for platelet storage, and protects the chilled platelets.

Blood donor recruitment models have changed from paid donors to employer-organized donors and to voluntary donors in China. Reports on the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among voluntary blood donors in China have been rarely found at present. The prevalence of anti-HCV and genotypes among the first-time voluntary blood donors was investigated in Chongqing area of China. A total of 13,620 serum samples were collected from the first-time voluntary blood donors in Chongqing, China. Anti-HCV antibody was tested by ELISA. The Core/E2 region of HCV RNA from HCV seropositive samples was amplified by RT-PCR for genotyping. The results indicated that the prevalence of anti-HCV averaged 0.49% (67/13,620), and the highest rate (0.86%) was obtained in the group aged 40 to 49. A higher prevalence was observed among the more educated donors, and metropolitan donors. The ratios of following genotypes 1b, 2a, 3a and 3b were 4 (18%), 5 (23%), 9 (41%) and 4 (18%) in all the 22 samples respectively. Genotype 3 (3a and 3b) was the predominant genotype. In conclusion, the prevalence of anti-HCV was low among the population of voluntary blood donors in Chonqing area. The genotyping results showed the possibility of presence of druggies among the voluntary blood donors. Therefore, more attention should be paid to exclude those high-risk persons from the volunteers.

To investigate the changes of free hemoglobin (FHb) content after mixing type B whole blood with different amounts of type O whole blood at room temperature and at 37 degrees C, two lots of type B whole blood stored at 4 degrees C for 24 hours were randomly taken as recipient blood, and were packed as 60 ml respectively. Type O blood was taken as donor blood. 60 ml type B whole bloods were mixed with different amounts of type O whole blood, i.e. with 9, 12, 15 and 18 ml. The mixed blood was packed into 100 ml plastic blood bags and stored at 37 degrees C or room temperature, shaken once every 15 minutes. Free hemoglobin content was determined for the harvested samples at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 hours after store. The results showed that there was no significant elevation of FHb within 12 hours after mixing B whole blood with different amounts of type O whole blood. In another lot, there was obvious difference in FHb after 1 hour store along with the prolongation of store at either room temperature or 37 degrees C. In one lot, there was no difference of FHb (P0.05) during 1 - 8 hours of store at room temperature or 37 degrees C, but significant difference at 12 hours of store (P0.001). In another lot, there was no difference of FHb (P0.05) within 1 hour of store at room temperature and at 37 degrees C, but significant difference during 2 approximately 8 hours of store (P0.001). It is concluded that the FHb would not change significantly within 12 hours after type B blood was mixed with 1 200 ml of type O whole blood, but when the mixed blood was placed at room temperature or at 37 degrees C for 8 hours, the FHb content approaches, even exceeds 170.4 mg/L which was observed in the blood stored for 2 days. It suggests that freshly collected blood must be put into refrigerator of 2 approximately 4 degrees C for storing as soon as possible, so as to decrease the catabolism of erythrocyte and the releasing of FHb and other metabolites which are deleterious to the recipients.

The study was to investigate the hemorheologyic changes of group A blood recipient transfused with large amounts of group O whole blood, by erythrocyte count, sympexis index, erythrocyte deformation index, erythrocyte rigid index and whole blood reduced viscosity, 60 ml of group A whole blood were added with 9, 12, 15 and 18 ml of group O whole blood (which corresponds to the 4 000 ml whole blood added with 600, 800, 1 000 and 1 200 ml whole blood). The mixed blood was incubated at 37 degrees C with mixing at 80 times per minute. Samples were taken from the mixed blood at 30 minutes, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after culture, and the hemorheology of the mixed whole blood was determined by FASCO-series type 3020B automatic rheograph apparatus. The results showed that there were no differences of erythrocyte count, sympexis index, erythrocyte deformation index, erythrocyte rigid index and whole blood reduced viscosity among all different kinds of mixed whole blood, and there was no difference of sympexis index at different times, but there were obvious differences of erythrocyte count, erythrocyte deformation index, erythrocyte rigid index and whole blood reduced viscosity. It is concluded that blood transfusion of 1,200 ml group O whole blood to a recipient with 50 kg of body weight but with different blood type in emergent situation may exert no harm to the erythrocytes of recipient in a short term.

Anti-H antibody belongs to IgM type cold antibody, which often induces the unconformity of positive and reverse typing and leads to the difficulty in clinical blood typing. Anti-H antibody was found during identification of the counter blood group in 3 cases. The antibody was found to be active at 37 degrees C, room temperature and 4 degrees C when determined by blood group serology, and was finally analyzed to be IgM. It is suggested that not to give erythrocytes of O group unreasoningly to blood recipient of AB group during emergent moment, but instead, to give same type of blood. If there was no same type of blood during urgent events, O type erythrocytes could be employed after being matched by saline centrifuging with host side coincidence and screened by incomplete method. In this case, anti-H antibody leading to adverse-reaction in blood transfusion should be prevented.

