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Over a last few decennary free space optical communication (FSO) have become more interesting alternative to the radio frequency for communication. The FSO is emanating technic that have been found the applications in different place of shorter & longer distance communication. The any technology, of FSO has been worked that much good in the several applications rather than other. In this paper we will examine FSO from different angles. The analyses this paper accompany of the technology has shown that FSO technologies inherent strengths and it lack the use of in ground cables which make it much expeditious & cheaper to installing, and the facts that will operates in the unlicensed spectrum, it will be removed & installed elsewhere and it has relatively high bandwidth. Specifically, this paper found that because FSO uses air as a communication medium, its performance & reliability are restricted by fog, rain, snow and dust. Maximum range of FSO may be in kilometers only. The applications that FSO technology seems most suited to is clear this pap rather and short distance connection establishment, like interrelation to broadband networks backbone & backbone links bet this papered building in the metropolitan area networks (MAN) or the campus area networks (CAN).

Background This study sought to determine cut-off values for each triathlon discipline to achieve podium in Junior (short distance; 750 m swim, 20 km cycle and 5 km run) and U23 (standard/Olympic distance; 1.5 km swim, 40 km cycle and 10 km run) triathlon events. Additionally, we aimed to investigate which discipline has the largest relationship with overall Junior and U23 triathlon performance, and the effect of sex and time in performance trends. Methods We included all data from Junior and U23 official races (International Triathlon Federation; ITU) of Junior (n = 3,314 finishes) and U23 (n = 5,092 finishes) categories held from 1999 to 2018. Results Men were significantly faster than women in both Junior (11.13%) and U23 (12.28%) categories. Swimming and cycling times were faster in 2009-2018 than in the 1999-2008 decade for men (3.36%; 6.49%), women junior (6.50%; 7.09%), men (0.15%; 3.46%) and women U23 (1.61%; 3.31%) respectively. Cycling was the discipline with the greatest influence on overall triathlon performance in Junior and U23 categories, regardless of sex or rank position. The cut-off values for the Junior category were (men/women): swimming, 9.2/9.4 min; cycling, 31.9/38.2 min; running, 16.8/18.9 min. U23's cut-off values were (men/women): swim, 18.0/19.4 min, cycling: 63.4/70.1 min; run, 33.9/38.7 min. Conclusion Cycling was the discipline with the greatest influence on overall performance for both men and women in Junior and U23 categories. Moreover, swimming and cycling performances increased over the years for both sexes.

The aim of this study was to compare internal and external load profiles of different game profile-based training (GPBT) formats among elite young football players. Twenty-one participants (age: 18.7 ± 0.6 years) performed three sessions of three GPBT formats, which were matched for training volume but structured with different high-speed running and sprint demands: i) performed along linear paths (GPBT-L); ii) performed as repetitive actions of short distance including many multi-directional changes of direction (GPBT-S) and, iii) a combination of the other two protocols, that is linear high-speed runs and sprint efforts with a single change of direction (GPBT-M). External load outputs were collected using GPS units, physiological and perceptual responses were monitored with heart rate (HR) monitors, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), respectively. While no differences were found between formats for HR and RPE, distinct external load profiles were observed for high-speed running (HSD) and sprint distances (SD), (GPBT-LGPBT-MGBPT-S, all p0.05), and high-intensity acceleration and deceleration efforts (HIE), (GPBT-SGPBT-MGPBT-L, all p0.05). Moreover, the GPBT-S format was characterized by greater intra-session variability for HSD, SD, and HIE (CV% = 24.2%, 16.5% and 20.4%, respectively) and inter-session variability for HSD and SD (CV% = 10% and 15.7%, respectively) compared to the other two formats. Considering their load profiles and the associated reliability scores, football practitioners can implement GPBT formats interchangeably to elicit necessary internal load responses and selectively to prioritize specific external load outputs.

