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Background Loss of smell and/or taste have been described in COVID-19 patients. Studies have not been conducted to evaluate the loss of smell and/or taste in the context of Nepal. Objective To investigate the prevalence of Ear, Nose and Throat related symptoms and assess smell and taste disorders in laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients. Method This prospective cross-sectional study evaluated patients from September 2020 to March 2021 with preceding COVID-19 diagnosis from a tertiary centre in Kathmandu. COVID-19 positive patients visiting out-patient department, quarantined or admitted were included. Patients were given questionnaire consisting of demographic data, history of smoking and evaluation of presenting symptoms. Loss of smell and taste were subjectively tested and followed up via telephone for ten weeks to evaluate for recovery time and degree of recovery. Result A total of 226 patients participated in the study, 18-92 years old (mean age, 36.77 ± 15.23 years; 53.5% males, 69% non-smokers). Majority of the patients had Myalgia (n = 128, 56.6%) as their presenting symptoms followed by fever (n = 122, 53.9%), loss of smell (n = 117, 51.7%), cough (n = 107, 47.34) and sore throat (n = 102, 45.1%). Loss of sense of smell and taste was reported in 51.8% and 42% respectively. The association between loss of sense of smell and taste was statistically significant (p < .001). All patients had some degree of recovery with 64.1% recovery of smell and 64.2% recovery of taste within 14 days of onset of symptoms. The mean recovery time for sense of smell and taste was 14.34 ± 9.82 days and 15.03 ± 10.06 days, respectively. Conclusion Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are cardinal features of COVID-19. They recover spontaneously along with other symptoms within few weeks. The absence of smell or taste in times of pandemic can be suggestive of potential COVID-19 infection and be used as a screening tool for early diagnosis and reduce transmission of the infection.

IntroductionInactivated, viral vector and mRNA vaccines have been used in the Nepali COVID-19 vaccination programme but there is little evidence on the effectiveness of these vaccines in this setting. The aim of this study is to describe COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in Nepal and provide information on infections with SARS-CoV-2 variants.Methods and analysisThis is a hospital-based, prospective test-negative case–control study conducted at Patan Hospital, Kathmandu. All patients >18 years of age presenting to Patan Hospital with COVID-19-like symptoms who have received a COVID-19 antigen/PCR test are eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome is vaccine effectiveness of licensed COVID-19 vaccines against laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 disease.After enrolment, information will be collected on vaccine status, date of vaccination, type of vaccine, demographics and other medical comorbidities. The primary outcome of interest is laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cases (positive for SARS-CoV-2) and controls (negative for SARS-CoV-2) will be enrolled in a 1:4 ratio. Vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 disease will be analysed by comparing vaccination status with SARS-CoV-2 test results.Positive SARS-CoV-2 samples will be sequenced to identify circulating variants and estimate vaccine effectiveness against common variants.Measuring vaccine effectiveness and identifying SARS-CoV-2 variants in Nepal will help to inform public health efforts. Describing disease severity in relation to specific SARS-CoV-2 variants and vaccine status will also inform future prevention and care efforts.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained from the University of Oxford Tropical Ethics Committee (OxTREC) (ref: 561-21) and the Patan Academy of Health Sciences Institutional Review Board (ref: drs2111121578). The protocol and supporting study documents were approved for use by the Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC 550-2021). Results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and to the public health authorities in Nepal.

Introduction: Acute mastoiditis (AM) is a leading intra-temporal complication of Acute Otitis Media (AOM) that most commonly occurs in young children. Occasionally, it presents as first sign of an ear disease. We aimed to evaluate its clinical course and determine therapeutic options for pediatric patients. Methods: Prospective, descriptive study conducted on 79 pediatric patients (18 years or below) who presented to during a period of two and half years. Data were collected on patient particulars, treatment offered, duration of hospital stay and final outcome. SPSS 16.0 was used for statistical analysis. Result: Most were males (62%).Mean age ± SD was 9.32±5.3.History of AOM was present in 60(75.9%).Clinical features on admission were post aural inflammation (100%), otalgia (79.7%), fever (59.5%), aural protrusion (54.4%) and otorrhoea (51.9%).Out of 54 (68.4%) cultures sent, 30 (38%) grew organisms like Streptococcus pneumonia (20.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.1%), Streptococcus pyogenes (3.8%) and Staphylococcus aureus (3.8%). Subperiosteal abscess was present in 21 (26.6%) patients and one had facial palsy. Conservative treatment was offered in 66(83.5%) whereas surgery was performed in 13 (16.5%) children. Mean ± SD for the duration of hospital stay was 5.58±1.99.Pearson’s Chi- Square tests were done between history of AOM with treatment received (p=0.26); between age group with treatment received (p=- 0.006) and between complications seen with treatment received (p=0.022). T tests were done between duration of hospital stay with age group (p= 0.01) and treatment received (p=0.00). Conclusion: Most of the cases followed previous AOM episode. With early recognition and effective treatment, the prognosis is good. Der Erstautor gibt keinen Interessenkonflikt an., GMS Current Posters in Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; 13:Doc105

