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Since ancient times, medicinal plants have been utilised to treat a wide range of illnesses. Research on the therapeutic effects of various plant parts has a lot of promise. The biological activity of Calotropis procera roots, stem, leaves, and fruits are well-known. The plant Calotropis procera exhibits a wide range of pharmacological properties, including hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-diabetic effects. The current study demonstrated the sub-acute toxicity, phytochemical screening, and anti-inflammatory properties of a hydro-ethanolic extract of Calotropis procera leaves. For 14 days, the extract's acute toxicity (2000 mg/kg) was studied in Wistar rats. The established test procedure described in the literature was used to determine the quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids as well as the qualitative analysis of different phytochemical constituents. The Folins Ciocalteau reagent and the aluminium chloride method were used for the quantitative measurement of flavonoids and phenolics, respectively. Alkaloids, glycosides, sugars, tannins, flavonoids, and steroids were all found by phytochemical study. The extract of Calotropis procera has a total phenolic content of 0.475 mg/100 mg, which was followed by flavonoids (0.689 mg/100 mg). Up to 2000 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract did not have any harmful effects. In a dosedependent way, the hydroalcoholic extract of Calotropis procera (100 and 200 mg/kg) reduced the inflammation in rats caused by formalin and carrageenan. Calotropis procera hydroalcoholic extract has potent anti-inflammatory properties and could be a promising source of anti-inflammatory chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression often known as depressive disorder is described by a persistent lack of enjoyment, enthusiasm in pursuits, or melancholy feelings. Depression is not the same as normal mood swings and feelings about day-to-day living. It could affect every aspect of life, including relationships with friends, family, and the community. It could be brought on by or exacerbated by problems at work or in the classroom. This study aims to evaluate antidepressant like activity of ethanolic extract of roots of Boerhavia diffusa (Nyctaginaceae). control and cure of this diseases, a vast variety of medications are used daily. The herbal drugs are biodegradable and are natural medications hence are becoming more and more popular. Using a Soxhlet equipment and a normal extraction procedure, the ethanolic extract was produced. The mice were administered several dosages of the extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) in addition to the vehicle (normal saline) for the control group & ARS (Acute Restraint Stress) Group and fluoxetine as the conventional medication. The mice were subjected to ARS and were treated with ethanolic extract of Boerhavia diffusa at a dose of 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively. After that they were subjected to animal models, the tail suspension test (TST), force suspension test (FST) to assess the antidepressant potential and open field test (OFT), to assess locomotor & antidepressant potential of administered drug The TST revealed prolonged immobility in the BDEE (Boerhavia diffusa ethanolic extract) treated animals. The crossing over of squares activity in the OFT rose, indicating a decline in depression levels. The mice's FST revealed a decrease in their ability to reach the plateau stage following immobility. According to the study, BDEE demonstrates strong antidepressant effect and offer a natural alternative to pharmaceutical treatment for depression disorders. In futuristic study, further investigation is required to identify certain active molecules and have a deeper comprehension of the underlying processes of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study uses rodent models to explore the anxiolytic properties of Hemidesmus indicus' ethanolic extract (EEHI). Hemidesmus indicus, an evergreen plant well-known for its therapeutic characteristics, has been widely used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat a variety of conditions, including anxiety. This study seeks to give scientific validation for its anxiolytic properties. The ethanolic extract was made using normal extraction processes and given to rodents in varied doses (100,200 and 400 mg/kg). The anxiolytic activity was assessed using a variety of widely recognized behavioural assays, including the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), Open Field Test (OFT), and Light-Dark Box (LDB) test. Diazepam (2 mg/kg) served as the standard reference drug. The results revealed that EEHI significantly reduced anxiety-like behaviours in all three tests when compared to the control group. In the EPM test, EEHI-treated rodents spent more time and entered the open arms. In the OFT, ambulation, rearing and assisted rearing increased, indicating lower levels of anxiety. The LDB test supported these findings, with a significant increase in time spent in the light compartment. The study suggests that EEHI has promising anxiolytic activity and may offer a natural treatment alternative for anxiety disorders. Further research is needed to isolate specific active molecules and better understand the underlying mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study's objective was to assess the antihyperlipidemic, in vitro antioxidant, and qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis flowers hydroalcoholic extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg in rats that were made hyperlipidemic by a high-fat diet. The Folins Ciocalteau reagent and the aluminium chloride method were used for the quantitative measurement of flavonoids and phenolics, respectively. Through phytochemical investigation, alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, and steroids were found in the hydroalcoholic extracts of N. arbor-tristis flowers. The hydroalcoholic extract flowers had a total phenolic content of 126.000 mg/gm, which was followed by flavonoids at 103.104 mg/gm. Hydroalcoholic extracts of flowers showed concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in vitro against DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging test technique. In this investigation, rats were given a high-fat diet as part of an experimental induction procedure. By lowering LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels and raising HDL levels, the HANAT therapy and the medication atorvastatin dramatically reduce body weight. grew When hydroalcoholic flower extracts were given orally to animals that had been forced to become hyperlipidaemic due to a high cholesterol diet, the levels of HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins, and very lowdensity lipoproteins were all much lower. The p value (p<0.001) indicated that the results were significant. The triton-induced study results indicate that animals treated with HANAT at dose levels of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg had considerably lower blood lipid parameters (p<0.01) than the control group; however, the 400 mg/kg of HANAT group animals showed significantly higher serum lipid parameters (p<0.001) than the control group. Additionally, a higher HDL level was noted at this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia are zoonotic enteric protozoa of significant health concern where sanitation, hygiene, and water supplies are inadequate. We examined 85 stool samples from diarrhea patients, 111 pooled fecal samples by species across seven domestic animal types, and water from tube wells (N = 207) and ponds (N = 94) across 60 villages in coastal Odisha, India, for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts to measure occurrence, concentration/shedding, and environmental loading rates. Oocysts/cysts were detected in 12% of diarrhea patients. Detection ranged from 0% to 35% for Cryptosporidium and 0% to 67% for Giardia across animal hosts. Animal loading estimates indicate the greatest contributors of environmental oocysts/cysts in the study region are cattle. Ponds were contaminated with both protozoa (oocysts: 37%, cysts: 74%), as were tube wells (oocysts: 10%, cysts: 14%). Future research should address the public health concern highlighted from these findings and investigate the role of domestic animals in diarrheal disease transmission in this and similar settings.