The article substantiates and proposes a methodology for checking of the 5.45-mm AK-74 assault rifle and bringing it to normal firearm readiness at a short distance. There are determined shooting distances with sight settings, requirements for a control target, the order of firing and finding the average point of impact, as well as the adjustment of the front sight based on the results of target shooting. The practical test results of the performance of the proposed method are presented. As you know, firearm training is one of the main subjects of combat training and an integral part of the troops field craft. Its purpose is to train personnel and units to maintain weapons in constant combat readiness and conduct effective fire to defeat the enemy in the conditions of modern combat in order to perform their combat tasks. It can be said more simply that the task of firearm training is to teach the personnel to hit targets (solve firing tasks) with the least consumption of ammunition in the shortest possible time. However, most often it looks completely different, the personnel spends an excessive amount of ammunition trying to hit the target during firearm training. Of course, this will happen if the serviceman is not trained in the basic rules of shooting: correctness and uniformity in aiming, taking the correct and convenient position for shooting, firing. However, in most cases, this is affected by weapons that are not brought to normal firearm readiness. One of the most important factors that affects the results of shooting, and in general, the combat readiness of the unit, is checking and bringing the weapons to normal firearm readiness. Shooting weapons does not brought to normal firearm readiness and with uncalibrated sights is prohibited, because it leads not only to poor results in shooting, but also causes harm to the personnel, causing lack confidence in the capabilities of their weapons., У статті обґрунтовано та запропоновано методику перевірки бою 5,45-мм автомата АК-74 та приведення його до нормального бою на скороченій відстані. Визначено дистанції пристрілки з установками прицілу, вимоги до контрольно-перевірної мішені. Описано порядок стрільби та знаходження середньої точки влучання, а також регулювання мушки за результатами пристрілки. Наведено результати практичної перевірки працездатності запропонованої методики. Вогнева підготовка – це один з основних предметів бойової підготовки і складова польового вишколу військ. Її мета – навчити особовий склад та підрозділи підтримання озброєння в постійній бойовій готовності та ведення ефективного вогню для ураження противника в умовах сучасного бою та виконання своїх бойових завдань. Завданням вогневої підготовки є навчити особовий склад вражати цілі (виконувати вогневі завдання) з найменшою витратою боєприпасів у найкоротший термін. Проте найчастіше це виглядає зовсім інакше, особовий склад під час проведення стрільб витрачає надмірну кількість боєприпасів, намагаючись влучити в ціль, оскільки військовослужбовці не навчені основних правил стрільби: правильності й одноманітності в прицілюванні, прийняття потрібного та водночас зручного положення для виконання вправ, ведення вогню. Однак здебільшого це зумовлено не приведеною до нормального бою зброєю. Одним із найважливіших факторів, що впливає на результати стрільби, а в цілому йна бойову готовність підрозділу, є перевірка та приведення зброї до нормального бою. Стрільба зі зброї, не приведеної до нормального бою і з не вивіреними прицілами, заборонена, оскільки це призводить не тільки до низьких результатів у виконанні вогневих завдань, але й завдає великої шкоди особовому складу, викликаючи в нього невпевненість уможливостях своєї зброї.

Title: Comparing the physical prerequisites of competitive swimmers relative to the preferences of swimming disciplines. Objective: The objective of this bachelor thesis is to create a pilot study in which selected physical and anthropometric parameters of junior swimmers (16 to 18 years old) will be measured and compared. We compare short and middle distance swimmers against long distance swimmers. Methods: The research of this pilot study was carried out under the supervision of the supervisor and with the help of special devices lent by the Department of Physical Education. Summary tables and graphs were used for clear interpretation and comparison of results. Results: The measurement results show that endurance swimmers have an average of 2-3 % more body fat than sprinters. Swimmers focusing on short and medium distances, on the other hand, have an average of less than 1 % higher water-free ATH. This result was demonstrated in both girls and boys. The results of the spirometry measurements showed that the sprinters achieved a higher maximum expiratory velocity compared to the endurance runners. Vital lung capacity did not confirm any regularity of results. In this case, the boys were the better sprinters, while the girls, on the contrary, were the endurance athletes. The results were compared...

Endoleaks remain one of the most common indications for reintervention after endovascular aortic repair. Occasionally, aneurysm sac expansion will occur in the absence of a visible endoleak or due to endotension. We describe a case of continued sac expansion without an identifiable endoleak after endovascular aortic repair. Technical challenges during the case included a short distance from the renal arteries to the flow divider and a significant metal artifact. These challenges were addressed by shortening the gate of a Gore Excluder (W.L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, Ariz) to the desired length. The contralateral gate was preloaded to allow for use of the snare-ride technique for gate cannulation and overcome the metal artifact that was hindering visualization.

