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Ronnestad, BR, Haugen, OC, and Daehlin, TE. Superior on-ice performance after short-interval vs long-interval training in well-trained adolescent ice hockey players. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S76-S80, 2021-The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 9 weeks with 3 weekly sessions of short intervals (SIs) against long intervals (LIs) on endurance performance in well-trained adolescent ice hockey players. Eighteen male adolescent ice hockey players volunteered to participate and were randomly allocated to perform SIs (n = 9; 3 series with 13 × 30 seconds work intervals) or LIs (n = 7; 4 series of 5 minutes work intervals). Subjects completed a skating multistage aerobic test (SMAT), maximal oxygen consumption, maximal power output, and maximal isokinetic knee-extensor strength tests before and after the intervention, and changes in performance were assessed using analysis of variance (p ≤ 0.05). Short intervals improved SMAT performance more from pretest to post-test than LIs (13.9 ± 8.1% vs. 3.7 ± 5.2%, respectively; p = 0.030, effect size [ES] = 1.48). No significant differences were observed between SIs and LIs in change of maximal oxygen uptake (SI: 3.8 ± 6.1% vs. LI: -0.4 ± 10.2%; p = 0.30) or 60 seconds maximal power output (SI: 1.0 ± 4.9% vs. LI: -3.7 ± 4.1%; p = 0.053). However, ESs were moderate (ES = 0.55) and large (ES = 1.07), respectively, in favor of SI for these dependent variables. There were no changes in isokinetic knee-extension strength (p > 0.05). The present SI protocol induced superior improvements in on-ice endurance performance compared with the LI protocol. Practitioners seeking to improve ice hockey players' on-ice endurance performance should consider including SI in their conditioning protocol.

Background Recently, three updated guidelines for post‐polypectomy colonoscopy surveillance (PPCS) have been published. These guidelines are based on a comprehensive summary of the literature, while some recommendations are similar, different surveillance intervals are recommended after detection of specific types of polyps. Aim In this review, we aimed to compare and contrast these recommendations. Methods The updated guidelines for PPCS were reviewed and the recommendations were compared. Results For patients with 1–4 adenomas

OBJECTIVE To investigate the benefit of bilateral cochlear implantation in adults, who had been implanted being a child under the age of 10 years. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective data analysis. SETTING Tertiary referral center with a large cochlear implant program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Speech understanding in the Freiburg monosyllabic words in quiet and the HSM sentence test in quiet and in background noise. PATIENTS Seventy-seven bilaterally cochlear implantation implanted adults. RESULTS Bilateral cochlear implantation in children under the age of 10 years results in a significant benefit in speech comprehension in adulthood. In addition, a dependency regarding the time between the implantations and speech intelligibility was found. CONCLUSION The results emphasize the benefit of bilateral cochlear implantation with a short interval between the operations in young children not only during formative years but also in adulthood.

Objective To evaluate compliance with short-interval follow-up MRI after benign concordant MRI-guided breast biopsy. Methods This institutional review board-approved retrospective study included all benign concordant MRI-guided biopsies performed between January 1, 2010, and May 1, 2018. The following was collected from the electronic medical record: patient and lesion characteristics, short-interval follow-up MRI recommendation, communication to referring physician, follow-up imaging, repeat biopsies, biopsy outcome, and patient insurance status. Compliance with recommendations was defined as follow-up MRI within 9 months of biopsy. Results Among 98 patients, there were 107 lesions with benign concordant MRI-guided biopsy results that met study criteria. After excluding 7 patients who underwent subsequent mastectomy, 50/91 (54.9%) patients were recommended short-interval follow-up MRI. Of these, 33/50 (66.0%) had a short-interval follow-up MRI. Direct communication of the short-interval follow-up recommendation was documented in the biopsy report for 4/50 (8%) patients. Subsequent MRI was available for 77/107 (72%) lesions at a median of 29 months following MRI-guided biopsy (range, 3–96 months). Subsequent mammography was available for 21/30 (70%) remaining lesions at a median of 47 months following MRI-guided biopsy (range, 23–88 months). There were two repeat biopsies, with one subsequent malignancy, resulting in a false-negative rate of 0.9% (1/107). Conclusion When short-interval follow-up MRI was recommended following benign concordant MRI-guided breast biopsy, compliance was 66.0%. Lack of communication of the recommendation may at least partially explain the low compliance. The low false-negative rate (0.9%) suggests routine short-interval follow-up MRI may be unnecessary following benign concordant MRI-guided biopsy.

