126 results on '"Shrimp disease"'
Search Results
2. Investigation of pale shrimp disease in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) caused by Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae in low salinity culture conditions
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Niti Chuchird, Natnicha Chongprachavat, Wiranya Suanploy, Lalitphan Kitsanayanyong, Putsucha Phansawat, Arunothai Keetanon, Parattagorn Wimanhaemin, and Tirawat Rairat
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Bacterial disease ,Photobacterium ,Aquaculture ,Shrimp disease ,White muscle ,Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling ,SH1-691 - Abstract
Pale shrimp disease is a serious emerging disease affecting juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in the low salinity areas of Southern Thailand. The most prominent clinical sign is a uniformly pale body coloration, with a mortality rate of nearly 100 % in severe cases. This study aimed to identify the causative agents of this disease. The affected shrimp from the natural outbreak ponds were collected for disease investigation. The disease was proven to be transmissible, as feeding-challenged shrimp showed pale body characteristics. To demonstrate the bacterial etiology of the disease, bacteria were isolated from naturally diseased shrimp and identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Pure cultures were inoculated into healthy shrimp. Among the different bacterial isolates (mainly Vibrio spp.), only Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae (PDD) induced clinical signs of a pale body. Thus, PDD was examined for pathogenicity via immersion (105 CFU/mL) and oral gavage (107 CFU/shrimp) at 10 ppt. On day 7, the challenged shrimp showed pale body coloration, and the survival rates of both groups were 53 % and 10 %, respectively, whereas no mortality was observed in the control shrimp. Histologically, the hepatopancreatic tubules of the PDD-infected shrimp were atrophic, and lymphoid organ spheroids, myopathy, and hemocytic infiltration in the muscle were also evident. These histopathological changes are generally consistent with those observed in natural outbreaks. Consequently, our findings revealed that the enigmatic pale shrimp disease is caused by PDD, a hitherto unknown pathogen that causes massive shrimp mortality. more...
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- 2024
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3. Etiological factors driving white feces syndrome in farmed Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei in Tamil Nadu, India.
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Palaniappan, Subash, Bagthasingh, Chrisolite, Panchavarnam, Sivasankar, Mulloorpeedikayil, Rosalind George, Loganathan, Sudhagar, Thirumal, Iyyappan, Muthumariappan, Selvamagheswaran, M, Mohamad Mansoor, Paulraj, Magesh Kumar, Pandurengan, Padmavathy, Velu, Rani, and KS, Vijay Amirtharaj more...
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WHITELEG shrimp , *SHRIMP culture , *SHRIMP diseases , *PRINCIPAL components analysis , *SHRIMPS - Abstract
White feces syndrome (WFS) in Penaeus vannamei has a dynamic etiology in shrimp culture. The etiological factors associated with WFS, namely Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), aggregated transformed microvilli (ATM), midgut parasites, and environmental factors (temperature, pH, salinity, ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite) were investigated within shrimp farms in the coastal districts of Tamil Nadu. The investigation encompassed 62 WFS-affected shrimp farms, along with a subset of three WFS-negative farms to ensure a comprehensive analysis. Severity scores (0, 1, and 2) were assigned for each factor and their interrelationship was investigated using principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA analysis highlights the endemic presence of EHP (52 farms), along with elevated nitrate, ammonia, and water salinity, as key driving factors of WFS in shrimp farms among the coastal districts of Tamil Nadu. Histological evidence unveils the high prevalence of ATM structures (54 farms) in the hepatopancreas of WFS-affected shrimps. Micro eukaryotes, including gregarines, cestodes, and digeneans, were commonly observed parasites in the white midgut of WFS-affected shrimps. The occurrence of WFS appears to be more frequent during rainy days and is particularly prevalent between 40 and 50 days of culture (DOC). The insights on the interrelationship between the etiological factors associated with WFS can contribute to a better understanding of management strategies and aid in the development of preventive measures to mitigate the occurrence of WFS in shrimp farms across Tamil Nadu, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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4. Phytoplankton Community Stability as a Health Indicator of Whiteleg Shrimp in an Intensive Pond.
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Musa, Muhammad, Mahmudi, Mohammad, Lusiana, Evellin Dewi, Buwono, Nanik Retno, and Arsad, Sulastri
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WHITELEG shrimp ,PHYTOPLANKTON populations ,HEALTH status indicators ,WATER quality ,AQUACULTURE - Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine and assess the stability of phytoplankton communities in connection to the different health status type of shrimp pond (healthy and diseased) in an intensive culture. The research was conducted in two ponds located in Probolinggo region, which had different health status until the eight week of harvest period. Several water quality variables and phytoplankton community composition were observed. Non-metric dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity were used to compare the phytoplankton community structure and water quality parameters in both ponds. In addition, the stability of phytoplankton community in these ponds was measured using species turnover rate, rate change of composition community, and community stability indices. The results showed that phytoplankton community structure and water quality factors between a diseased and healthy pond were not statistically significant. On the other hand, the phytoplankton community in the healthy pond was more stable than that of the diseased pond. Furthermore, ammonia and phosphate were found as the dominant factors affecting the phytoplankton community in the studied ponds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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5. Salinicoccus hispanicus (OL638305), a potential probiotic isolated from Saline Tilapia Greenwater, exhibits Vibrio parahaemolyticus killing activity and prevents acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in Penaeus vannamei.
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Mameloco, Emelyn Joy, Cadiz, Rowena, and Traifalgar, Rex Ferdinand
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WHITELEG shrimp ,VIBRIOSIS in fishes ,PROBIOTICS ,SHRIMP diseases ,DIETARY supplements - Abstract
The present study investigates the probiotic potential and inhibitory activity of Salinicoccus hispanicus, isolated from saline tilapia culture water, against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Results showed that the isolate is not pathogenic to Penaeus vannamei when administered orally at a dose of 10
6 cfu g-1 diet. Dietary supplementation for 45 days did not affect growth, reduced the gut content of V. parahaemolyticus to about five-folds and protected the shrimp against V. parahaemolyticus infection following a pathogen challenge test. Supplementation of S. hispanicus at 106 cfu g-1 diet can inhibit V. parahaemolyticus gut colonization and protects P. vannamei against this pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2023
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6. Gain of function studies on predicted host receptors for white spot virus.
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Kumar, Gulshan, Gireesh-Babu, P., Rajendran, K.V., Goswami, Mukunda, and Chaudhari, Aparna
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GLUCOSE transporters , *PENAEUS monodon , *WHITELEG shrimp , *MOLECULAR docking , *WHITE spot syndrome virus , *LECTINS , *VIRAL envelope proteins - Abstract
Three decades after its first outbreak, the shrimp white spot virus (WSV) is still a global cause of concern due to considerable losses and lack of effective control measures. Several candidate host receptor proteins have been identified, but the pathogenesis is not clearly understood, although the key role of the WSV envelope protein VP28 in virus internalization is established. Here, protein-protein docking is applied to evaluate the interaction of VP28 trimeric extracellular region with four host (Penaeus monodon) receptors reported earlier, Rab7 GTPase (PmRab7), glucose transporter 1 (PmGLUT1), C-type lectin (PmCTL) and calreticulin (PmCRT). The stability of predicted complexes evaluated in terms of binding energy per unit buried surface area ranged from −8.46 to −11.82 cal mol−1/Å2, which is not sufficient for functional interaction. Nevertheless, each of these host proteins was tested by a gain-of-function approach by observing their ability to make a fish cell line permissive to the shrimp WSV. Full-length expression constructs of the four receptors were transfected into SSN1 snakehead fish cells that are non-permissive to WSV. Transfected SSN1 cells and WSV permissive insect Sf9 cells were challenged with purified WSV. After 24 h, the presence of receptor transcripts was confirmed in the treated SSN1 cells, and not in the non-transfected SSN1 cells. Further, vp28 transcript was detected in Sf9 cells, but not in any of the treated SSN1 cells, indicating that none of the receptors were singly sufficient to make SSN1 cells permissive to WSV, even though PmRab7 was a strong candidate that alone showed >85% protection in virus neutralization experiments. For the other 3 candidates, previous reports predicted the involvement of co-receptors, which is confirmed here by their inability to act singly. • Four host receptors predicted to mediate WSV internalization do not individually interact with VP28 in docking studies. • Gain of function studies in non-permissive SSN1 cells show the inability of any single host receptor to internalize WSV. • Results indicate the involvement of more than one host receptors in mediating WSV entry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2022
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7. Viral Shrimp Diseases Listed by the OIE: A Review.
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Lee, Dain, Yu, Young-Bin, Choi, Jae-Ho, Jo, A-Hyun, Hong, Su-Min, Kang, Ju-Chan, and Kim, Jun-Hwan
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SHRIMP diseases , *VIRUS diseases , *SHRIMP culture , *SHRIMP industry , *ANIMAL health , *AQUACULTURE , *COVID-19 - Abstract
Shrimp is one of the most valuable aquaculture species globally, and the most internationally traded seafood product. Consequently, shrimp aquaculture practices have received increasing attention due to their high value and levels of demand, and this has contributed to economic growth in many developing countries. The global production of shrimp reached approximately 6.5 million t in 2019 and the shrimp aquaculture industry has consequently become a large-scale operation. However, the expansion of shrimp aquaculture has also been accompanied by various disease outbreaks, leading to large losses in shrimp production. Among the diseases, there are various viral diseases which can cause serious damage when compared to bacterial and fungi-based illness. In addition, new viral diseases occur rapidly, and existing diseases can evolve into new types. To address this, the review presented here will provide information on the DNA and RNA of shrimp viral diseases that have been designated by the World Organization for Animal Health and identify the latest shrimp disease trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2022
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8. Phytoplankton community dynamics as a metrics of shrimp healthy farming under intensive cultivation
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Tianying Lyu, Wen Yang, Huifeng Cai, Jianping Wang, Zhongming Zheng, and Jinyong Zhu
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Shrimp disease ,Phytoplankton ,Community dynamic ,Stability ,Rearing environment ,Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling ,SH1-691 - Abstract
In this study, the composition and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton communities were tracked in shrimp ponds of two crops with different health status (healthy or diseased) to explore the potential relationship between phytoplankton community dynamics and/or stability and shrimp health status. Differences in phytoplankton community structures and succession patterns between the two crops were detected by non-metric multidimensional scaling and time-lag regression analysis. Although no significant difference was observed in the α-diversity between the two crops, their community dynamics differed. The turnover and mean shifts in species rank abundance and composition changes of phytoplankton community in the second crop were higher than those in the first crop. Moreover, the stability values of the first crop were significantly higher than those of the second crop. Redundancy analysis revealed that total nitrogen and nitrogen to phosphorus ratio (N/P) were correlated with the phytoplankton community composition in the first crop. In the second crop, the phytoplankton community was regulated by water temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) in addition to nutrients. Based on linear regression, the phytoplankton community dynamic was correlated with the changes of N/P in the first crop. The DO and the sum of nitrate and nitrite (NOx) and orthophosphate (PO4-P) were the major influencing factors of phytoplankton community dynamics in the second crop. In summary, our findings indicate that the phytoplankton community dynamics may affect the shrimp health, and maintaining a stable phytoplankton community will be helpful to the healthy farming of shrimp. This study provides evidence that the phytoplankton community dynamics can serve as the metrics to evaluate the quality of rearing environment in intensive shrimp pond. more...