The synergy of chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) can improve anticancer efficacy, while the limited diffusion distance and the short lifetime of •OH still greatly restrict the therapeutic efficacy of PTT-CDT. Herein, MoS2@PDA-Fe@PEG/TPP (MPFPT) nanosheets (NSs) with mitochondria-targeting ability were reported for enhanced PTT-CDT synergistic oncotherapy. MPFPT NSs were prepared by covalent modification of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and triphenylphosphonium (TPP) on polydopamine (PDA)-Fe3+coated MoS2 NSs. Co-localization experiments showed that MPFPT NSs can efficiently target mitochondria via the direction of TPP. Moreover, MPFPT NSs have good photothermal performance in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) region and can greatly accelerate the Fenton reaction from H2O2 to generate more hydroxyl radicals (•OH). In vitro experimental results showed that MPFPT NSs have improved therapeutic efficacy to cancer cells than similar MoS2-based nanoagents without mitochondria-targeting units, which can be attributed to the short distance between mitochondria and MPFPT NSs and the efficient damage of mitochondria by in situ generated •OH. In the 4T1 tumor-bearing mice model, MPFPT NSs demonstrated significantly enhanced therapeutic efficacy by PTT-CDT, suggesting the superiority of the mitochondria-targeting strategy. This study reveals that mitochondria-targeting MPFPT NSs are promising nanoagents for oncotherapy.

Prior research shows that residential distance to a treatment facility may be an important factor in central nervous system (CNS) tumor outcomes. Our goal was to examine residential distance to the reporting hospital and overall survival in adolescents and young adults (AYA) diagnosed with CNS tumors. National Cancer Database data on AYA 15–39 years old diagnosed with CNS and Other Intracranial and Intraspinal Neoplasms (CNS tumors) from 2010 to 2014 were obtained. Distance between the case’s residence at diagnosis or initial treatment and the reporting hospital was classified in miles as short (≤ 12.5), intermediate (> 12.5 and

Robotic systems represent one of the most advanced industrial applications. Such robotic systems have a severe oscillatory behavior, thus the conventional control techniques are not suitable to deal with it. In the present paper, the dynamic dynamic behavior of robotic systems is studied and a dynamic model for such systems is obtained. A suitable trajectory for each link is pre-determined. The technique introduced proposes a segmented trajectory rather than a continuous one. A comparative study between the behaviour of the system with the proposed technique and that proposed in [7] is introduced. The above mentioned algorithm assumed that the chosen path is continous and this can be used in some tasks, required to be carried-out by the robot. But in other tasks, it is sometimes required that the robot must move a short distance from a point to another neighbouring point i.e. , the path is not continuous but, it is a segmented path. Such pathes are required in different tasks, such pathes are weiding, paint spraying, cxarrying a tray of drink……..etc.

Background The 400-meter walk test (400MWT) is used to assess cardiovascular and pulmonary fitness or to predict adverse outcomes such as mobility disability. Additionally, short tests of walking such as the 4- or 8-meter walk test are administered to predict mortality, falls and other events. It remains uncertain if and how an integrated measurement of a short distance during 400MWT can replace an additional short distance measurement which would be clinically useful. Research question How do short distance (i.e. segment) measurements of gait speed and walk ratio during a 400MWT of mobility compare to those from an additional 8-meter walk test? Methods A 400MWT and a separate 8-meter walk test were performed by 148 community-dwelling older adults (mean age 80.4 ± 4.4 years) using an instrumented walkway. Results Gait speed and walk ratio (i.e. step length divided by step frequency) of single segments of the 400MWT were strongly associated with gait speed (r ≥ 0.91) and walk ratio (r ≥ 0.93) of an 8-meter walk test with best agreement in the middle part 20-meter walk during the 400MWT. Mean gait speed of all single walks on the instrumented walkway during the 400MWT was faster than the mean gait speed of the total 400MWT. Significance A single walk of the 6th to 10th 20-meter walk during the 400MWT can be used as a substitute to an additional short distance trial. Furthermore, the awareness of being measured is higher on an instrumented walkway and possibly increases the motivation to overperform.