The paper proposes heuristic algorithms for constructing pairs of random primes, the product of which lies in a given interval $ \left (\Delta, \, \Delta + \delta \right). $ One algorithm refers to the case $ \delta = \sqrt {\Delta }, $ and the second to $ \delta = 30 \Delta^{1/3}. $ They allow in the well-known RSA cryptosystem to choose shorter public keys (twice for the first algorithm and three times for the second).

ObjectiveTo determine whether a small, wearable multisensor device can discriminate between progressive versus relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) and capture limb progression over a short interval, using finger and foot tap data.MethodsPatients with MS were followed prospectively during routine clinic visits approximately every 6months. At each visit, participants performed finger and foot taps wearing the MYO-band, which includes accelerometer, gyroscope, and surface electromyogram sensors. Metrics of within-patient limb progression were created by combining the change in signal waveform features over time. The resulting upper (UE) and lower (LE) extremity metrics' discrimination of progressive versus relapsing MS were evaluated with calculation of AUROC. Comparisons with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores were made with Pearson correlation.ResultsParticipants included 53 relapsing and 15 progressive MS (72% female, baseline mean age 48years, median disease duration 11years, median EDSS 2.5, median 10months follow-up). The final summary metrics differentiated relapsing from secondary progressive MS with AUROC UE 0.93 and LE 0.96. The metrics were associated with baseline EDSS (UE P=0.0003, LE P=0.0007). While most had no change in EDSS during the short follow-up, several had evidence of progression by the multisensor metrics.InterpretationWithin a short follow-up interval, this novel multisensor algorithm distinguished progressive from relapsing MS and captured changes in limb function. Inexpensive, noninvasive and easy to use, this novel outcome is readily adaptable to clinical practice and trials as a MS vital sign. This approach also holds promise to monitor limb dysfunction in other neurological diseases.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used frequently to study human physiology, including the indirect-wave (I-wave) circuits generating short-interval intracortical facilitation (SICF). Growing evidence implicates SICF in plasticity and motor learning, suggesting that SICF is likely of functional relevance in both health and disease. To date, test–retest reliability has not been established for measures of SICF: given the clear potential of SICF to be used as a diagnostic tool, it is critical to establish the reliability of the paired-pulse TMS protocol to measure SICF. We investigated the test–retest reliability of SICF measured using paired-pulse TMS. SICF was measured in two sessions in 20 young adults using single- and paired-pulse TMS. Single-pulse TMS was set at an intensity that elicited MEPs of 1 mV (SI1mV) and paired-pulse TMS was set with the first stimulus at SI1mV, the second stimulus (S2) 90% of resting motor threshold (RMT), and a total of 20 interstimulus intervals (ISI; 1.1–4.9 ms with a 0.2 ms step). Large intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) indicate good test–retest reliability between sessions for all SICF peaks (ICCs ranging from 0.73 to 0.79). The ISI at which SICF was maximal within individuals was consistent at all three peaks across both experimental sessions. Results showed good test–retest reliability of SICF at all three peaks when using a standard paired-pulse protocol to measure SICF. This finding suggests that paired-pulse TMS can be used to reliably probe the excitability of the interneuronal circuits that generate SICF. This provides a strong platform for future research to investigate the functional role of I-wave circuitry, including the role of I-wave circuitry in motor control decline in healthy older adults and individuals with movement disorders.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 3 weeks with three weekly sessions (ie, nine sessions in total) of short intervals (SI; n = 9; 3 series with 13 × 30-second work intervals interspersed with 15-second recovery and 3-minutes recovery between series) against effort-matched (rate of perceived effort based) long intervals (LI; n = 9; 4 series of 5-minute work intervals with 2.5-minutes recovery between series) on performance parameters in elite cyclists ( V˙O2max 73 ± 4 mL min-1 kg-1 ). There were no differences between groups in total volume and intensity distribution of training during the intervention period. SI achieved a larger (P