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- 2021
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9. Updated roles of the gut microbiota in exploring shrimp etiology, polymicrobial pathogens, and disease incidence.
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Xiong JB, Sha HN, and Chen J
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- Animals, Aquaculture, Incidence, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Penaeidae microbiology
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Litopenaeus vannamei is the most extensively cultured shrimp species globally, recognized for its scale, production, and economic value. However, its aquaculture is plagued by frequent disease outbreaks, resulting in rapid and massive mortality. etiological research often lags behind the emergence of new diseases, leaving the causal agents of some shrimp diseases unidentified and leading to nomenclature based on symptomatic presentations, especially in cases involving co- and polymicrobial pathogens. Comprehensive data on shrimp disease statuses remain limited. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on shrimp diseases and their effects on the gut microbiome. Furthermore, we also propose a workflow integrating primary colonizers, "driver" taxa in gut networks from healthy to diseased states, disease-discriminatory taxa, and virulence genes to identify potential polymicrobial pathogens. We examine both abiotic and biotic factors (e.g., external and internal sources and specific-disease effects) that influence shrimp gut microbiota, with an emphasis on the "holobiome" concept and common features of gut microbiota response to diverse diseases. After excluding the effects of confounding factors, we provide a diagnosis model for quantitatively predicting shrimp disease incidence using disease common-discriminatory taxa, irrespective of the causal agents. Due to the conservation of functional genes used in designing specific primers, we propose a practical strategy applying qPCR-assayed abundances of disease common-discriminatory functional genes. This review updates the roles of the gut microbiota in exploring shrimp etiology, polymicrobial pathogens, and disease incidence, offering a refined perspective for advancing shrimp aquaculture health management. more...
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- 2024
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10. Genome Characterization and Comparison of Early Mortality Syndrome Causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus pirABvp− Mutant From Thailand With V. parahaemolyticus pirABvp+ AHPND Isolates
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Nalumon Thadtapong, Marvin Bryan Segundo Salinas, Varodom Charoensawan, Vanvimon Saksmerprome, and Soraya Chaturongakul
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Vibrio parahaemolyticus ,non-acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease ,early mortality syndrome ,shrimp disease ,comparative genomics ,Science ,General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution ,QH1-199.5 - Published
- 2020
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11. Identifying Potential Polymicrobial Pathogens: Moving Beyond Differential Abundance to Driver Taxa.
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Lu, Jiaqi, Zhang, Xuechen, Qiu, Qiongfen, Chen, Jiong, and Xiong, Jinbo
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WHITELEG shrimp , *ETIOLOGY of diseases , *ANIMAL diseases , *PATHOGENIC microorganisms , *LIPID metabolism , *AQUATIC animals , *AMINO acid metabolism - Abstract
It is now recognized that some diseases of aquatic animals are attributed to polymicrobial pathogens infection. Thus, the traditional view of "one pathogen, one disease" might mislead the identification of multiple pathogens, which in turn impedes the design of probiotics. To address this gap, we explored polymicrobial pathogens based on the origin and timing of increased abundance over shrimp white feces syndrome (WFS) progression. OTU70848 Vibrio fluvialis, OTU35090 V. coralliilyticus, and OTU28721 V. tubiashii were identified as the primary colonizers, whose abundances increased only in individuals that eventually showed disease signs but were stable in healthy subjects over the same timeframe. Notably, the random Forest model revealed that the profiles of the three primary colonizers contributed an overall 91.4% of diagnosing accuracy of shrimp health status. Additionally, NetShift analysis quantified that the three primary colonizers were important "drivers" in the gut microbiotas from healthy to WFS shrimp. For these reasons, the primary colonizers were potential pathogens that contributed to the exacerbation of WFS. By this logic, we further identified a few "drivers" commensals in healthy individuals, such as OUT50531 Demequina sediminicola and OTU_74495 Ruegeria lacuscaerulensis, which directly antagonized the three primary colonizers. The predicted functional pathways involved in energy metabolism, genetic information processing, terpenoids and polyketides metabolism, lipid and amino acid metabolism significantly decreased in diseased shrimp compared with those in healthy cohorts, in concordant with the knowledge that the attenuations of these functional pathways increase shrimp sensitivity to pathogen infection. Collectively, we provide an ecological framework for inferring polymicrobial pathogens and designing antagonized probiotics by quantifying their changed "driver" feature that intimately links shrimp WFS progression. This approach might generalize to the exploring disease etiology for other aquatic animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2020
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12. The use of machine learning to predict acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp farmed on the east coast of the Mekong Delta of Vietnam.
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Khiem, Nguyen Minh, Takahashi, Yuki, Oanh, Dang Thi Hoang, Hai, Tran Ngoc, Yasuma, Hiroki, and Kimura, Nobuo
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SHRIMP culture , *MACHINE learning , *ARTIFICIAL neural networks , *SHRIMP diseases , *NECROSIS - Abstract
Predicting the outbreak of disease is essential when managing shrimp farms. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a serious disease in shrimp. It is essential that shrimp farmers on the east coast of the Mekong Delta detect the disease as early as possible, because the mortality rate can reach 100%. Here, we used machine learning to predict AHPND development based on data collected since 2010 from shrimp farms in Tra Vinh, Ben Tre, Bac Lieu, and Ca Mau provinces. We initially hypothesized that the dependent variable, AHPND, was affected by 31 independent variables, but ultimately used 15 key variables to train the models. Logistic regression, artificial neural network, decision tree, and K-nearest neighbor analyses were performed, and the accuracy of the predictions was evaluated using hold-out and cross-validation tests. Logistic regression, as the most stable algorithm, was thus used to predict AHPND outbreaks in shrimp farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2020
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13. Real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei
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Shao-Xin Cai, Fan-De Kong, Shu-Fei Xu, and Cui-Luan Yao
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Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei ,Diagnosis ,Rapid detection ,Loop-mediated isothermal amplification ,Shrimp disease ,Medicine ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Background Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a newly emerged microsporidian parasite that causes retarded shrimp growth in many countries. But there are no effective approaches to control this disease to date. The EHP could be an immune risk factor for increased dissemination of other diseases. Further, EHP infection involves the absence of obvious clinical signs and it is difficult to identify the pathogen through visual examination, increasing the risk of disease dissemination. It is urgent and necessary to develop a specific, rapid and sensitive EHP-infected shrimp diagnostic method to detect this parasite. In the present study, we developed and evaluated a rapid real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (real-time LAMP) for detection of EHP. Methods A rapid and efficient real-time LAMP method for the detection of EHP has been developed. Newly emerged EHP pathogens in China were collected and used as the sample, and three sets of specificity and sensitivity primers were designed. Three other aquatic pathogens were used as templates to test the specificity of the real-time LAMP assay. Also, we compared the real-time LAMP with the conventional LAMP by the serial dilutions of EHP DNA and their amplification curves. Application of real-time LAMP was carried out with clinical samples. Results Positive products were amplified only from EHP, but not from other tested species, EHP was detected from the clinical samples, suggesting a high specificity of this method. The final results of this assay were available within less than 45 min, and the initial amplification curve was observed at about 6 min. We found that the amplification with an exponential of sixfold dilutions of EHP DNA demonstrated a specific positive signal by the real-time LAMP, but not for the LAMP amplicons from the visual inspection. The real-time LAMP amplification curves demonstrated a higher slope than the conventional LAMP. Discussion In this study, pathogen virulence impacts have been increased in aquaculture and continuous observation was predominantly focused on EHP. The present study confirmed that the real-time LAMP assay is a promising and convenient method for the rapid identification of EHP in less time and cost. Its application greatly aids in the detection, surveillance, and prevention of EHP. more...
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- 2018
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14. Prophylactic properties of biofloc- or Nile tilapia-conditioned water against Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection of whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei).
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Sajali, Umi Salmah Binti Ahmed, Atkinson, Nathan L., Desbois, Andrew P., Little, David C., Murray, Francis J., and Shinn, Andrew P.