International audience; Two new approaches of i) simultaneous study of implosion and radiative characteristics of different materials in wire array Z-pinch plasma in one shot [Safronova et al, PoP 21, 031205 (2014)] and ii) investigation of larger sized wire arrays (to enhance energy coupling to plasmas and provide better diagnostic access) were further developed in experiments with 1.7 MA Zebra with a Load Current Multiplier. In particular, the largest multi-Planar Wire Arrays with two outer planes from alloyed Al wires placed as far from each other as at 19 mm (compare with 6 and 9 mm studied before) and with a modified central plane from Ni-60 (mostly Cu), were investigated. Though K-shell Al and L-shell Cu plasmas have similar temperatures and densities, the ablation dynamics and radiation of Al and Cu planes is somewhat different, which was investigated in detail using the full set of diagnostics and modeling. Advantages of using such wire arrays at higher currents to study plasma flow and radiation from different materials and jets are highlighted. This work was supported by NNSA under DOE Cooperative Agreement DE-NA0001984 and in part by DE-NA0002075. SNL is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U.S. DOE under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

SOME LAMANI SENTENCE TYPES: AN EXPERIMENT IN PEDAGOGICAL RESEARCH. 1I. INTRODUCTION 1II. SOME LAMANI SENTENCE TYPES 4A. Conditional Sentence 4B. Antithetical Sentence 8C. Alternative Sentence 11D. Conjunctive Sentence 14III. CLOSING REMARKS 16Symbols and Abbreviations 18Note 20References 21

A-53, Contents iii{Ronald L. Trail, with Harisingh T. Rathod, Geeta Chand, Chaudhary Roy, Indira Shrestha, Nirmal Man Tuladhar} 1SOME LAMANI SENTENCE TYPES: AN EXPERIMENT IN PEDAGOGICAL RESEARCH. I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. SOME LAMANI SENTENCE TYPES 4 A. Conditional Sentence 4 B. Antithetical Sentence 8 C. Alternative Sentence 11 D. Conjunctive Sentence 14 III. CLOSING REMARKS 16 Symbols and Abbreviations 18 Note 20 References 21{Peter J. Grainger} 23A PALATOGRAPHY EXPERIMENT TO SHOW THE CONTRAST BETWEEN DENTAL AND POST-ALVEOLAR STOPS IN PUNJABI. INTRODUCTION 23 PROCEDURE 23 EXPERIMENT 24 RESULTS 24 LIMITATIONS 25 FURTHER AREAS FOR INVESTIGATION 25 POSTSCRIPT 26 Reference 26 Firth's Palatogram Figure 27 Palatogram Photographs 28{Warren W. Glover and John K. Landon} 29GURUNG DIALECTS. 1. LOCAL OPINION 31 2. WORD LISTS 32 3. ISOGLOSSES 35 4. SOUND SHIFTS 36 5. INTELLIGIBILITY TESTING 38 6. CONCLUSIONS 48 Map 1: Gandaki Anchal 54 Map 2: Isogloss Counts 55 Map 3: Grouping Test Points by Intelligibility 56 Map 4: Grouping of Test Points by Vocabulary Likenesses 57 Appendix 1: Swadesh List in Gurung Dialects 58 Appendix 2: Test Sentences 66 Notes 72 References 76{Austin Hale and Thakurlal Manandhar} 79CASE AND ROLE IN NEWARI. 1. CASES 79 2. ACTOR COMPLEX 80 3. SITE COMPLEX 82 4. UNDERGOER COMPLEX 84 Notes 90 References 93{Austin Hale} 95PERSON MARKERS: FINITE CONJUNCT AND DISJUNCT VERB FORMS IN NEWARI. 1. THE PROBLEM 95 2. CONJUNCT, DISJUNCT, AND THE TRUE INSTIGATOR 96 3. QUOTES, QUOTE FRAMES, AND CO-REFERENTIAL ACTORS 97 4. QUESTIONS AND THE CO-REFERENCE RULE 98 5. TRUE QUESTIONS, RHETORICAL QUESTIONS, AND THE FIRST PERSON 99 6. SUMMARY OF THE FINITE CONJUNCT-DISJUNCT PATTERNS 100 Notes 102 References 105{Burkhard Schöttelndreyer} 107GLIDES IN SHERPA. I. THE PROBLEM 107 II. A PROPOSAL 108 III. INITIAL CLUSTERING WITH /y/ AND /w/ 110 Notes 112{Burkhard Schöttelndreyer} 113VOWEL AND TONE PATTERNS IN THE SHERPA VERB. I. THE BASE FORM 113 II. PRINCIPAL PARTS AND VOWEL PATTERNS 114 III. TONE PATTERNS 116 IV. DERIVATION PROCEDURE 117 V. SAMPLE DERIVATION 119 Notes 122{Burkhard Schöttelndreyer} 125PERSON MARKERS IN SHERPA. I. THE PROBLEM 125 II. MATRIX FOCUS AND THE PERFORMATIVE 126 III. DIRECT QUOTATION 126 IV. INDIRECT QUOTATION 128 V. RHETORICAL QUESTION 129 Notes 130

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