Generally, the buildings located in earthquake-prone regions are subjected to a sequence of earthquakes. The sequence of earthquakes is termed as mainshock–aftershock (MS–AS). Most of the time the rehabilitation of structure before the occurrence of aftershock cannot be carried out due to a short interval of time between mainshock and aftershock results in additional damage to the structure. The irregular distribution of mass, stiffness and strength along the height of the building may exhibit the poor seismic performance of the structures. The present study examined the influence of stiffness irregularity on seismic demands of 3-, 6- and 9-storey steel moment-resisting frames by comparing the mean seismic demands on reference regular frames under mainshocks and MS–AS seismic sequences. Stiffness irregular frames are obtained by modifying the stiffness at three different locations (bottom, middle and top storey) along with the height of reference regular frame. MS–AS seismic sequences are generated by using a randomized approach. The comparison between reference and stiffness irregular frames shows that the effect of stiffness irregularity on the height-wise variation of interstorey drift ratio is significant. Results of the effect of MS–AS seismic sequence show that aftershock increases the structural responses of both reference regular and stiffness irregular frames.

In spite of the developing endovascular era, large (15–25 mm) and giant (>25 mm) wide-neck cerebral aneurysms remained technically challenging. Intracranial flow-diverting stents (FDS) were developed to address these challenges by targeting aneurysm hemodynamics to promote aneurysm occlusion. In 2011, the first FDS approved for use in the United States market. Shortly thereafter, the Pipeline of Uncoilable or Failed Aneurysms (PUFS) study was published demonstrating high efficacy and a similar complication profile to other intracranial stents. The initial FDA instructions for use (IFU) limited its use to patients 22 years old or older with wide-necked large or giant aneurysms of the internal carotid artery (ICA) from the petrous segment to superior hypophyseal artery/ophthalmic segment. Expanded IFU was tested in the Prospective Study on Embolization of Intracranial Aneurysms with PipelineTM Embolization Device (PREMIER) trial. With further post-approval clinical data, the United States FDA expanded the IFU to include patients with small or medium, wide-necked saccular or fusiform aneurysms from the petrous ICA to the ICA terminus. However, IFU is more restrictive in South Korea than in United States. Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have sought to evaluate the overall efficacy of FDS for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms and consistently identify FDS as an effective technique for the treatment of aneurysms broadly with complication rates similar to other traditional techniques. A growing body of literature has demonstrated high efficacy of FDS for small aneurysms; distal artery aneurysms; non-saccular aneurysms posterior circulation aneurysms and complication rates similar to traditional techniques. In the short interval since the Pipeline Embolization Device was first introduced, FDS has been firmly entrenched as a powerful tool in the endovascular armamentarium. As new FDS are developed, established FDS are refined, and delivery systems are improved the uses for FDS will only expand further. Researchers continue to work to optimize the mechanical characteristics of the FDS themselves, aiming to optimize deploy ability and efficacy. With expanded use for small to medium aneurysms and posterior circulation aneurysms, FDS technology is firmly entrenched as a powerful tool to treat challenging aneurysms, both primarily and as an adjunct to coil embolization. With the aforementioned advances, the ease of FDS deployment will improve and complication rates will be further minimized. This will only further establish FDS deployment as a key strategy in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms.

Soil erosion can potentially threaten different resources inside and outside of burned areas, and the risk of water becoming contaminated with sediment may be particularly severe. Various postfire actions, such as applying straw mulch, have been carried out in northwestern Spain in recent years with the aim of mitigating the risk of soil erosion. Nonetheless, because of the short interval between summer wildfire and autumn rains, careful selection and prioritization of the areas to be treated is crucial. Changes in hydrological connectivity could be measured and used as a criterion for selecting such areas. However, studies addressing changes in hydrological connectivity as a consequence of forest fires are scarce. In the present study, we assessed the effects of fire and postfire helimulching on the hydrological connectivity and sediment loads in a forest catchment burned by a wildfire in August 2016. Sediment yields were recorded in 20 plots (180 m²). Hydrological connectivity was computed with a version of the Borselli index and two alternative weighting factors: the C factor from the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation and a factor based on field surveys of soil burn severity. The effect of mulching was also considered. The results indicate that the version of the Borselli index based on field measurements of soil burn severity best reflects the susceptibility to postfire sediment delivery. Moreover, this method was also suitable for evaluating the effect of mulching on soil erosion. The study findings may help forest managers to plan postfire actions.