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NILE tilapia , *VIBRIO parahaemolyticus , *WHITELEG shrimp , *FISH diseases , *FISH stocking - Abstract
Abstract Isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp AHPND) that carry a plasmid encoding two Pir -like toxins cause acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), a disease that has caused devastating economic losses to the shrimp industry, particularly in Asia. However, lower prevalence of AHPND infection has been associated with farms that operate with biofloc or lower salinity culture water. Therefore, the aim of this present study was to investigate the effects of biofloc and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)-conditioned water prepared at different culture water salinities on survival of whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) bath-challenged experimentally with Vp AHPND. First, groups of shrimp were bath-challenged with Vp AHPND in clear 15 ppt seawater (CW) or in the presence of a pre-cultured biofloc at 25%, 50% and 100% (v /v). Survival during 96 h post-challenge was significantly greater in groups cultured in 50% and 100% biofloc (p < 0.05). In a second trial, the effect of shrimp stocking density on biofloc protection against bath challenge with Vp AHPND was determined and shrimp challenged in 100% biofloc again had significantly greater survival (p < 0.05) compared to the CW group, whilst under our experimental conditions stocking density had no significant influence on survival post-challenge. In a third trial, shrimp were challenged with Vp AHPND in three different salinities of CW or Nile tilapia-conditioned (NTC) water (5 ppt, 10 ppt and 15 ppt). Survival in this final trial was 33% at 96 h in 5 ppt CW compared to just 7% in the 10 ppt and the 15 ppt CW groups, though these differences were not statistically significant. Moreover, shrimp survival in the 5 ppt and 10 ppt NTC water groups was significantly greater than in the 15 ppt NTC water group (p < 0.05), while significantly greater survival was observed in 10 ppt NTC water compared to 10 ppt CW (p < 0.05). The results indicate that biofloc and NTC water may provide some protection against AHPND, whilst low salinity culture water may also offer a degree of protection against this bacterium. These findings may allow for the implementation of inexpensive strategies in the shrimp industry to assist in minimising the impact of Vp AHPND as part of pond management practices. Highlights • Shrimp bath challenged with V. parahaemolyticus (Vp AHPND) had significantly greater survival in biofloc than clear seawater. • Stocking density did not influence survival when bath challenged with Vp AHPND in either biofloc or clear seawater conditions. • Survival was sig. greater in Nile tilapia-conditioned water prepared at 5 ppt and 10 ppt than in the other water conditions. • Biofloc and Nile tilapia-conditioned water, as inexpensive disease management control strategies, may protect against AHPND. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2019
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15. The use of beta-tubulin gene for phylogenetic analysis of the microsporidian parasite Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) and in the development of a nested PCR as its diagnostic tool.
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Han, Jee Eun, Tang, Kathy F.J., and Kim, Ji Hyung
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TUBULINS , *PHYLOGENY , *PARASITES , *POLYMERASE chain reaction , *RIBOSOMAL RNA - Abstract
Tubulins are major components of microtubules, structures that are involved in many cellular processes. The gene β -tubulin, which encodes a β-tubulin protein, is conserved, and yet with sufficient variability to be useful for phylogenetic studies and for use in molecular diagnostic protocols. We sequenced and analyzed a fragment (870-bp) of β -tubulin gene of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), a microsporidian parasite infecting penaeid shrimp and associated with growth retardation. The sequence was then used to conduct a phylogenetic study to determine the position of EHP within the Microsporidia and to develop primers for an EHP nested PCR method. Blast analysis revealed a 75% nucleotide identity of EHP β -tubulin to that of E. bieneusi . Similar to other studies based on the small subunit rRNA sequence, the phylogenetic analysis using β -tubulin sequences clustered EHP with E. bieneusi and two other crustacean microsporidia, Agmasoma penaeii and Hepatospora eriocheir . As for the diagnostic use, a nested PCR method was developed that successfully detected EHP in infected Penaeus vannamei from Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, and India and in some cases of Artemia biomass. There were no cross-reactions to the shrimp and other crustacean genomes. This nested PCR is 100-fold more sensitive than the one-step PCR and thus suitable for detecting a low level of EHP infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2018
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16. Response of host–bacterial colonization in shrimp to developmental stage, environment and disease.
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Xiong, Jinbo, Dai, Wenfang, Qiu, Qiongfen, Zhu, Jinyong, Yang, Wen, and Li, Chenghua
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SOCIAL host liability , *STOCHASTIC processes , *GENETIC drift , *PATHOGENIC microorganisms , *MICROBIAL invasiveness - Abstract
Abstract: The host‐associated microbiota is increasingly recognized to facilitate host fitness, but the understanding of the underlying ecological processes that govern the host–bacterial colonization over development and, particularly, under disease remains scarce. Here, we tracked the gut microbiota of shrimp over developmental stages and in response to disease. The stage‐specific gut microbiotas contributed parallel changes to the predicted functions, while shrimp disease decoupled this intimate association. After ruling out the age‐discriminatory taxa, we identified key features indicative of shrimp health status. Structural equation modelling revealed that variations in rearing water led to significant changes in bacterioplankton communities, which subsequently affected the shrimp gut microbiota. However, shrimp gut microbiotas are not directly mirrored by the changes in rearing bacterioplankton communities. A neutral model analysis showed that the stochastic processes that govern gut microbiota tended to become more important as healthy shrimp aged, with 37.5% stochasticity in larvae linearly increasing to 60.4% in adults. However, this defined trend was skewed when disease occurred. This departure was attributed to the uncontrolled growth of two candidate pathogens (over‐represented taxa). The co‐occurrence patterns provided novel clues on how the gut commensals interact with candidate pathogens in sustaining shrimp health. Collectively, these findings offer updated insight into the ecological processes that govern the host–bacterial colonization in shrimp and provide a pathological understanding of polymicrobial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2018
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17. PCR testing of single tissue samples can result in misleading data on gill-associated virus infection loads in shrimp.
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Noble, T.H., Stratford, C.N., Wade, N.M., Cowley, J.A., Sellars, M.J., Coman, G.J., and Jerry, D.R.
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SHRIMPS , *AQUACULTURE , *VIRUS diseases , *POLYMERASE chain reaction , *PENAEUS monodon - Abstract
In shrimp aquaculture, the ability to reliably test for the presence and load of pathogens is vital for managing disease. As pathogen infection loads are not distributed homogenously throughout different tissues, detection by PCR can vary based on what tissue type is tested. Moreover, there is potential for infection loads to vary within the same tissue type depending on infection severity and nature of the tissue. This study used reverse transcriptase real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to examine the sensitivity and variability in gill-associated virus (GAV) detection levels within and between different tissue types sampled from individual black tiger ( Penaeus monodon ) shrimp. From the group of juvenile shrimp (Group 1 - 10.9 ± 1.4 g, n = 10) with low-level GAV infection, eight gill filaments and eight pleopods were tested from each individual, and from another group of adult shrimp (Group 2 - 40.4 ± 2.3 g, n = 12) with higher-level GAV infection, 10 gill filaments, 10 pleopods and both lymphoid organ lobes were tested from each individual. For Group 1, 69/80 gill and 67/80 pleopod samples tested PCR-positive, and for Group 2, all samples tested PCR-positive. In some shrimp from each group, GAV detection levels among gill filaments or pleopods varied by up to ~3000-fold, highlighting the variability that is present in infection load among these tissues within individual shrimp. Statistical analyses used to determine the most sensitive and consistent tissue type to test identified no significant differences between mean GAV infection loads detected, either in gill or pleopod tissue, within each group (Group 1, p = 0.852; Group 2, p = 0. 146). Similarly, variability in GAV detection levels among individual gill filaments and pleopods did not differ between either tissue for each group (Group 1, p = 0.922; Group 2, p = 0.151). The mean GAV infection load (GAV RNA copies μg −1 TNA) detected in lymphoid organ lobes tested from Group 2 adult shrimp (5.96 × 10 7 ± 8.67 × 10 7 copies), was significantly higher ( p < 0.0001) compared to either gill (1.37 × 10 5 ± 4.07 × 10 5 copies) or pleopod (6.97 × 10 4 ± 2.50 × 10 5 copies), confirming the value of testing lymphoid organ when destructive sampling is an option. When it is not an option, or when industrial scale high-throughput PCR screening for GAV is desired, the data reported here indicate that gill or pleopod tissue are equally suitable. However, processing more than a single gill filament or pleopod would most likely provide more accurate data on GAV presence and relative infection loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2018
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18. Current trends of host–pathogen relationship in shrimp infectious disease via computational protein–protein interaction: A bibliometric analysis.
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Rosilan, Nur Fathiah, Waiho, Khor, Fazhan, Hanafiah, Sung, Yeong Yik, Zakaria, Nor Hafizah, Afiqah-Aleng, Nor, and Mohamed-Hussein, Zeti-Azura
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SHRIMP diseases , *BIBLIOMETRICS , *WHITE spot syndrome virus , *HOST-parasite relationships , *COMMUNICABLE diseases , *PROTEIN-protein interactions , *SHRIMP culture - Abstract
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are essential for understanding cell physiology in normal and pathological conditions, as they might involve in all cellular processes. PPIs have been widely used to elucidate the pathobiology of human and plant diseases. Therefore, they can also be used to unveil the pathobiology of infectious diseases in shrimp, which is one of the high-risk factors influencing the success or failure of shrimp production. PPI network analysis, specifically host–pathogen PPI (HP-PPI), provides insights into the molecular interactions between the shrimp and pathogens. This review quantitatively analyzed the research trends within this field through bibliometric analysis using specific keywords, countries, authors, organizations, journals, and documents. This analysis has screened 206 records from the Scopus database for determining eligibility, resulting in 179 papers that were retrieved for bibliometric analysis. The analysis revealed that China and Thailand were the driving forces behind this specific field of research and frequently collaborated with the United States. Aquaculture and Diseases of Aquatic Organisms were the prominent sources for publications in this field. The main keywords identified included "white spot syndrome virus," "WSSV," and "shrimp." We discovered that studies on HP-PPI are currently quite scarce. As a result, we further discussed the significance of HP-PPI by highlighting various approaches that have been previously adopted. These findings not only emphasize the importance of HP-PPI but also pave the way for future researchers to explore the pathogenesis of infectious diseases in shrimp. By doing so, preventative measures and enhanced treatment strategies can be identified. • Bibliometric analysis of 179 articles about shrimp-pathogen relationship was conducted. • Top countries, authors, journals, keywords and documents in the field were identified. • Research on shrimp–pathogen protein-protein interaction is still limited. • Protein-protein interaction network based on computational analyses was reviewed. • Interolog- and domain-based can be used to construct the shrimp-pathogen protein-protein interaction network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2023
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19. Molecular characterization of turtle-like protein in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and its role in Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection.