Summary: A major part of protein in human diet comes from the animal‐based foods such as meat and dairy products. The demand on protein‐rich food in global market is progressively escalating due to increasing consumer awareness about constructive role of protein in human well‐being. The changing scenario will ultimately promote the farming of meat and dairy animals to meet the increasing demand. However, the increase in livestock farming will lead to excessive environmental stress as it contributes to greenhouse gases emission, and negatively affecting the biodiversity. With an increase in awareness about environmental pollution, animal cruelty and negative impact of animal‐based food products on health, consumers are shifting towards plant‐based vegan substitutes. Apart from being a good protein source, plant‐based alternatives are also enriched with numerous other bioactive compounds, that is, polyphenols, antioxidants, vitamins and dietary fibres. The protein content of plant‐based sources, that is, cereals (6%–15%), legumes (20%–38%), pseudocereals (11%–23%), nuts (18%–38%) and seeds (9%–30%) is comparatively higher than milk (3%–5%), whereas approximately similar to meat (23%). Therefore, the current review is focused on assessment of major plant‐based protein sources that can be used for the development of protein‐rich food products as well as the animal food alternatives. The study also discusses about plant protein extraction techniques and development of animal‐based meat and dairy analogues using plant protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rotavirus (RVA) causes severe gastroenteritis in under-five children, and there are many diverse strains of the virus that are localized to different parts of the world. Objectives: To study the burden and molecular epidemiology of RVA causing gastroenteritis among children from Eastern India. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study included children under-five with gastroenteritis. Demographic and clinical parameters were recorded in a predesigned pro forma. Stool samples collected from these children were initially screened for RVA VP6 antigen by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Each EIA-positive sample was then subjected to RNA extraction, followed by reverse transcription, and heminested multiplex polymerase chain reaction for genotyping of RVA strains. Results: Of 320 included children, RVA was detected in 30.62% (98/320) cases by EIA. The highest incidence for RVA-positive cases (34.61%) was observed among children in the age group of 24–36 months, followed by 0–12 months (33.04%). Of the 97 completely typed samples, single genotype was detected in 85 (87.62%) samples with either G (VP7) or P (VP4) types. However, mixed genotypes were detected in 12 (11.21%) samples. G3P[8] (44.09%) was the most common genotype, followed by G1P[8] (32.65%), G2[P4] (5.10%), G1[P6] (3.06%), and G9[P4] (1.02%). Conclusions: The present study found RVA positivity in 30.62% of children with gastroenteritis, with the highest burden among 24–36 months old. The predominant genotypes were G1, G3, and P[8]. Further large-scale/multicentric studies should be conducted to document the diversity of circulating RVA genotypes in this region for giving inputs for vaccination strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Regions with limited sanitation facilities have higher rates of infections with various enteric pathogens. It is therefore important to identify different hosts and their relative contribution to pathogen shedding into the environment, and to assess the subsequent health risks to humans.Methods: In this study, human faecal (n=310), animal faecal (n=150), and environmental (soil) samples (n=40) were collected from the same locality and screened for selected enteric pathogens by immunochromatography and/or polymerase chain reaction.Results: At least 1 microbial agent was detected in 49.0%, 44.7%, and 40.0% of the samples from human, animals, and soil, respectively. Among humans, rotavirus was predominantly detected (17.4%) followed by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (15.4%), Shigella (13.8), and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) (9.7%). Among animals, STEC was detected most frequently (28.0%), and EPEC was the major enteric pathogen detected in soil (30.0%). The detection rate of rotavirus was higher among younger children (≤2 years) than among older children. Single infections were more commonly detected than multiple infections in humans (p<0.01), unlike the observations in animal and soil samples. For diarrhoeagenic E. coli and Shigella, most of the human and animal isolates showed close relatedness, suggesting possible cross-infection between humans and domesticated animals in the area studied.Conclusions: The present study provides an improved understanding of the distribution of major enteric pathogens coexisting in humans and animals in the region, thereby suggesting a high potential for possible transmission among livestock and communities residing in the studied locality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]