We compared early seral development between stands subject to single and repeated high-severity wildfire in low-elevation, mixed conifer – hardwood forests in the Klamath Mountains, California, USA. We used a before–after, control–impact (BACI) approach to assess changes in the density of conifer regeneration and the cover of multiple components of vegetation structure (conifers, hardwoods, shrubs, forbs, and graminoids) and compare pathways of seral development between plots that burned once and plots that burned twice. Fifty-three field plots were established 6 years following a high-severity fire in 2004. Nineteen of these plots experienced a second high-severity wildfire 11 years later (2015), and all plots were remeasured in 2016–2017. Conifer regeneration was abundant following the first fire but was greatly reduced by the second fire. Plots that did not reburn increased in conifer, hardwood, and shrub cover, whereas plots that reburned increased in forb cover and decreased in shrub, hardwood, and conifer cover. Despite conifer loss, we found little evidence of shifts to nonforested states following repeated fire due to resilience of resprouting hardwoods. Our results indicate that repeated high-severity fire has the potential to protract early seral development and catalyze transitions from mixed conifer – hardwood forest to hardwood-dominated early seral conditions.

Eruca sativa Mill., a plant belonging to family Brassicaceae commonly used as salad vegetable. The cultivation of Eruca sativa plant has most of the Mediterranean countries. Since ancient time Eruca sativa is used for medicinal and commercial plant. It has highest nutrients and minerals. The present study reveals that the germination of Eruca sativa seeds on medium by vitro condition. It shows that there is good germination short interval of harvested seeds than the long day stored seeds.

Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is a continuum of invasive pathologies associated with significant maternal morbidity and mortality. Pregnancies with short intervals present additional complications which may result from suboptimal wound healing. The impact of short interval pregnancy on placental invasion is unknown our primary objective was to characterize the impact of short interval pregnancy in the subsequent invasive degree of PAS.Here we present a retrospective case-control analysis of 133 patients with pathology-confirmed PAS who presented to our Placenta Accreta program and assessed for the impact of short interval pregnancy (18 months) as an independent risk factor for the development of advanced pathology.33.8% (45/133) of patients with PAS had pregnancies complicated by short intervals between gestations. Short interval pregnancies were significantly associated with placenta percreta/increta pathology (Short interval pregnancies are at increased risk for greater degrees of placenta invasion seen in placenta increta and percreta when compared to interpregnancy interval18 months. This relationship is inversely proportional and consistent at shorter intervals. Thus, when counseling patients on their overall risk of placental invasive pathology, short interval pregnancy may be considered a significant risk factor.

The usual method for assessing the reliability of survey data has been to conduct reinterviews a short interval (such as one to two weeks) after an initial interview and to use these data to estimate relatively simple statistics, such as gross difference rates (GDRs). More sophisticated approaches have also been used to estimate reliability. These include estimates from multi-trait, multi-method experiments, models applied to longitudinal data, and latent class analyses. To our knowledge, no prior study has systematically compared these different methods for assessing reliability. The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Reliability and Validity (PATH-RV) Study, done on a national probability sample, assessed the reliability of answers to the Wave 4 questionnaire from the PATH Study. Respondents in the PATH-RV were interviewed twice about two weeks apart. We examined whether the classic survey approach yielded different conclusions from the more sophisticated methods. We also examined two ex ante methods for assessing problems with survey questions and item nonresponse rates and response times to see how strongly these related to the different reliability estimates. We found that kappa was highly correlated with both GDRs and over-time correlations, but the latter two statistics were less highly correlated, particularly for adult respondents; estimates from longitudinal analyses of the same items in the main PATH study were also highly correlated with the traditional reliability estimates. The latent class analysis results, based on fewer items, also showed a high level of agreement with the traditional measures. The other methods and indicators had at best weak relationships with the reliability estimates derived from the reinterview data. Although the Question Understanding Aid seems to tap a different factor from the other measures, for adult respondents, it did predict item nonresponse and response latencies and thus may be a useful adjunct to the traditional measures.