Objectives. This research aimed to study the prevalence and perceived discomfort of musculoskeletal (MSK) symptoms among short-distance and long-distance deep-seaport truck drivers. Methods. Cross-sectional analysis using a standardized modified version of the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire (NMQ) was carried out using direct interviews with 25 male participants: 15 short-distance and 10 long-distance truck drivers. Results. As much as 88% was reported for the existence of MSK symptoms in the past 12 months. Considering all truck groups, regardless of short or long distance, the lower back was found with the highest prevalence (72%) followed by the neck (32%). The χ2 test showed long-distance truck drivers had statistically significantly more prevalence in the neck (p = 0.028) than short-distance drivers. Perceived discomfort by the Borg CR10 scale confirmed the lower back had the highest score (2.4) followed by the neck (1.44). The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that long-distance truck drivers had significantly higher scores on the lower back and neck (p = 0.039 and p = 0.009, respectively). Conclusion. Longer exposure to prolonged non-natural working postures, vibration, traffic conditions and working stress could be the judicial causes. To minimize this problem, integrated interventions need to be implemented with particular measures among short-distance and long-distance truck drivers.

Micromobility, including the use of shared electric scooters (e-scooters), emerged rapidly in North America and is marketed as an alternative to car reliance, especially for short distance travel in urban settings. Our study aims to contribute to our understanding of how shared e-scooters are used by examining the factors that determine the presence of e-scooters, as well as those that cause variation in e-scooter presence between each consecutive hour and throughout the day. The object of this study is to investigate how temporal, land use, transport infrastructure, and weather attributes impact available e-scooter distribution and variation in e-scooter presence in Washington D.C., to reveal use patterns and develop a framework for studying citywide e-scooter systems. Data on the location of e-scooters in the Washington D.C. area over six full days was collected. Then, multilevel mixed effects linear regression models were generated to investigate the impact of time, land use characteristics, and the built environment while controlling for weather conditions. We found that temporal effects were present, as weekends and late nights were associated with fewer e-scooters and less variation in hourly e-scooter presence. We observed that the average number of e-scooters available per 0.07 mile2 on weekends was 0.26 (7.81%) fewer than on weekdays, and 0.82 (24.62%) fewer during the late night than other times of day, all else held constant. Higher population density, density of places of interest, and activities were generally associated with more e-scooters and contributed to more change in the hour-to-hour numbers of e-scooters but less variation throughout the day. Bikeshare stations and bicycle lanes positively impacted presence, they increased the odds of e-scooter presence by 3.16 and 2.73 times respectively and change in the average number of e-scooters nearby. The hourly change in the average numbers of e-scooters near bikeshare stations was 0.19 all else held equal, and it is unclear whether e-scooters were used as first-mile last-mile solutions for public transport. These findings can help policy-makers in cities with comparable climates, land use characteristics, and transport infrastructure. The findings can help city planners and engineers make appropriate decisions in recognizing e-scooters as an urban mobility solution, where to expect them to emerge in different parts of the city, and how e-scooters interact with established transport systems.

A lagarta-parda do eucalipto, Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll, 1782) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), vem sendo relatada de forma significativa em povoamentos florestais. A importância econômica de Thyrinteina arnobia para o setor florestal na atualidade evidencia a necessidade da consolidação do Manejo Integrado de Pragas Florestais (MIP Floresta), incluindo métodos de monitoramento e controle através de semioquímicos, como o emprego de feromônios. Os compostos químicos voláteis (COVs) em substâncias cuticulares de insetos podem contribuir na regulação da interação entre os indivíduos, sendo objeto de estudo da ecologia química. Dessa forma, objetivou-se realizar uma prospecção dos compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs) cuticulares em Thyrinteina arnobia e avaliar o papel desses compostos como possíveis feromônios de curta distância. Para o estudo químico de substâncias feromonais, foi realizada a extração de compostos cuticulares (asas e pernas) em Thyrinteina arnobia de machos e fêmeas. Os extratos obtidos foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa com detector de ionização de chamas (GC-FID). Foi realizado um espectro de ação por meio da eletroantenografia acoplada à cromatografia gasosa (CG-EAG) dos extratos de asas e pernas de fêmeas virgens sobre a antena de machos de Thyrinteina arnobia. Contudo, não foi possível observar diferença significativa nas respostas das antenas de machos a nenhum dos estímulos oferecidos. Assim, é possível inferir que Thyrinteina arnobia não faz uso de compostos cuticulares para reconhecimento a curta distância, sendo necessários estudos complementares de comportamento sexual, incluindo observação de corte e cópula.