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Velázquez-Lizárraga, Adrián E., Sukonthamarn, Pongsakorn, Junprung, Wisarut, Nanakorn, Zittipong, Itsathitphaisarn, Ornchuma, Jaroenlak, Pattana, and Tassanakajon, Anchalee
- Subjects
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WHITELEG shrimp , *CELL receptors , *CELL adhesion molecules , *FIBRONECTINS , *GROWTH disorders , *ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay , *CELL adhesion - Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a microsporidian parasite that infects shrimp hepatopancreas, causing growth retardation and disease susceptibility. Knowledge of the host-pathogen molecular mechanisms is essential to understanding the microsporidian pathogenesis. Turtle-like protein (TLP) is part of the immunoglobulin superfamily of proteins, which is widely distributed in the animal kingdom. TLP has multiple functions, such as cell surface receptors and cell adhesion molecules. The spore wall proteins (SWPs) of microsporidia are involved in the infection mechanisms. Some SWPs are responsible for spore adherence, which is part of the activation and host cell invasion processes. Previous studies showed that TLP from silkworms (Bombyx mori) interacted with SWP26, contributing to the infectivity of Nosema bombycis to its host. In this study, we identified and characterized for the first time, the Litopenaeus vannamei TLP gene (LvTLP), which encodes an 827-aa protein (92.4 kDa) composed of five immunoglobulin domains, two fibronectin type III domains, and a transmembrane region. The LvTLP transcript was expressed in all tested tissues and upregulated in the hepatopancreas at 1 and 7 days post-cohabitation (dpc) and at 9 dpc in hemocytes. To identify the Lv TLP binding counterpart, recombinant (r) Lv TLP and recombinant (r) Eh SWP1 were produced in Escherichia coli. Coimmunoprecipitation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays demonstrated that r Lv TLP interacted with r Eh SWP with high affinity (K D = 1.20 × 10−7 M). In EHP-infected hepatopancreases, Lv TLP was clustered and co-localized with some of the developing EHP plasmodia. Furthermore, LvTLP gene silencing reduced the EHP copy numbers compared with those of the control group, suggesting the critical role of Lv TLP in EHP infection. These results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of the host–pathogen interactions during EHP infection. • Lv TLP, a newly identified TLP in shrimp, contains five immunoglobulin and two fibronectin type III domains. • LvTLP expression is upregulated in shrimp hepatopancreases in early EHP infection. • r Lv TLP interacts with EHP's spore wall protein, r Eh SWP1, in vitro. • Lv TLP co-localizes with EHP plasmodia, but not with mature spores. • LvTLP -knockdown shrimp exhibited significantly decreased EHP copy numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2023
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20. Shrimp disease management for sustainable aquaculture: innovations from nanotechnology and biotechnology
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P S Seethalakshmi, Riya Rajeev, Joseph Selvin, and George Seghal Kiran
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Shrimp aquaculture ,Synbiotics ,business.industry ,fungi ,Nanotechnology ,Aquatic Science ,Diagnostic tools ,Shrimp ,Biotechnology ,Antibiotic resistance ,Sustainable aquaculture ,Aquaculture ,Business ,Shrimp disease ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Infectious diseases in shrimp are one of the significant constraints in shrimp aquaculture across the globe. The alarming increase of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has rendered antibiotic therapy a controversial subject today. Therefore, the practice of antibiotic therapy in aquaculture needs to be dissuaded and appropriate alternatives have to be found out. For the past few decades, the field of nanotechnology and biotechnology has proposed novel and effective solutions involving the use of nanoparticles, biofilm-based vaccines, algal extracts, phytobiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics to combat infectious diseases. Algal extracts, phytobiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics are compounds of biological origin due to which they are safe to use in aquaculture settings. With the advent of green and bio-nanotechnology, nanomaterials are also becoming a safer alternative to antibiotic therapy. Vaccines developed from antigenic components of bacterial biofilms are more promising than regular vaccines synthesized from antigens of planktonic forms. Some of these methods have extended applications in shrimp aquaculture in the form of immunomodulants, diagnostic tools, drug and vaccine carriers. The hazards of chemotherapy in shrimp aquaculture can be overcome by replacing antibiotics and other chemical agents with these new approaches. Adopting these strategies makes aquaculture-based food more organic, consumer-friendly and helps in establishing sustainable aquaculture. This review reveals the ill effects of antibiotic therapy in shrimp aquaculture and casts light on the advantages and the research gaps in these strategies that need to be addressed. more...
- Published
- 2021
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21. Benefits of stocking white spot syndrome virus infection free shrimp (Penaeus monodon) post larvae in extensive ghers of Bangladesh.
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Rahman, Muhammad Meezanur, Keus, Hendrik Jan, Debnath, Partho, Shahrier, M.B., Sarwer, Rayhan Hayat, Kudrat-E-Kabir, Quazi A.Z.M., and Mohan, C.V.
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WHITE spot syndrome virus , *PENAEUS monodon , *FISH larvae , *FISH farming , *FISH culturists - Abstract
Shrimp farming is an important income generating activity for hundreds of thousands of small scale farmers operating extensive ghers in Bangladesh. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has caused major shrimp production losses globally including Bangladesh. This study investigated the benefits of stocking WSSV infection free (WSSVF) Penaeus monodon post larvae (PL) to extensive gher holders of southwest Bangladesh and considered different parameters of the farming system. The longitudinal observational study included 636 gher holders comprising two distinct PL user types; 312 gher holders had stocked polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tested WSSVF and 324 non-tested (NT) PL. Data on explanatory and outcome variables were collected fortnightly during April–October 2015. The major findings were: (i) gher holders who stocked WSSVF PL had significantly higher survival, less disease, higher shrimp production and increased profitability compared to NT PL users, (ii) WSSVF PL stocking had an influence in strengthening the resilience, overall management and economic performance of the extensive gher holders. The study showed that WSSVF PL users had significantly small ghers, higher levels of better management practices (BMP) compliance such as nursery rearing of PL, double netting at inlet, periodic sampling, net fencing and bird netting, significantly higher application rates and usage amount of inputs (lime, inorganic fertilizer, feed) compared to NT PL users. It also found that gher size, water depth, stocking density, stocking frequency, cropping patterns affected levels of shrimp survival, production and disease incidence of the overall population. The results suggested that improving the availability of WSSVF PL through a PCR testing service, production of specific pathogen free PL and limit/stop the sale of WSSV infected PLs could significantly increase shrimp production of extensive gher holders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2018
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22. Detection of the white spot syndrome virus in zooplankton samples collected off the coast of Sonora, Mexico.
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Porchas‐Cornejo, Marco Antonio, Álvarez‐Ruiz, Píndaro, Álvarez‐Tello, Francisco Javier, Martínez‐Porchas, Marcel, Martínez‐Córdova, Luis Rafael, López‐Martínez, Juana, and García‐Morales, Ricardo
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WHITE spot syndrome virus , *ZOOPLANKTON , *AQUACULTURE - Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the presence of the white spot syndrome virus ( WSSV) in zooplankton organisms collected from an important shrimp-culture area of the Gulf of California. Environmental water parameters (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH) were monitored, and zooplankton was collected. Samples were sectioned according to taxonomic groups (from Phylum to Family) for the detection of WSSV via PCR. A total of 52 zooplankton taxa were identified, of which crustaceans were the most abundant (82%). From the 228 WSSV diagnoses performed, 35% were positive. Moreover, from 32 taxa recorded at least one positive result was observed during the study, and only 13 were negative in all tests. The highest prevalence was observed in three taxa of copepods, brachyurous and bivalves. However, considering prevalence and frequency of occurrence, it was determined that up to 12 taxa could be considered as high-risk vectors. Finally, a significant correlation was found between the number of diagnoses per station with biovolume (rs = 0.817) and taxa richness (rs = 0.995). The results suggest that zooplankton diversity and abundance are associated with virus dispersion; moreover, these results demonstrated that the dispersion capacity of the virus through different taxa has been probably underestimated in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2018
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23. Rapid and sensitive real-time loop meditated isothermal amplification for the detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei of shrimp.
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Karthikeyan, K., Sharma, Ankith, Mekata, T., Itami, T., and Sudhakaran, R.
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PATHOGENIC microorganisms , *SHRIMP diseases , *AQUACULTURE , *MICROBIAL virulence , *MATHEMATICAL optimization , *QUANTITATIVE research - Abstract
Pathogen virulence impacts have been increased in aquaculture and continuous observation was predominantly focused on Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). Qualitative and Quantitative analysis was achieved by using Real time Loop mediated isothermal amplification (real-time LAMP) method. Optimization of amplification was attempted with three different temperatures (64, 66 and 68 °C) and accomplished with 68 °C. Sensitivity analysis was achieved in comparison with nested and real-time polymerase chain reaction to real-time LAMP. It has been proved to be without any cross reactivity with other aquatic pathogens like white spot syndrome virus, Infectious myonecrosis virus, Vibrio panaeicida and microsporidium seriolae. Real-time LAMP can be used in sensitive, specific and early detection of EHP in shrimp. This study was recorded as first attempt in detection and quantification of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei in shrimp using real-time LAMP assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2017
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24. Structural Insights into the Cytotoxic Mechanism of Vibrio parahaemolyticus PirAvp and PirBvp Toxins.
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Shin-Jen Lin, Kai-Cheng Hsu, and Hao-Ching Wang
- Abstract
In aquaculture, shrimp farming is a popular field. The benefits of shrimp farming include a relatively short grow-out time, high sale price, and good cost recovery. However, outbreaks of serious diseases inflict serious losses, and acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is an emerging challenge to this industry. In South American white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) and grass shrimp (Penaeus monodon), this disease has a 70-100% mortality. The pathogenic agent of AHPND is a specific strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus which contains PirA
vp and PirBvp toxins encoded in the pVA1 plasmid. PirAvp and PirBvp have been shown to cause the typical histological symptoms of AHPND in infected shrimps, and in this review, we will focus on our structural understanding of these toxins. By analyzing their structures, a possible cytotoxic mechanism, as well as strategies for anti-AHPND drug design, is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2017
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25. Probiotic bacteria ( Lactobacillus plantarum) expressing specific double-stranded RNA and its potential for controlling shrimp viral and bacterial diseases.