Metabolic biomonitoring in humans is typically based on the sampling of blood, plasma or urine. Although established in the clinical routine, these sampling procedures are often associated with a variety of compliance issues, which are impeding time-course studies. Here, we show that the metabolic profiling of the minute amounts of sweat sampled from fingertips addresses this challenge. Sweat sampling from fingertips is non-invasive, robust and can be accomplished repeatedly by untrained personnel. The sweat matrix represents a rich source for metabolic phenotyping. We confirm the feasibility of short interval sampling of sweat from the fingertips in time-course studies involving the consumption of coffee or the ingestion of a caffeine capsule after a fasting interval, in which we successfully monitor all known caffeine metabolites as well as endogenous metabolic responses. Fluctuations in the rate of sweat production are accounted for by mathematical modelling to reveal individual rates of caffeine uptake, metabolism and clearance. To conclude, metabotyping using sweat from fingertips combined with mathematical network modelling shows promise for broad applications in precision medicine by enabling the assessment of dynamic metabolic patterns, which may overcome the limitations of purely compositional biomarkers., Biomonitoring of sweat from fingertips overcomes current limitations in time-resolved metabolomic profiling of humans and may prove to become a powerful, noninvasive tool for precision medicine. Here, in a feasibility study of short interval sampling of sweat from fingertips, the authors assay individual dynamic metabolic patterns of endogenous and exogenous molecules.

A strong mainshock may cause several aftershocks within a short interval. These aftershocks can make buildings damaged during the mainshock more vulnerable to collapse. Hence, it is critica...

The biostratigraphy of the Outer Carpathians is based mainly on the ranges of agglutinated foraminifera. Species acmes provide the opportunity to enhance and support the existing biozonations. Assemblages of agglutinated foraminifera from the Campanian to Eocene of various tectonic-structural units were analyzed in terms of their qualitative and quantitative occurrence. In this stratigraphic interval, 19 species display significantly increased abundance within a relatively short interval: Caudammina gigantea (Geroch) (upper Santonian–lowermost Maastrichtian), Caudammina ovulum (Grzybowski) (Campanian–Danian), Placentammina placenta (Grzybowski)-Saccammina grzybowskii (Schubert) (upper Campanian–Danian), Caudammina excelsa (Dylążanka) (lowermost Maastrichtian–Danian), Caudammina ovuloides (Grzybowski) (Danian–Selandian), Hormosina velascoensis (Cushman) (upper Danian–Selandian), Praesphaerammina gerochi (Hanzlíková) (Thanetian), Glomospira charoides (Jones et Parker)-Glomospira gordialis (Jones et Parker) (uppermost Thanetian–lowermost Ypresian), Trochammina spp. (upper Thanetian–lower Ypresian), Reticulophragmium amplectens (Grzybowski) (Lutetian–Bartonian), Reophax duplex (Grzybowski)-Reophax “pilulifer” Brady group of taxa (Lutetian–Priabonian), Haplophragmoides walteri (Grzybowski)-Haplophragmoides nauticus Kender, Kaminski et Jones (Lutetian–Bartonian), Spiroplectammina spectabilis (Grzybowski) (Lutetian–Priabonian), “Ammodiscus” latus Grzybowski (Bartonian–Priabonian), Praesphaerammina subgaleata (Vašíček) (Lutetian–Bartonian). The biostratigraphic position and quantitative data of species with increased abundance are presented.

This research paper begins the presentation, with the topic of the distribution of primes in a short interval. The lower and upper limits for the number of primes within the interval are defined unambiguously. This provides us with a solid foundation, to resolve conclusively the Second Hardy-Littlewood´s conjecture. The paper concludes with the Merit of a Prime Gap and the Second Harald Cramer´s conjecture.

This case of an intra-abdominal levonorgestrel 52 mg intrauterine system found three weeks after manual postplacental placement demonstrates the importance of proper insertion technique and ascertainment of fundal placement. Ultrasound guidance can be considered if fundal placement is uncertain. Short interval follow up should be recommended to confirm proper placement.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic resistance training on corticospinal excitability and short intracortical inhibition of the biceps brachii. Eight chronic resistance-trained (RT) and eight non-RT participants completed one experimental session including a total of 30 brief (7 s) elbow flexors isometric contractions at various force outputs [15, 25 and 40% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)]. Before the contractions, MVC, maximal compound muscle action potential (Mmax) during 5% MVC and active motor threshold (AMT) at the three various force outputs were recorded. MVC force of the chronic-RT group was 24% higher than the non-RT group (p ≤ 0.001; ω2 = 0.72). The chronic-RT group had lower AMTs at targeted forces of 15 and 25% MVC (p = 0.022 and p = 0.012, respectively) compared to the non-RT group. During 25 and 40% of MVC, the non-RT group exhibited decreased SICI in comparison to the chronic-RT group (p = 0.008; ω2 = 0.35 and p = 0.03; ω2 = 0.21, respectively). However, SICI did not differ between groups at 15% MVC (p = 0.62). In conclusion, chronic resistance training significantly reduces SICI. This suggests the presence of an adaptive process of inhibitory and facilitatory network activation, which may cancel out the SICI, allowing for increased corticomotor drive to the exercised muscle following a long period of resistance training.