The specificity of the antigens and length of preservation time of erythrocytes are the interfering factors in blood group serological tests. In order to clarify the influence of preservation time of erythrocytes on the blood matching test, the titers of anti-D antibody were detected with papain method, BioVue cross matching card and DianaGel cross matching card in 7 series of panel red blood cells preserved for various length of time (0 to 9 months). The results showed that the titer of micro-column gel test (DianaGel card) was one tube higher than that of column agglutinating test (BioVue card). The titer of erythrocytes preserved for 9 months was as high as 256 tested by DianaGel card, but it was only 2 by papain method in the same anti-serum. It is suggested that there was no obvious difference between the results of micro-column gel test and column agglutinating test, and titer of papain method was the lowest.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), distributed throughout the world, is classified into seven geographically separated genotypes designated A to G. Since the prevalence of HBV infection in isolated ethnic Tibetan populations in China, and the HBV genotypes involved have been hither to remained unclear, we collected 262 blood samples from four isolated villages in the east and west regions of Tibet. The prevalence of HBV infection was estimated by EIA for HBV Ag and HBV Ab. The HBV genotypes were determined by a PCR-microwell plate hybridization method using plasma DNA. The prevalence of HBV Ag and HBV Ab positives was 19.1% (50/262 cases) and 29.0% (76/262 cases), respectively. We detected only the C genotype (20/20 cases), this being known as a predominant type of HBV among Mongoloid populations in Asia. The results revealed, for the first time, that Tibetan villagers have a high rate of infection with HBV of C genotype, in line with the available data for chronic hepatitis and liver cancer.

The objective was designed to assess the clinical efficiency of preventing febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTR) with transfusion of leukocyte-depleted RBC and platelet concentrates. One hundred patients with cirrhosis of liver, gastric ulcer and cancer were selected to receive RBC concentrates with leukocyte filtration. Another group of 50 patients with liver necrosis, gastric ulcer and cancer were selected to receive non-filtered RBC concentrates. Two hundred and forty patients with acute or chronic leukemia, aplastic anemia, multiple myeloma, thrombocytopenia purpura, diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis of liver, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, severe hepatitis, burn and cancer post radioactive or chemical treatment were divided into two group with 120 patients in each one and selected randomly to receive platelet concentrates. The incidence rates of FNHTR in all patients were investigated. Results showed that there was no FNHTR in 100 transfusions with leukocyte-depleted RBC concentrates. Eight out of 50 patients with non-filtrated RBC concentrates showed FNHTR. The incidence of FNHTR was sixteen (16%) in non-filtrated transfusion. Twenty-five and 7 patients manifested FNHTR respectively in non-filtrated or filtrated platelets transfusions. The incidence of FNHTR was 20.83% and 5.83% respectively in non-filtrated or filtrated platelet transfusion. It is concluded that leukocyte-depleted RBC and platelet concentrates reduces FNH TR in blood transfusion.

Blood transfusion leads to leucocyte-mediated adverse reactions related to the transfusion of leucocytes in allogeneic blood and blood products. The leucocytes are also capable of transmitting virus infection. Leucocyte depletion of homologous blood products can effectively reduce the immunosuppressive effect as well as minimize the likelihood of transmitting virus. Blood component transfusion is generally "buffy-coat-poor", which removes about two thirds of the leucocytes present in whole blood. Using special filters, blood component can be filtrated 99.9% of the leucocytes. Leucocyte-depletion using filter should significantly lessen the leucocyte-mediated transfusion adverse reactions, such as febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions and graft versus host disease. At the same time, leucocyte filtration can decrease the risk of transmitting virus. Otherwise, leucocyte-depletion plays very important role in the treatment of cardiac surgical patients to attenuate leukocyte-mediated inflammation and organ reperfusion injury, the treatment of ulcerative colitis, and the treatment intractable diseases such as autoimmune and neurologic diseases.

The trinuclear cation of the title compound, [Ni(3)(C(2)H(5)N(5))(6)(H(2)O)(6)][SiF(6)](3)·20H(2)O, has the six 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole ligands each bridging two metal atoms; the metal atom in the middle, which lies on a special position (of 32 site symmetry), is connected to six N atoms in an octa-hedral geometry. The other metal atom, which lies on a special position (of 3 site symmetry), is connected to three N atoms and three O atoms. One hexa-fluroridosilicate anion lies on a site of 3 symmetry and the other lies on a site of symmetry. The hexa-cation, dianions and uncoordinated water mol-ecules inter-act through hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional network. One uncoordinated water molecule is disordered, with site occupancy 0.3.