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Thammasorn, Thitiporn, Jitrakorn, Sarocha, Charoonnart, Patai, Sirimanakul, Suwitchaya, Rattanarojpong, Triwit, Chaturongakul, Soraya, and Saksmerprome, Vanvimon
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LACTOBACILLUS plantarum , *DOUBLE-stranded RNA , *BACTERIAL diseases in fishes , *VIRUS diseases in fishes , *FISH feeds - Abstract
We engineered probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum, to produce specific double-stranded (ds)RNA for viral inhibition in penaeid shrimp. When supplemented in feed, the developed strain should offer specific viral disease resistance and still remain other beneficial effects on shrimp health against other bacterial pathogens. The pWH1520 expression vector was constructed to encode hairpin RNA targeting shrimp yellow head virus (YHV) in L. plantarum. The quantity of YHV-specific dsRNA (dsYHV) was approximately 1.66 ± 0.25 ng from 7 × 10 CFU of L. plantarum. Feeding shrimp with the probiotic expressing dsYHV (at 10 CFU g feed) for 5 days prior to YHV challenge provided shrimp partial protection against YHV. In vitro agar well diffusion analysis revealed that both wild-type and transformed L. plantarum inhibited growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the shrimp pathogen responsible for acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) and early mortality syndrome (EMS). When tested in shrimp by immersion method, both L. plantarum strains (at 10 CFUs ml seawater) also provided shrimp protection against V. parahaemolyticus. In conclusion, this study suggested the potential of the dsRNA-expressed L. plantarum for promoting shrimp health against the pathogenic virus. In addition, engineering L. plantarum for dsRNA production did not alter the probiotic's intrinsic antibacterial property, and therefore, the developed strain can be used to protect shrimp against the important bacterial pathogen, V. parahaemolyticus causing AHPND/EMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2017
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26. Dense populations of the microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) in feces of Penaeus vannamei exhibiting white feces syndrome and pathways of their transmission to healthy shrimp.
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Tang, Kathy F.J., Han, Jee Eun, Aranguren, Luis Fernando, White-Noble, Brenda, Schmidt, Margeaux M., Piamsomboon, Patharapol, Risdiana, Eris, and Hanggono, Bambang
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WHITELEG shrimp , *SHRIMP industry , *IN situ hybridization , *EPITHELIAL cells - Abstract
White feces syndrome (WFS) is an emerging problem for penaeid shrimp farming industries in SE Asia countries, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, China, and in India. This occurrence of this syndrome is usually first evidenced by the appearance of white fecal strings floating on surface of the shrimp ponds. The gross signs of affected shrimp include the appearance of a whitish hindgut and loose carapace, and it is associated with reduced feeding and growth retardation. To investigate the nature of the white feces syndrome, samples of white feces and shrimp hepatopancreas tissue were collected from Penaeus vannamei in affected farms in Indonesia, and these were examined histologically. Within the white feces, we found densely packed spores of the microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (abbreviated as EHP) and relatively fewer numbers of rod-shaped bacteria. From WFS ponds, hepatopancreas samples form 30 individual shrimp were analyzed by histology and in situ hybridization. The results showed that all of the shrimp examined were infected with EHP accompanied by septic hepatopancreatic necrosis (SHPN). Midgut epithelial cells were also infected and this increased the number of tissue types being affected by EHP. By PCR, EHP was detected in all the samples analyzed from WFS-affected ponds, but not in those sampled from healthy shrimp ponds. To determine the modes of transmission for this parasite, we performed feeding and cohabitation bioassays, the results showed that EHP can be transmitted through per os feeding of EHP-infected hepatopancreas tissue to healthy shrimp and through cohabitation of infected and healthy shrimp. In addition, we found the use of Fumagillin-B, an antimicrobial agent, was ineffective in either reducing or eliminating EHP in infected shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2016
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27. Advances, challenges, and directions in shrimp disease control: the guidelines from an ecological perspective.
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Xiong, Jinbo, Dai, Wenfang, and Li, Chenghua
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SHRIMP diseases , *GUIDELINES , *WATER quality , *PROBIOTICS , *GUT microbiome , *PREVENTION - Abstract
High-density aquaculture has led to increasing occurrences of diseases in shrimp. Thus, it is imperative to establish effective and quantitative strategies for preventing and predicting these diseases. Water quality indices and investigations of specific pathogen abundance provide only a qualitative evaluation of the risk of shrimp disease and can be inaccurate. To address these shortcomings, we introduced intestinal indicative assemblages as independent variables with which to quantitatively predict incidences of shrimp disease. Given the ignorance regarding the niches differences in the shrimp intestine throughout its developmental stages, the use of probiotics in aquaculture has had limited success. Therefore, we propose the exploration of effective probiotic bacteria from shrimp intestinal flora and the establishment of therapeutic strategies dependent on shrimp age. Following ecological selection principles, we hypothesize that the larval stage provides the best opportunity to establish a desired gut microbiota through preemptive colonization of the treated rearing water with known probiotics. To employ this strategy, however, substantial barriers must be overcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2016
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28. Physiological and immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei undergoing the acute phase of the necrotizing hepatopancreatitis disease and after being treated with oxytetracycline and FF.
- Author
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Martínez-Córdova, Luis R., Gollas-Galván, Teresa, Garibay-Valdez, Estefanía, Valenzuela-Gutiérrez, Rocío, Martínez-Porchas, Marcel, Porchas-Cornejo, Marco A., Sánchez-Paz, Arturo, and Mendoza-Cano, Fernando more...
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IMMUNE response , *WHITELEG shrimp , *ACUTE phase reaction , *OXYTETRACYCLINE , *CARRIER proteins , *HEMOLYMPH , *ACUTE diseases - Abstract
The physiological and immune responses of adult shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) undergoing the acute phase of the necrotizing hepatopancreatitis (NHP) disease and the efficiency of oxytetracycline (OXI) and florfenicol (FF) to eliminate the pathogen were evaluated. Four shrimp groups were considered: three groups infected with necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacteria (NHP-B) (two treated with antibiotics and a positive control) and one group non-infected (negative control). Hemolymph concentration of glucose, lactate, acylglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, aminotransferases, superoxide dismutase, and the transcriptional expression of several immune related genes were monitored at the acute phase of the disease, and at 15 and 20 days after administration of antibiotics (daa). Shrimp from the positive control registered a mortality of 100%. NHP-B infection affected the immu-nophysiological response of shrimp; herein, most of the parameters were significantly up regulated in infected shrimp before the use of antibiotics, compared to the negative control. Increased transcriptional levels of clotting protein, lipopolysaccharide and β-1-3-glucan binding protein (LGBP), serine protease, peroxinectin, lysozyme, heat shock proteins (HSP) 60 and 70 were detected in shrimp treated with OXI. At 20 daa NHP-B was still detected in FF-treated shrimp, but not in OXI-treated shrimp. It is hypothesized that despite none of the antibiotics per se eliminated the bacterium, both had a negative effect on its virulence. OXI seems to have a greater effect, allowing shrimp to integrate a better immune response at 15 daa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2016
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29. Emergence of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) in farmed Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei in India.
- Author
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Rajendran, K.V., Shivam, Saloni, Ezhil Praveena, P., Joseph Sahaya Rajan, J., Sathish Kumar, T., Avunje, Satheesha, Jagadeesan, V., Prasad Babu, S.V.A.N.V., Pande, Ashish, Navaneeth Krishnan, A., Alavandi, S.V., and Vijayan, K.K. more...
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PENAEUS , *LITOPENAEUS , *EPITHELIAL cells , *HISTOPATHOLOGY , *PATHOGENIC microorganisms , *POLYMERASE chain reaction - Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), a microsporidian parasite, has emerged as a serious pathogen reported to be associated with retarded growth in cultured shrimp in many of the shrimp growing countries in Asia. As a part of ongoing disease surveillance among the farmed shrimp, we have investigated Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei cultured in the south-east coast of India for EHP infection using light and scanning electron microscopy, histopathology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridisation. Squash preparation of hepatopancreas and white faecal strings showed large number of microsporidian spores. Spores under scanning electron microscope appeared oval and measured 1.7 × 1.0 μm. Histology of infected animals showed severe degeneration of hepatopancreatic tubules. Basophilic inclusions resembling the developmental stages of EHP were found in the epithelial cells and large number of spore aggregations was observed in the tubular lumen. Enlargement of haemal sinuses and encapsulation of hepatopancreatic tubules were also observed in some cases. DNA extracted from hepatopancreas was subjected to PCR amplification using primers targeting microsporidian ssu rRNA gene. The PCR yielded an expected product of ~ 951 bp and the sequences showed 100% identity with the EHP reported from Vietnam, Thailand and China. Further screening of field samples was carried out using nested PCR employing EHP-specific primers. Of the 137 juvenile P. vannamei samples tested, 10 were found to be positive in the first step and 77 in the nested PCR. Overall prevalence of EHP was estimated to be 63.5%. However, only first step PCR-positive samples showed discernible number of spores in the hepatopancreas under a light microscope. Post-larvae of P. vannamei collected from a hatchery were found to be PCR negative for EHP. In situ hybridisation using EHP-specific DIG-labelled probe showed positive signals in infected hepatopancreatic tissue. Animals collected from white faeces syndrome (WFS)-affected pond showed higher prevalence of EHP (96.4%) compared to those from the unaffected pond (39.7%). On the contrary, slow growing animals showed low prevalence (58.5%) compared to normally growing animals (80.8%). Although EHP could be detected from slow-growing as well as WFS-affected animals, the present study could not conclusively elucidate the association of EHP with these clinical signs through experimental infection trials. This report forms the first record of the emergence of EHP infection in cultured SPF P. vannamei in India. Statement of relevance E. hepatopenaei (EHP), a microsporidian parasite, is an emerging pathogen having serious economic consequences to cultured shrimp in Asia. This report forms the first record of the emergence of the parasite in farmed P. vannamei from India, and presents a comprehensive account of the pathogen and its impact on the host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2016
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30. Designing the Yellow Head Virus Syndrome Recognition Application for Shrimp on an Embedded System
- Author
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Tran Chi Cuong, Le Hoang Dang, Luu Trong Hieu, Truong Quoc Bao, and Nguyen Dinh Tu
- Subjects
animal structures ,biology ,business.industry ,fungi ,Litopenaeus ,Pattern recognition ,Image segmentation ,biology.organism_classification ,Shrimp ,Shrimp farming ,Raspberry pi ,Yellow-head virus ,Artificial intelligence ,Shrimp disease ,business - Abstract
One of the most serious problems confronted by the shrimp farming industry is the disease caused by the yellow head virus (YHV). This research proposes an image processing algorithm to detect, identify and eliminate shrimp with the yellow head virus from the Litopenaeus vannamei gathering lines. Using a Raspberry Pi 3 module with the support of the OpenCV library which may be associated with Niblack’s algorithm is primarily suitable for segmentation. First, the shrimp object was identified and separated from the background using the image segmentation technique and the boundary that surrounds the object. Then, identification of diseased shrimp was analysed based on colour threshold. In this study, the sample of shrimp disease group had the highest amount of ratio, with about 6% to 11%. Most of the samples without the disease had a ratio of 0%. The experimental results show that the system can identify and accurately determine the coordinates of shrimp with yellow head virus disease and send information to the shrimp classification system in the food industry. more...