The present paper describes a statistical modeling procedure that was developed to account for the fact that, in a forensic voice comparison analysis conducted for a particular case, there was a long time interval between when the questioned- and known-speaker recordings were made (six years), but in the sample of the relevant population used for training and testing the forensic voice comparison system there was a short interval (hours to days) between when each of multiple recordings of each speaker was made. The present paper also includes results of empirical validation of the procedure. Although based on a particular case, the procedure has potential for wider application given that relatively long time intervals between the recording of questioned and known speakers are not uncommon in casework.

Background Short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) is commonly used to assess inhibition in the motor cortex and is known to be affected by the paired-pulse stimulus parameters (i.e., interstimulus interval [ISI], conditioning stimulus intensity [CSI] and test stimulus intensity [TSI]) used during testing. While the effects of stimulus parameters are well-studied in the upper-extremity, evidence in the lower-extremity is lacking. Objective To comprehensively examine the effects of alterations in paired-pulse stimulus parameters on the two phases of SICI in the quadriceps muscle group. Methods Seventeen adults (8 males, 9 females) volunteered to participate in this study. SICI was examined over a range of CSIs (70-90% active motor threshold [AMT]), TSIs (100-140% AMT), and ISIs (1.0-3.0 ms) using both EMG and torque responses elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Results The results indicated that SICI at 1.0 ms ISI was best revealed with a CSI of 70% and TSI ≥110% AMT, whereas SICI at 2.5 ms ISI was best revealed with a CSI of 80-90% and a TSI of ≥130% AMT. Unlike upper-extremity muscles, evaluating SICI with a CSI of 70% AMT and an ISI of 1.0 ms produced the greatest inhibition for all TSIs. In general, inhibitory effects were contaminated by facilitatory effects when using a TSI of 100% AMT. Conclusions The amount of inhibition was dependent on the stimulation parameters used during testing. A CSI of 70% AMT, ISI of 1.0 ms, and TSI of ≥110% AMT appear to be optimal for measuring SICI in the quadriceps muscle; however, other parameters can be used if careful consideration is given to the described interaction between the parameters.

Proper monitoring of performance of an alarm system throughout its life cycle is an important factor in safety and reliability of industrial plants. Complexity and extent of modern industrial plants and poor design and management of alarm systems, have increased the importance of monitoring of alarm systems. Alarm floods, defined as a large number of alarms triggered in a short interval, is one of the problems that modern complexes are facing regularly. Many researchers have been focusing on this issue both in academia and industry. One approach to deal with alarm flood is analyzing alarms triggered in different floods and finding similar patterns. The identified patterns could help in locating the root cause of an alarm flood. In this paper a modified PrefixSpan sequential pattern recognition algorithm is used to find alarm patterns in different floods. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated with real alarm floods from a natural gas processing plant.

Insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD) in the immediate postpartum period is a safe, evidence-based form of contraception appropriate for most women. Despite the higher risk of expulsion as compared with interval insertion, the benefits of insertion in the immediate postpartum period are significant and include improved rates of contraception continuance and reduced instances of short interval birth. Through shared decision making, midwives and other clinicians can assist women in clarifying their reproductive goals and understanding of contraceptive options, including this method. In response to identified gaps in knowledge and insertion technique among midwives, this article provides an overview of immediate postpartum IUD insertion, risks and benefits, and eligibility criteria and describes preinsertion, insertion, and postinsertion care.

We have previously shown that supraspinal excitability is higher during arm cycling than a position- and intensity-matched tonic contraction. The present study sought to determine if short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) was present during arm cycling and if so, if the amount of SICI was different from an intensity-matched tonic contraction. SICI was assessed using conditioning stimuli (CS) of 70 and 90% of active motor threshold (AMT) and a test stimulus (TS) of 120% AMT at an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 2.5 ms. SICI was elicited in all participants; on average (i.e., cycling and tonic contraction grouped) test MEP amplitudes were reduced by 64.2% (p