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The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical and radiographical success of ozonoid olive oil as an indirect pulp capping (IPC) agent in primary mandibular second molar when compared to calcium hydroxide and to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of ozonoid olive oil onA split-mouth randomized controlled trial was conducted on 30 primary mandibular second molars in 15 children of age 5-9 years with deep dentinal carious lesion. Teeth were randomly allocated to two groups of 15 each. After achieving local anesthesia and rubber dam isolation, an IPC procedure was performed using ozonoid olive oil in group I and calcium hydroxide in group II. Teeth were evaluated clinically and radiographically at 6 and 12 months of follow-up for success or failure of IPC. The bacterial counts ofThere were no statistically significant differences found between the materials used for IPC (The results of this study showed that the success of IPC is independent of capping material. Ozonoid olive oil, an antimicrobial agent, can also be used for IPC. The success of the IPC procedure depends on a reduction in the bacterial count and sealing of the tooth with hermetic restoration. More clinical studies with a larger sample size and longer follow-up duration are required for understanding the efficacy of this material.Ozonoid olive oil can be used as an IPC agent in primary molars and also for a bacterial reduction in dentinal caries.

Pediatric population experiences a wide array of gingival and periodontal diseases. Studies have shown that gingivitis is almost universally prevalent among pediatric patients. However, lesser attention is given to periodontitis in children owing to the shorter life span of primary dentition. Periodontal assessment must be incorporated into the routine oral examination of the child since prompt diagnosis plays a crucial role in successfully managing periodontal conditions. Severe periodontal disease may also occur among children with concomitant systemic conditions. Therefore, the presence of a destructive periodontal condition may serve as an early indicator of an underlying systemic condition, and the dentist may be the first to notice such a condition. Hence, a thorough medical evaluation should be performed for children exhibiting severe periodontitis, especially for cases that appear resistant to therapy, to determine the systemic causes of the condition. Although at present, there is increased awareness regarding periodontal health and treatment modalities, it is restricted to adults with a negligible focus on children. Intraoral assessment of children is cecentredroundan examination of hard tissues with minimal focus on the health of soft tissue. Hence, this chapter enlightens various gingival and periodontal conditions and the importance of overall health during childhood.&nbsp

Teething is a natural process of eruption of the first deciduous teeth. Over the years, teething has been blamed for a wide array of childhood illnesses. Hippocrates (fourth century B.C) and others observed that teething was associated with fever, convulsions, diarrhea, and inflammation of the gums. The association of teething with infant mortality was popular in medieval times. By the twentieth century, the controversy surrounding teething subsided and the morbid conditions initially associated with teeth in infants were found to have other causes. It is assumed that the inflammatory mediators present in the dental follicle are responsible for the local symptoms of teething. The most frequent signs and symptoms associated with teething are irritability, drooling, decreased appetite, sleeping problems, rhinorrhea, fever, diarrhea, rash, and vomiting.

Objectives Cleft lip and palate is a common congenital anomaly that impairs the aesthetics, speech, hearing, and psychological and social life of an individual. To achieve good aesthetic outcomes, presurgical nasoalveolar molding (NAM) has become important. Currently, the intraoral NAM technique is widely practiced. Numerous modifications have been made to intraoral NAM techniques, but the original problem of compliance leading to discontinuation of treatment remains unsolved. Therefore, the present study compared an extraoral NAM technique with the intraoral NAM technique. Materials and Methods Twenty infants with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate were included and divided into two equal groups. Group A received the intraoral NAM technique, and Group B received the extraoral NAM technique. Pre- and postoperative extraoral and intraoral measurements were recorded. Results Groups A and B did not differ significantly in any extraoral or intraoral parameter. Conclusion The extraoral NAM technique is as effective as the intraoral NAM technique in achieving significant nasal and alveolar changes in com-plete unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. Additionally, it reduces the need for frequent hospital visits for activation and the stress associated with the insertion and removal of the intraoral NAM plate, thereby improving compliance.

The objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the graphics interchange format (GIF) as a self-reporting pain assessment tool in children.In thisBoth scales showed significant differences (The GIF pain scale is a very promising self-report pain assessment tool for children. Further research on improving the GIF pain scale is very important.The newly devised GIF pain scale seems to be a very promising self-report pain scale for effective determination of pain experienced by the patient.