- Published
- 2019
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31. Structural Insights into the Cytotoxic Mechanism of Vibrio parahaemolyticus PirAvp and PirBvp Toxins
- Author
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Shin-Jen Lin, Kai-Cheng Hsu, and Hao-Ching Wang
- Subjects
shrimp disease ,AHPND ,Photorhabdus insect-related toxin ,PirAvp ,PirBvp ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
In aquaculture, shrimp farming is a popular field. The benefits of shrimp farming include a relatively short grow-out time, high sale price, and good cost recovery. However, outbreaks of serious diseases inflict serious losses, and acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is an emerging challenge to this industry. In South American white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) and grass shrimp (Penaeus monodon), this disease has a 70–100% mortality. The pathogenic agent of AHPND is a specific strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus which contains PirAvp and PirBvp toxins encoded in the pVA1 plasmid. PirAvp and PirBvp have been shown to cause the typical histological symptoms of AHPND in infected shrimps, and in this review, we will focus on our structural understanding of these toxins. By analyzing their structures, a possible cytotoxic mechanism, as well as strategies for anti-AHPND drug design, is proposed. more...
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Rapid detection of Penaeus vannamei diseases via an improved LeNet.
- Author
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Wang, Qingping, Qian, Cheng, Nie, Pengcheng, and Ye, Minger
- Subjects
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WHITELEG shrimp , *SHRIMP culture , *CONVOLUTIONAL neural networks , *SHRIMP diseases , *RANDOM noise theory , *TECHNOLOGICAL progress , *MUSCLE diseases , *ITERATIVE learning control - Abstract
Shrimp disease is a greatly important factor in the culture of Penaeus vannamei , the shrimp species with the highest yield in the world aquaculture industry. Hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (HPND, 37 %), red body disease (RBD, 26 %), and whitish muscle disease (WMD, 18 %) were the most common Penaeus vannamei diseases, all of which are usually classified and identified by two kinds of detection (manual detection and germs purifying method). Most of these detections suffer from the class low accuracy, too complex, or too costly. In this study, we tackle this situation with an improved LeNet, which includes modifying model parameters and computational methods. More particularly, this study proposes a convolutional neural networks (CNN) model that is based on LeNet network framework and can reduce parameters and accelerate calculation. To offer improvements in classification and identification, we increase the number of feature maps. Meanwhile, to firstly take denoise and then strengthen characteristic in pretreatment, HSV color space conversion and Gaussian noise with a level of 20 are led into. We conclude that the model generates the precision at about 96.1 % when the weight parameter learning rate is 0.002 and the number of iterations is 120 after being trained and validated. The study has made tremendous progress in the rapid detection of Penaeus vannamei diseases by providing an effective technological path and suggesting the possibility of realizing early disease warnings in future works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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33. Common disease-discriminatory fungal taxa accurately diagnose shrimp white feces syndrome, black gills, and retardation diseases.
- Author
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Song, Tingting, Sha, Haonan, Qiu, Qiongfen, Chen, Jiong, and Xiong, Jinbo
- Subjects
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WHITELEG shrimp , *SHRIMP diseases , *PHYTOPATHOGENIC microorganisms , *GILLS , *GUT microbiome - Abstract
It is now recognized that the gut microbiota contributes indispensable roles in shrimp fitness. However, little is known about how the hepatopancreas counterpart affects shrimp health, though hepatopancreas is an important organ in shrimp immunity and digestion. Additionally, the ignorance of fungi arises the question whether the hepatopancreas fungal taxa are indicative of shrimp health status. To this end, we explored the structures of gut and hepatopancreas fungal communities between healthy and three different diseased (white feces syndrome (WFS), black gills (BG), and retarded growth (RG)) shrimp cohorts. There were no significant differences in the overall diversity and structures of fungal microbiota among healthy and the three diseased groups. However, we found disease specific-dependent changes in fungal lineages. For example, compared with the gut fungal microbiota in healthy shrimp, WFS shrimp exhibited significantly fewer Didymella , Podospora , and Lasiosphaeriaceae, whereas RG shrimp were enriched by Chaetothyriales species. For the hepatopancreas fungal microbiota, WFS shrimp exhibited significant enrichments of Zasmidum and Mycosphaerellaceae, while Nectriaceae was decreased in BG shrimp. Notably, some fungal phyla and taxa consistently responded to the three diseases compared with healthy shrimp. Accordingly, after ruling out the disease-specific taxa, the gut common disease-discriminatory fungal taxa contributed higher diagnosis accuracy (96.15%) than the hepatopancreas indicators did (87.50%). Netshift analysis revealed that the "driver" taxa were potential fungal pathogens that were rarely overlapped among WFS, BG and RG, which partially explained the divergence in their disease symptoms. There was a consistency between increased relative abundances of potential plant pathogens and proportions of predicted plant pathogens. Collectively, this is the few attempts to explore both the gut and hepatopancreas fungal microbiotas shrimp disease relationship. In particular, the incidences of shrimp diseases can be accurately and quantitatively diagnosed using the common disease-discriminatory fungal taxa, regardless of causal agents. • Some fungal phyla and taxa consistently respond to the three diseases compared with healthy shrimp • There are consistency between the increased relative abundances of potential plant pathogens andpredicted pathogens • After ruling out the specific disease effect, common disease-discriminatory taxa are identified • The diagnosis model contributes an overall 96.15% accuracy of shrimp health status [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
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34. Farm-raised tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, fed commercial feeds with added organic acids showed enhanced nutrient utilization, immune response and resistance to Vibrio harveyi challenge.
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Ng, Wing-Keong, Koh, Chik-Boon, Teoh, Chaiw-Yee, and Romano, Nicholas
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PENAEUS monodon , *ORGANIC acids , *IMMUNE response , *VIBRIO harveyi , *AQUACULTURE industry , *SHRIMP culture - Abstract
The threat of disease in the aquaculture industry, coupled with greater restrictions or ban on antibiotic use, has increased interest in evaluating antibiotic alternatives. A promising alternative is organic acids, which have been used for decades in the livestock feed industry as an antimicrobial and growth promoter. However, very limited information exists on their applications to the shrimp aquaculture industry. The aim of the current study was to examine the potential beneficial effects of a novel microencapsulated organic acid blend (OAB) to the production of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon , in earthen ponds at a commercial farm when fed commercial feeds without (Diet A) or with (Diet B) organic acid supplementation at 2% OAB throughout the grow-out period. Farm-raised shrimp were randomly sampled and transferred to the laboratory to examine any effects on nutrient utilization, resistance of shrimp to Vibrio harveyi and associated hepatopancreatic histopathology and phenoloxidase (PO) activity. Results showed that after 22 weeks of culture in ponds, shrimp growth was similar between treatments. Lower nitrite-N and nitrate-N concentrations in the pond water indicated potential improved protein utilization from shrimp fed Diet B. This was supported by data from the digestibility trial, demonstrating crude protein, but also dry matter, ash and phosphorous utilization was significantly enhanced (P < 0.05). Total viable bacteria and presumptive Vibrio spp. counts were lower at the end of the grow-out period in the pond water of shrimp fed Diet B. Shrimp fed Diet B showed significantly higher survival to V. harveyi challenge, likely due to enhanced PO activity and less hepatopancreatic damage. Total viable bacterial and Vibrio counts in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed Diet B were significantly lower compared to Diet A. This study provides the first reported data on the use of dietary organic acids in a commercial shrimp farm setting. The enhancement to nutrient utilization may reduce feeding costs and improve water quality while the higher resistance of shrimp to pathogenic bacteria such as Vibrio spp. may provide shrimp farmers with an effective method to mitigate disease outbreaks in the global shrimp aquaculture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2015
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35. Development of in situ hybridization and PCR assays for the detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), a microsporidian parasite infecting penaeid shrimp.
- Author
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Tang, Kathy F.J., Pantoja, Carlos R., Redman, Rita M., Han, Jee Eun, Tran, Loc H., and Lightner, Donald V.
- Subjects
- *
MICROSPORIDIOSIS , *CRUSTACEA , *IN situ hybridization , *POLYMERASE chain reaction , *PARASITIC protozoa , *EPITHELIAL cells , *DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
A microsporidian parasite, Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (abbreviated as EHP), is an emerging pathogen for penaeid shrimp. EHP has been found in several shrimp farming countries in Asia including Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and China, and is reported to be associated with growth retardation in farmed shrimp. We examined the histological features from infected shrimp collected from Vietnam and Brunei, these include the presence of basophilic inclusions in the hepatopancreas tubule epithelial cells, in which EHP is found at various developmental stages, ranging from plasmodia to mature spores. By a PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene, a 1.1 kb 18S rRNA gene fragment of EHP was amplified, and this sequence showed a 100% identity to EHP found in Thailand and China. This fragment was cloned and labeled with digoxigenin-11-dUTP, and in situ hybridized to tissue sections of infected Penaeus vannamei (from Vietnam) and P. stylirostris (Brunei). The results of in situ hybridization were specific, the probe only reacted to the EHP within the cytoplasmic inclusions, not to a Pleistophora -like microsporidium that is associated with cotton shrimp disease. Subsequently, we developed a PCR assay from this 18S rRNA gene region, this PCR is shown to be specific to EHP, did not react to 2 other parasitic pathogens, an amoeba and the cotton shrimp disease microsporidium, nor to genomic DNA of various crustaceans including polychaetes, squids, crabs and krill. EHP was detected, through PCR, in hepatopancreatic tissue, feces and water sampled from infected shrimp tanks, and in some samples of Artemia biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2015
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36. Antibody-based lateral flow chromatographic assays for detecting fish and shrimp pathogens: A technical review.
