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In this study, the anti-browning effectiveness of short-term high oxygen pre-stimulation (SHOP), supercooled (SC) storage, or combined (SHOP + SC) treatment for fresh-cut potatoes was explored by evaluations on surface color, texture, phenolic anabolism, membrane integrity, antioxidant capacity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) balancing. Furthermore, enzyme activity ratios (EA ratios) were further proposed to assess the effect of SHOP on enzymatic browning, which were defined as ratios between defense enzymes, including peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) or catalase (CAT), and attacked enzymes including polyphenol oxidase (PPO) or lipoxygenase (LOX). As a result, SHOP + SC treatment retarded the browning and delayed the softening of fresh-cut potatoes by inhibiting the activities of related enzymes, restraining the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), and promoting the synthesis of phenolic substances against their oxidation in potatoes. Besides, higher POD activities and lower BI were observed in SHOP + SC compared with SC, but PPO activities were non-statistically significant in both. At the early storage stage, the antioxidant capacities of fresh-cut potatoes treated with SHOP and SHOP + SC were enhanced, and the ROS accumulation was inhibited. Moreover, EA ratios and their changing amplitude of the SC group ranked top, followed by the control, SHOP, and SHOP + SC. Results suggested that the antioxidant capacity was reinforced by SHOP in fresh-cut potatoes due to enhanced resistance against membrane lipid damage resulting from mechanical cutting and persistent SC stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the regulatory mechanisms through which short-term high oxygen pre-stimulation (SHOP), combined with supercooled (SC) storage, synergistically enhances the anti-browning and cold tolerance of fresh-cut potatoes. Analyzed via LC-MS-based metabolomics and physiological assessments, the browning of fresh-cut potatoes involves polyphenol biosynthesis and membrane lipids oxidation. SHOP treatment enhanced amino acid metabolism in potato tubers and increased the activities of PPO, PAL, and POD by 63.8 %, 160.73 %, and 13.57 % compared with UT treatment, thereby inducing systemic resistance to cutting injuries and cold stress on day 0. However, the potato slices in SHOP-SC group showed suppressed PPO activity and reduced accumulation of browning associated phenolic compounds (especially chlorogenic acid and catechins) on day 4 compared with UT-SC group. Furthermore, SHOP improved membrane fluidity and reduced lipid peroxidation during SC storage, preserving membrane integrity in fresh-cut potatoes. Moreover, SHOP mitigated the stress response of fresh-cut potatoes and maintained a stable and less active physiological state during SC storage. This study provides novel insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the synergistic browning inhibition and cold tolerance improvement in fresh-cut potatoes achieved by SHOP and SC storage, offering a promising strategy for shelf-life extension. • Short-term high oxygen pre-stimulation (SHOP) induced a resistance state in potatoes. • SHOP enhanced membrane fluidity and reduced lipid peroxidation during SC storage. • SHOP alleviated the cold stress response of fresh-cut potatoes during SC storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to report on the use of short-term high cervical spinal cord stimulation (SCS) combined with peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) to successfully treat trigeminal postherpetic neuralgia (TPHN) affecting the V2 and V3 divisions. We also sought to use a novel PNS approach to the maxillary nerve next to the external opening of the foramen rotundum (FR) to treat TPHN at the V2 division.Method: Two elderly patients successfully treated with different neuromodulation methods for TPHN are presented in this case series.Results: The first case referred to an 83-year-old Chinese female patient with V2 and V3 TPHN who experienced a significant pain relief using a combination of short-term high cervical SCS at the C1–C2 level and PNS on the infraorbital nerve (ION). Case 2 was a 68-year-old Chinese male patient with V1 and V2 TPHN that obtained an excellent pain relief after having received short-term PNS on the supraorbital nerve (SON), the supratrochlear nerve (STN), and the maxillary nerve. Both reported improvements in their quality of life and ability to perform daily tasks during a 3-month follow-up period.Conclusions: Short-term high cervical SCS at the C1–C2 spinal segments may be a feasible method to treat recent-onset V3 TPHN in elderly patients. Additionally, by placing the stimulation lead next to the external FR opening, we demonstrated a novel PNS approach to the maxillary nerve not previously reported for TPHN therapy.