Objectives Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is one of the most common congenital deformities with worldwide prevalence. It causes a range of issues for infants that mainly involve difficulty in feeding due to abnormal oronasal communication. For this purpose, feeding plates are provided to infants to act as an artificial palate to aid in feeding. The most crucial procedure in fabrication of a feeding plate is creation of the impression using the traditional finger technique or impression trays. This preliminary research aims to compare the effectiveness of novel impression trays with that of the traditional finger technique for recording impressions of infants with CLP. Materials and methods This randomized controlled trial was conducted among 30 infants who were divided into two groups based on the method of obtaining impressions: Group I, finger technique; Group II, specialized acrylic tray (cleftray). Results Use of cleftray required less impression time, a reduced amount of material, no incidence of cyanosis/choking in infants, and lower anxiety among doctors compared to the traditional method. Additionally, there was no distortion of cleft impressions, recorded maxillary tuberosity, or other fine details. Therefore, the novel impression tray (cleftray) exhibited superior outcomes in all the parameters compared to the finger technique. Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, we conclude that impression trays are superior to the traditional finger, spoon, or ice cream stick methods of creating impressions of CLP. However, it is necessary to conduct more clinical trials on a larger population based on other parameters to compare the effectiveness of the two techniques to draw definitive conclusions.

Background: Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is one of the worst pandemics known to mankind. It affects all the age groups but children present with milder symptoms and may also be asymptomatic. In the current scenario paediatric dentists pose high risk of the disease due to close contact with not just children but also with their parents. Additionally, majority of paediatric dental procedures advocate the use of handpiece which generates immense aerosol increasing the transmission risk by manifold. Objective: This review aims to highlight the transmission of COVID-19 in dental setting, its impact on paediatric dental setting and dental education and the new normal of paediatric dental practice. Modification in Dental Practice: With health authorities predicting that the novel coronavirus may become an endemic in the community, it necessitates modification in dental practice to adapt to the new normal. It requires modification in behaviour management techniques, tele-triaging of patients, stringent infection control, minimising AGPs and replacing them with minimally invasive techniques along with use of adequate isolation. The ongoing pandemic has also severely impacted the dental education therefore advocating modifications in the same with the advent of online teaching and webinars. Conclusion: Paediatric dentists are at high risk of acquiring the infection, hence it is the need of the hour to adapt to the new normal of practice at the earliest. We are an important part of the community; hence it is our foremost duty to contain the spread of this virus and not act as an aid in its transmission.

Aim and objective Mouth breathing is one of the most common deleterious habits prevalent in children which leads to various skeletal and dental malocclusions. Due to the close relationship between nasal and nasopharyngeal cavity volume and maxilla, transverse maxillary deficiency causes reduced nasal and nasopharyngeal cavity volume leading to mouth breathing. Therefore, knowledge of average nasal and nasopharyngeal cavity volume is essential to accurately diagnose mouth breathing and to evaluate underlying causative factors. Materials and methods Cone-beam computed tomographic scans of 60 children were taken and nasal cavity and nasopharyngeal volumes were calculated using Planmeca Romexis 5.2.0.R software. Average volumes were computed using predetermined landmarks and compared among gender. Results The nasal cavity and nasopharyngeal volume showed significant differences among the gender (p value < 0.001 and 0.018, respectively). Conclusion and clinical significance Knowledge of the average nasal and nasopharyngeal cavity volumes can be a useful diagnostic aid for mouth breathing patients and also assess the causative factors and treatment outcomes in these patients. How to cite this article Kalaskar R, Balasubramanian S, Kalaskar A. Evaluation of the Average Nasal and Nasopharyngeal Volume in 10–13-year-old Children: A Preliminary CBCT Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(2):187–191.

This systematic review aimed to answer the following focused question: Is ozone therapy more effective in reducing microbial count as compared to conventional methods in deep dentinal carious lesion?The purpose of this systematic review was to perform a review on the effectiveness of ozone therapy in reduction of microbial count in deep dentinal carious lesion. Study eligibility criteria, participants, and interventions: The inclusion criteria comprised studies that compared effect on microbial count in deep dentinal carious lesion after treatments with ozone and other disinfectants in primary or permanent teeth in randomized clinical trials.This review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRIMSA) guidelines. The searched databases included Medline (via PubMed), Cochrane, and Google scholar. Articles published until 29 February 2020 without year restriction but only in English language were included.The search resulted in 359 published studies. After removal of duplicate studies and full-text analysis, seven studies were selected. Overall, the results demonstrated the promising effects of ozone therapy in reduction of microbial count as compared to other disinfectant.Within the limitations of this review, it can be asserted that the ozone therapy is effective in reduction of microbial count in deep dentinal carious lesion.Ozone therapy can be a useful tool to reduce the microorganisms in deep dentinal carious lesion.Badhe H, Kalaskar R, Balasubramanian S