- Author
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Shyam, K.U., Kim, Hwi-Jin, Kole, Sajal, Oh, Myung-Joo, Kim, Choon-Sup, Kim, Do-Hyung, and Kim, Wi-Sik
- Abstract
Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) are point-of-care detection systems based on the principle of immunochromatography. They have several advantages, including a relatively low manufacturing cost and a simple, rapid, and user-friendly application. A standard LFIA strip generally consists of two target-specific antibodies (one anti-species antibody and one bio-recognition element) and one reaction platform comprised of overlapped membranes, viz., sample pad, conjugate pad, reaction pad, and absorption pad. Depending on the pathogen of interest, preferences of manufacturing materials, reaction formats, selection of target tissue, choice of application buffer, and concentrations of antibodies can vary. Recently, as many as 22 LFIA detection devices have been reported for use in aquaculture, including nine devices for detecting fish pathogens and 13 devices that target shrimp pathogens. In this review article, we will summarize reported findings in terms of their technical aspects, manufacturing elements, and quality parameters for pathogen detection to present cumulative baseline data that might help us develop new LFIA devices for other significant pathogens in aquaculture. • An LFIA is a simple, fast, but very easy-to-use point-of-care detection system. • 22 LFIAs for detecting aquatic pathogens are reviewed in terms of their technical aspect of development. • The quality of LFIAs depends on several factors mostly the selection of antibody, label, and buffer. • Future studies of LFIAs are focused on improving the sensitivity and quality of the assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
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37. Rickettsia-like organisms from cultured aquatic organisms, with emphasis on necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacterium affecting penaeid shrimp: an overview on an emergent concern.
- Author
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Gollas-Galván, Teresa, Avila-Villa, Luz Angélica, Martínez-Porchas, Marcel, and Hernandez-Lopez, Jorge
- Subjects
AQUACULTURE ,RICKETTSIA ,SHRIMPS ,AQUATIC organisms ,BACTERIAL diseases - Abstract
Aquaculture has expanded significantly in the last two decades. However, mass mortalities of cultured organisms have occurred, sometimes caused by intracellular prokaryotic organisms such as rickettsial-like organisms ( RLO). Different species of bivalves, fish and crustacean considered as commercially important have been affected by RLO. In particular, there are scarce reports of RLO affecting crustaceans; however, the necrotizing hepatopancreatitis ( NHPB) bacterium has emerged as a pathogen of concern during the last decade. NHPB thrives in shrimp hepatopancreas, causing physiological alterations and inclusively massive mortalities. In spite of the above, there is still scarce information regarding NHPB and its molecular characterization. The review is focused on the recent advances in the knowledge of RLO of mollusc and fish, with special emphasis on the intracellular necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacterium ( NHPB) of penaeid shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2014
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38. Progress in the gut microbiota in exploring shrimp disease pathogenesis and incidence
- Author
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Jinbo Xiong
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,animal structures ,Future studies ,030106 microbiology ,Disease pathogenesis ,Biology ,Gut flora ,Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ,digestive system ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Pathogenesis ,03 medical and health sciences ,Penaeidae ,Disease severity ,medicine ,Animals ,Shrimp disease ,fungi ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Shrimp ,030104 developmental biology ,Host-Pathogen Interactions ,Immunology ,Dysbiosis ,Biotechnology - Abstract
It is now recognized that gut microbiota contributes indispensable roles in safeguarding host health. Shrimp is being threatened by newly emerging diseases globally; thus, understanding the driving factors that govern its gut microbiota would facilitate an initial step to reestablish and maintain a "healthy" gut microbiota. This review summarizes the factors that assemble the shrimp gut microbiota, which focuses on the current progresses of knowledge linking the gut microbiota and shrimp health status. In particular, I propose the exploration of shrimp disease pathogenesis and incidence based on the interplay between dysbiosis in the gut microbiota and disease severity. An updated research on shrimp disease toward an ecological perspective is discussed, including host-bacterial colonization, identification of polymicrobial pathogens and diagnosing disease incidence. Further, a simple conceptual model is offered to summarize the interplay among the gut microbiota, external factors, and shrimp disease. Finally, based on the review, current limitations are raised and future studies directed at solving these concerns are proposed. This review is timely given the increased interest in the role of gut microbiota in disease pathogenesis and the advent of novel diagnosis strategies. more...
- Published
- 2018
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39. Gene expression responses of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) infected with necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacterium.
- Author
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Figueroa-Pizano, María D., Peregrino-Uriarte, Alma B., Yepiz-Plascencia, Gloria, Martínez-Porchas, Marcel, Gollas-Galván, Teresa, and Martínez-Córdova, Luis R.
- Subjects
- *
GENE expression , *WHITELEG shrimp , *NECROTIZING pancreatitis , *SHRIMP culture , *GENETIC code , *DISEASES - Abstract
Abstract: Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacterium (NHPB) affects the production of shrimp farms along Latin America. NHPB is one of the main threats to shrimp culture; therefore the defense mechanisms and molecular mediators that act against this bacterium ought to be well understood. The aim of this study was to study the changes in the immune response and the expression of genes coding for proteins of the immune system in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, infected with NHPB. Shrimp infected with NHPB and healthy shrimp were maintained under laboratory conditions during 24d. Haemolymph and hepatopancreas were collected from shrimp every six days. Total hemocyte count (THC), activities of α-2-Macroglobulin (A-2-M), phenoloxidase and total phenoloxidase from haemolymph were monitored. The expression of clottable protein (CP) and lipopolysaccharide & β-glucan binding protein (LGBP) were determined from hepatopancreas, whereas the expression of A-2-M, prophenoloxidase (proPO) and transglutaminase (TGase) was determined from hemocytes. THC showed no significant differences among infected and healthy shrimp at any of the four times. The specific activity of A-2-M significantly decreased on days 18th and 24th post-infection. In the case of the specific activity of total phenoloxidase and phenoloxidase a significant decrease was detected only in day 18 post-infection. CP gene expression decreased at 6th day post-infection, while at 18days showed an increase of about 2.5-fold. LGBP expression increased in the first six days and at the 24th day post-infection had a drastic decline. The expression of A-2-M showed no significant changes in any of the four times. proPO expression increased more than 4-fold at day 12th post-infection but decreased at 18th day post-infection. TGase expression increased 3.5-fold at day 12th post-infection. The results found in this study suggest an active participation of the proPO system and the clotting reaction against NHP infection, mostly on days 12th and 18th post-infection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2014
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40. Contribution of shrimp disease research to the development of the shrimp aquaculture industry: an analysis of the research and innovation structure across the countries.
- Author
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Dastidar, Prabir G., Mallik, Ajoy, and Mandal, Nripendranath
- Abstract
Shrimp aquaculture constitutes a major economic activity of some middle- and low-level economies in the world. Though it is practiced by around 70 countries, it is primarily dominated by China, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Ecuador and India. These six countries account for 80 % of the global shrimp production. The study has highlighted the role of research in the development of the industry by taking the examples of Penaeus vannamei and P. monodon. In case of the former, a seven time rise in quantum of research (studied by the number of publications as a proxy) could induce five time increase in production, whereas, in the latter case similar pattern was not noticed. The study has observed that based on shrimp production and research contribution; the major 30 countries associated with shrimp aquaculture could be categorized as: (i) high production, high-research contribution, (ii) low production, high-research contribution and (iii) high production, low-research contribution. The countries under the third category are at great risk and may suffer huge economic losses in the event of outbreak of any disease. By generating network map of research linkage across different countries the study has highlighted the potential countries for strengthening the existing linkage and fostering new linkage for knowledge consolidation. The study has given some suggestion for policy formulation for achieving a rapid growth of shrimp aquaculture in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2013
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41. Physiological and immune responses of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) infected with necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacterium
- Author
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Ávila-Villa, Luz Angélica, Fimbres-Olivarria, Diana, García-Sánchez, Guillermina, Gollas-Galván, Teresa, Hernández-López, Jorge, and Martínez-Porchas, Marcel
- Subjects
- *
NECROTIZING pancreatitis , *WHITELEG shrimp , *SHRIMPS , *PHYSIOLOGICAL control systems , *HOMEOSTASIS , *ISOPENTENOIDS , *NITROGEN excretion , *DIGESTIVE enzymes , *FRESHWATER animals , *DISEASES , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Abstract: An eighteen day trial was performed to evaluate the effect of necrotizing hepatopancreatitis (NHP) disease on the physiological, nutritional and immunological status of adult white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Shrimp were divided into infected and non-infected groups; infected shrimp were fed with hepatopancreas homegenates positive to NHP bacterium, while non-infected shrimp were fed with healthy hepatopancreas. No significant differences were observed for protein, glucose, acylglicerides, cholesterol, ammonia and urea concentrations in haemolymph. However, lactate levels increased by 95% in infected shrimp compared to non-infected shrimp at 18th day post inoculation; similarly, nitrite levels in infected shrimp significantly raised by 141% and 66% at 15th and 18th days respectively. The total phenoloxidase and phenoloxidase activities of infected shrimp increased significantly at 7th day post inoculation, whereas no significant differences were detected for prophenoloxidase and total hemocyte count. The antibacterial activity decreased in infected shrimp at 15th day post inoculation. Total proteinase, trypsin and quimotrypsin activities increased after 15days from inoculation in infected shrimp; however trypsin and quimotrypsin activities returned to their original levels after 18days. Results suggest that shrimp maintained a homeostasis status in most of the monitored parameters, while others were modified and returned to their original levels, indicating that shrimp can withstand the disease during the first phase by performing different physiological and biochemical modifications in order to maintain homeostasis (general adaptation syndrome). [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2012
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42. Shrimp bacterial and parasitic disease listed in the OIE: A review.
- Author
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Yu, Young-Bin, Choi, Jae-Ho, Kang, Ju-Chan, Kim, Hyoung Jun, and Kim, Jun-Hwan
- Subjects
- *
BACTERIAL diseases , *PARASITIC diseases , *NECROTIZING pancreatitis , *SHRIMP diseases , *SHRIMP culture , *SHRIMPS - Abstract
Shrimp aquaculture industry has steadily increased with demand and development of aquaculture technology. In recent years, frequent diseases have become a major risk factor for shrimp aquaculture, such as a drastically reduced the production of shrimp and causing national economic loss. Among them, shrimp bacterial diseases such as hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) and necrotizing hepatopancreatitis (NHP–B) and parasitic disease such as Aphanomyces astaci (crayfish plague) are emerging and evolving into new types. OIE (World Organization for Animal Health) regularly updates information on diseases in the Aquatic Code and Aquatic Manual, but in-depth information on the shrimp diseases are lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide information necessary for the response and prevention of shrimp diseases by understanding the characteristics and diagnosis of shrimp diseases designated by OIE. [Display omitted] • Bacterial and parasitic diseases are a major threat to the shrimp aquaculture industry. • The pathogens of AHPND and NHP–B, a recetly emerging disease have caused damage to shrimp production. • Aphanomyces astaci (Oomycetes) is a fungal-like parasite and one of the world's worst alien species. • Identifying bacterial and parasitic shrimp diseases is necessary to properly respond to the diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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43. Advances in Research of Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis Bacterium (NHPB) Affecting Penaeid Shrimp Aquaculture.