Objective: We aimed to report on the use of short-term high cervical spinal cord stimulation (SCS) combined with peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) to successfully treat trigeminal postherpetic neuralgia (TPHN) affecting the V2 and V3 divisions. We also sought to use a novel PNS approach to the maxillary nerve next to the external opening of the foramen rotundum (FR) to treat TPHN at the V2 division. Method: Two elderly patients successfully treated with different neuromodulation methods for TPHN are presented in this case series. Results: The first case referred to an 83-year-old Chinese female patient with V2 and V3 TPHN who experienced a significant pain relief using a combination of short-term high cervical SCS at the C1–C2 level and PNS on the infraorbital nerve (ION). Case 2 was a 68-year-old Chinese male patient with V1 and V2 TPHN that obtained an excellent pain relief after having received short-term PNS on the supraorbital nerve (SON), the supratrochlear nerve (STN), and the maxillary nerve. Both reported improvements in their quality of life and ability to perform daily tasks during a 3-month follow-up period. Conclusions: Short-term high cervical SCS at the C1–C2 spinal segments may be a feasible method to treat recent-onset V3 TPHN in elderly patients. Additionally, by placing the stimulation lead next to the external FR opening, we demonstrated a novel PNS approach to the maxillary nerve not previously reported for TPHN therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, short-term high oxygen pre-stimulation (SHOP) was used to prevent the browning of fresh-cut watercored Fuji apples. Browning index (BI), relative electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde (MDA), total phenol content (TPC), soluble quinone content (SQC), as well as the multiple enzymes (namely polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)) were successively investigated to evaluate the anti-browning capacity of SHOP (with oxygen at 21%, 55%, 75%, or 95% as normal, medium, high, and ultra-high levels) for fresh-cut apple. Furthermore, ratio 1 and ratio 2 between POD or CAT and PPO respectively were developed as a potential new parameter to consider the effect of SHOP on the browning-related enzymes. The cellular damage was evaluated by a new cell membrane damage rate approach based on the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) images. As a result, the SHOP at 75% and 95% effectively delayed the browning of apple slices, but not at 55%. The POD, CAT, PAL, TPC, ratio 1 , and ratio 2 increased after SHOP at 75% and 95%, whereas the PPO and SQC were inhibited. Stored at 4 °C for 10 days, the cell membrane damage rates in non-watercored tissues of SHOP at 75% and 95% were 37.41% and 31.28%, lower than that of SHOP at 21%. The influence of SHOP on active oxygen metabolism of apples, the antioxidant system, and sensory attributes (especially flavor) will be further explored. [Display omitted] • Short-term high oxygen pre-stimulation (SHOP) inhibited fresh-cut apple browning. • SHOP treatment (O 2 ≥ 75%) maintained cell membrane integrity. • SHOP treatment (O 2 ≥ 75%) adjusted the PAL pathway and induced systemic resistance. • Ratio 1 and ratio 2 between POD/CAT/PPO show the anti-browning effect of SHOP. • Cell membrane damage rate can quantify the cellular damage based on TEM graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) 4 belongs to the TRPV subfamily of TRP ion channels. TRPV4 channels play a critical role in chondrocytes and thus TRPV4 is an attractive target of Disease-Modifying Osteoarthritis Drugs (DMOADs). Initial investigations of small molecules by Glaxo Smith Klein (GSK) as both agonists and antagonists via oral/intravenous administration have led to the use of existing agonists as lead compounds for biological studies. Our recent results suggest that local injection of a TRPV4 agonist is a potential treatment for osteoarthritis (OA). This review briefly summarizes updates regarding TRPV4 agonists based on recent advances in drug discovery, and particularly the local administration of TRPV4 agonists., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)