Background Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of fiber-reinforced composite space maintainer (FRCSM) and band and loop space maintainer (BLSM) in a pediatric patient. Materials and methods Eligibility criteria: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were conducted on 3–12-year-old children who received FRCSM and BLSM. Information sources: Literature search of electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar for the time period of 2000 to October 2020. Risk of bias: Cochrane collaboration's risk of bias tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Results Included studies: The search resulted in 147 published studies. After the removal of duplicate studies and full-text analysis, eight studies were selected. Synthesis of results: Fiber-reinforced composite restoration (FRCSM) was judged to be good for short-term space maintenance with good esthetics, less time-consuming, and good patient and parental acceptance. Meta-analysis was done for failure rate at 6 months and 12 months. After 6 months, the FRCSM group showed less failure, with a risk ratio of 0.83 (95% CI = 0.47–1.49; Z value = 0.61). However, after 12 months, the FRCSM group showed more failure, with a risk ratio of 1.30 (95% CI = 0.04–4.23; Z value = 0.44). Description of the effect: FRCSM performed better than BLSM for a short-term, i.e., around 6 months but after 12 months of space maintainer placement BLSM performed better than the FRCSM. Discussion Strengths and limitations of evidence: The strength of this systematic review is its complete adherence to the PRISMA statement 2009. This review attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of FRCSM when compared with BLSM which has not been evaluated before. Additionally, only RCTs were included in this review adding to its validity. This review also included a meta-analysis that compared the failure rate at the 6th and 12th month. The main shortcoming of this systematic review is the limited number of databases searched and the limited number of existing studies. Interpretation: Within the limitations of this review, it can be stated that the FRCSM is an effective space maintainer for short-term space maintenance. However, it is necessary to conduct more RCTs with larger sample size, preferably using a split-mouth design to improve the longevity of FRCSM. Additionally, it is also necessary to standardize the technique of fabrication of FRCSM since an existing study showed high heterogeneity in the technique of fabrication. Other Funding: None. Registration: The protocol of this systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (ID-CRD42020165831). How to cite this article Kamki H, Kalaskar R, Balasubramanian S, et al. Clinical Effectiveness of fiber-reinforced Composite Space Maintainer and Band and Loop Space Maintainer in a Pediatric Patient: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(S-1):S82–S93.

Blandin and Nuhn glands are the mixed type of minor salivary glands located on the anterior ventral surface of the tongue. Mucoceles are rarely associated with Blandin and Nuhn gland. Out of 400 mucoceles reviewed by Harrison, only 9 arose on the tongue. Its differential diagnosis ranges from soft-tissue abscess to pyogenic granuloma, oral hemangioma, lymphangioma, lipoma, and squamous papilloma. This is a rare case report emphasizing the laser ablation of Blandin and Nuhn mucocele. The diagnosis of Blandin and Nuhn mucocele was made based on its anatomical site, size, flaccid nature, and frequent change in size characteristically increasing after consumption of food. Laser ablation was opted for the excision because it enables minimal bleeding, scarring, postoperative discomfort, and low recurrence compared to the conventional surgical excision. Histopathological examination revealed extravasation type of mucocele, suggesting that trauma may be the initiating factor.

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread like wildfire across the globe affecting all the age-groups. Children usually present with mild symptoms or may even remain asymptomatic. Due to the asymptomatic presentation, they may act as silent carriers and aid in the spread of infection, hence prompting greater vigilance. Therefore, it becomes imperative to increase awareness among children and alter their habits in order to curb the pandemic. Aim: This study aimed to assess the level of awareness among children regarding coronavirus infection and the behavioural changes they wish to make post-COVID-19. Additionally, it also recorded the recommendations of children for their schools to curb the COVID-19 infection. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 246 private school going children across India in 9-15 years age group. Questionnaire was circulated via online platform which assessed the level of awareness regarding COVID-19, its influence on their behavioural patterns and recommendations of children for their schools. The mean knowledge scores were recorded for first part and chi-square test was employed to evaluate the changes in behaviour before and after COVID-19 for second part. For the third part, percentage for each response was determined. Data was compiled in MS Office Excel sheet (version 2019, Microsoft Redmond Campus, Redmond, Washington, United States). Statistical analysis was performed on Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16.0( SPSS) software. Results: The average knowledge score was 85.50%. This increased awareness among children was reflected in the statistically significant difference in their behavioural patterns before and after COVID-19 (p-value