- Author
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Vincent, AmandaG. and Lotz, JeffreyM.
- Subjects
- *
BACTERIAL diseases , *SHRIMPS , *AQUACULTURE , *RICKETTSIA , *PATHOGENIC microorganisms , *FRESHWATER animals - Abstract
Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis (NHP) is a severe bacterial disease affecting penaeid shrimp aquaculture. NHP is caused by the gram-negative, pleomorphic, obligately intracellular NHP-bacterium (NHPB) that targets the hepatopancreas tissue of shrimp. NHPB is classified as an α -proteobacterium and is related to members of the Rickettsia. First reported in 1985 in a Texas shrimp farm, NHP has since affected shrimp farming in several North and South American countries, causing mortalities up to 95% and devastating economic losses to aquaculture crops. Because NHPB remains unculturable through traditional in vitro methods, the development of an in vivo cultivation system of NHPB in susceptible, specific pathogen-free Litopenaeus vannamei has allowed advancement of experimental research, including NHPB population biology and transmission dynamics. Current research on NHPB is discussed relative to management strategies of NHP disease in a shrimp pond. Compared to other important shrimp pathogens, NHPB is geographically limited, like that of yellowhead virus (YHV), but in contrast to the global distribution of Taura syndrome virus (TSV) and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Additionally, NHPB is less virulent than TSV and WSSV, and the transmission dynamics of TSV and YHV are much more complicated than that of NHPB and WSSV in penaeid shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2007
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44. Isolation and selection of Lactobacillus spp. antagonistic to Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing the (Early Mortality Syndrome) shrimp disease in Soc Trang province
- Author
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Dung Thi Thanh Do, Trang Thi Phuong Phan, and Quang Dinh Vo
- Subjects
animal structures ,biology ,Lactobacillus ,Vibrio parahaemolyticus ,fungi ,General Medicine ,Shrimp disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Isolation (microbiology) ,Selection (genetic algorithm) ,Microbiology - Abstract
Early mortality syndrome (EMS) caused by pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the most major factors affecting the development of aquaculture. Using the antagonism of probiotics against pathogens is an alternative strategy to antibiotics and has lots of potential to control pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we isolated and screened total of 8 Lactobacillus strains from 30 mud, water and shrimp samples at shrimp ponds in Soc Trang province. All of them were be able resistant with Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains causing the EMS shrimp disease in vitro. In which, TA7L1 strain showed the strongest resistance and was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum by analysing 16S rDNA sequence and MALDI-TOF. TA7L1 strain was determined safety and has potential application in the production of biological products to prevent EMS shrimp disease. more...
- Published
- 2017
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45. Shrimp vaccination trials with the VP292 protein of white spot syndrome virus.
- Author
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Vaseeharan, B., Anand, T. Prem, Murugan, T., and Chen, J. C.
- Subjects
- *
SHRIMP culture , *VACCINATION , *MOLECULAR genetics , *BACTERIAL genetics , *ESCHERICHIA coli , *GENOMICS , *PROTEIN metabolism - Abstract
Aims: Construction of a recombinant vector that expresses VP292 protein of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and to exploit the possibility of obtaining the vaccine conferring protection against WSSV infection in shrimps. Methods and Results: VP292 protein of WSSV was amplified from WSSV genomic DNA by PCR. The target 814 bp amplified product specific for VP292 protein was inserted in to pQE30 expression vector. The recombinant plasmid of VP292 protein was transformed and expressed in Escherichia coli under induction of isopropyl-1-1-thio- β-d-galactoside (IPTG) and the immunoreactivity of the fusion protein was detected by Western blot. Shrimp were vaccinated by intramuscular injection of the purified protein VP292 of WSSV and challenged for 0–30 days. Vaccination trial experiments show that two injections with recombinant VP292 (rVP292) protein induced a higher resistance, with 52% relative percentage survival value, in the shrimp at the 30th day postvaccination. Conclusions: The expression system of protein VP292 of WSSV with a high efficiency has been successfully constructed. Vaccination trials show significant resistance in the shrimp vaccinated twice with recombinant VP292. Significance and Impact of the Study: Results of this study prosper the development of WSSV protein vaccine against WSSV infection in shrimps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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46. Vibrio harveyi: a significant pathogen of marine vertebrates and invertebrates.
- Author
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Austin, B. and Zhang, X-H.
- Subjects
- *
PATHOGENIC microorganisms , *MARINE animals , *VERTEBRATE physiology , *INVERTEBRATE physiology , *MARINE fishes , *SHRIMPS , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Vibrio harveyi, which now includes Vibrio carchariae as a junior synonym, is a serious pathogen of marine fish and invertebrates, particularly penaeid shrimp. In fish, the diseases include vasculitis, gastro-enteritis and eye lesions. With shrimp, the pathogen is associated with luminous vibriosis and Bolitas negricans. Yet, the pathogenicity mechanisms are imprecisely understood, with likely mechanisms involving the ability to attach and form biofilms, quorum sensing, various extracellular products including proteases and haemolysins, lipopolysaccharide, and interaction with bacteriophage and bacteriocin-like substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Integrating gut microbiota immaturity and disease-discriminatory taxa to diagnose the initiation and severity of shrimp disease
- Author
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Chenghua Li, Jinyong Zhu, Chunming Dong, Qiongfen Qiu, Wenfang Dai, and Jinbo Xiong
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,animal structures ,biology ,Ecology ,Host (biology) ,fungi ,030106 microbiology ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Physiology ,Disease ,Gut flora ,biology.organism_classification ,digestive system ,Microbiology ,Shrimp ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Taxon ,Phylogenetics ,Shrimp disease ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Summary Increasing evidence has emerged a tight link among the gut microbiota, host age and health status. This osculating interplay impedes the definition of gut microbiome features associated with host health from that in developmental stages. Consequently, gut microbiota-based prediction of health status is promising yet not well established. Here we firstly tracked shrimp gut microbiota (N = 118) over an entire cycle of culture; shrimp either stayed healthy or progressively transitioned into severe disease. The results showed that the gut microbiota were significantly distinct over shrimp developmental stages and disease progression. Null model and phylogenetic-based mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD) analyses indicated that deterministic processes that governed gut community became less important as the shrimp aged and disease progressed. The predicted gut microbiota age (using the profiles of age-discriminatory bacterial species as independent variables) fitted well (r = 0.996; P more...
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. The use of differential display to isolate viral genomic sequence for rapid development of PCR-based detection methods: A test case using Taura syndrome virus
- Author
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Lu, Yufeng, Wang, Shiao Y., and Lotz, Jeffrey M.
- Subjects
- *
DISEASES , *GENETICS , *GENOMES , *PATHOGENIC microorganisms - Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the efficacy of using differential display (DD) to isolate viral genomic sequence using tissues from infected organisms so that a PCR procedure to detect the pathogen may be developed rapidly. The model virus used was the Taura syndrome virus (TSV), a ssRNA virus that cause high rates of mortality at shrimp farms. Two random primers in combination with four anchored primers were used to isolate five cDNAs, ranging in size from 241 to 822bp, that were differentially expressed in TSV-infected shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). PCR experiments revealed that four of the five encoded shrimp genes while the fifth was likely to be a TSV gene. Evidence that the putative TSV sequence is part of the TSV genome was obtained by the 97% sequence identity it shared with the published TSV genome. PCR primers were designed successfully using the differential display sequence to develop a RT-PCR-based method to detect TSV. Because differential display does not require physical isolation of the virus and only a small amount of infected sample is needed, the technique may be useful as a method to isolate nucleic acid sequences from emerging pathogens so that PCR primers for their detection may be developed rapidly. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
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49. Replication of white spot syndrome virus in ovarian primary cultures from the kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus
- Author
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Maeda, Minoru, Saitoh, Hiroyuki, Mizuki, Eiichi, Itami, Toshiaki, and Ohba, Michio
- Subjects
- *
OVARIES , *SUCROSE , *VIRUSES , *IMMUNOBLOTTING - Abstract
Propagation of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was investigated in primary ovarian cultures from the kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. A WSSV strain, purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, was inoculated into 10-day-old primary ovarian cultures. WSSV infection induced marked cytopathic effect (CPE) on primary ovarian cells. Initially, virus-infected cells began to shrink 72 h post-inoculation, followed by the rounding of most cells which detached finally from flask surface. Electron microscopic observations clearly showed that the replication of WSSV occurred in nuclei of ovarian cells. Immunoblot analysis with antibodies against the WSSV envelope protein VP28 provided the evidence that the levels of WSSV antigens in culture supernatant gradually increased during the period between 24 and 120 h after virus inoculation. The results suggest that the use of primary ovarian cultures of the kuruma shrimp will facilitate characterization of the WSSV infection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Immunomodulatory potential of marine secondary metabolites against bacterial diseases of shrimp
- Author
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Selvin, Joseph, Huxley, A.J., and Lipton, A.P.
- Subjects
- *
SHRIMP fisheries , *DISEASE management , *METABOLITES , *ULVA - Abstract
Shrimp disease management using bioactive marine secondary metabolites (MSMs) was developed as a package of practice for the sustainable shrimp farming. Therefore, the effect of MSMs on the host defense factors of shrimp was evaluated in the present study. Findings indicated that Ulva diet significantly increase the defense factors such as haemogram, agglutination index, phagocytic rate, bacterial clearance and serum bactericidal activity of treated shrimps over the control group. Based on the gut bacterial load, Ulva diet was considered as proactive drug whereas Dendrilla diet was determined as a curative agent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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