It is well known that the power transfer efficiency (PTE) of a two-coil wireless power transfer (WPT) system is maximized at critical coupling under fixed system parameters. However, the two-coil WPT system is critical-coupled with a relatively short distance between the coils. To overcome the problem, a multicoil WPT system has been studied. In this paper, we review the impedance characteristics of the critical-coupled two-coil WPT system and reveal that the conventional three-coil WPT system cannot have the same impedance characteristics as critical coupling. Based on the impedance matching conditions with critical coupling of the two-coil WPT system, we propose a design method of a three-coil WPT system in which the free resonant frequencies of all resonators are changed. The proposed design method is successfully implemented at the operating frequency of 6.78 MHz. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulated PTEs and show that by changing the free resonant frequencies, a higher PTE can be effectively achieved in comparison to the conventional two-coil and thee-coil WPT systems.

9.1 Introduction Helical CT (also called spiral CT) was introduced commercially in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Helical CT has expanded the traditional CT capability by enabling the scan of an entire organ in a single breath-hold. It is safe to state that helical CT is one of the key steps that moved CT from a slice-oriented imaging modality to an organ-oriented modality. The difference in the naming convention between helical and spiral CT is due mainly to different CT manufacturers. For all practical and technical purposes, there is no difference between the two. To avoid confusion, we will use the term “helical” throughout this chapter. 9.1.1 Clinical needs All previous chapters have focused on a single scanning protocol: the step-and-shoot mode. This scanning protocol contains both a data acquisition period and non-data-acquisition period. During the data acquisition period, the patient remains stationary while the x-ray tube and detector rotates about the patient at a constant speed. Once a complete projection dataset is acquired for the slice, the non-data-acquisition period starts. The x-ray tube is turned off and the patient is indexed to the next scanning location. For typical CT scanners, the minimum non-data-acquisition period is on the order of seconds as a result of both mechanical and patient constraints. The mechanical constraint is due to the fact that a typical patient weighs over 45 kg, and the patient table requires a certain amount of time to move a large mass from one location to another. The cause of the patient constraint may not be as obvious. From the law of physics we know that to move a resting object over a short distance, first we must accelerate the object up to a certain speed and decelerate the object when it is near the target location. Since the distance between adjacent scanning locations is typically a few millimeters, the amount of acceleration and deceleration is fairly large. A human body is not rigid (the internal organs can move and deform), so the acceleration and deceleration will likely induce motion in the patient. As a result, a certain amount of time must elapse to minimize motion artifacts. In the late 1980s, the CT scan speed approached one second per revolution.

Motivated to help improve the robustness of predictions of sea level rise, the BRITICE-CHRONO project advanced knowledge of the former British–Irish Ice Sheet, from 31 to 15 ka, so that it can be used as a data-rich environment to improve ice sheet modelling. The project comprised over 40 palaeoglaciologists, covering expertise in terrestrial and marine geology and geomorphology, geochronometric dating and the modelling of ice sheets and oceans. A systematic and directed campaign, organised across eight transects from the continental shelf edge to a short distance (10s of kilometres) onshore, was used to collect 914 samples which yielded 639 new ages, tripling the number of dated sites constraining the timing and rates of change of the collapsing ice sheet. This special issue synthesises these findings of ice advancing to the maximum extent and its subsequent retreat for each of the eight transects to produce definitive palaeogeographic reconstructions of ice margin positions across the marine to terrestrial transition. These results are used to understand the controls that drove or modulated ice sheet retreat. A further paper reports on how ice sheet modelling experiments and empirical data can be used in combination, and another probes the glaciological meaning of ice-rafted debris.

Designing a simple and planar antenna for high speed short distance ultra-wideband (UWB) communication has become a buzzword over the last few years. There are two very different categories of UWB ...

Rapido is the bike taxi service provider, which connects travellers to drivers for short distance drive. It is fundamentally a bike taxi form of Uber, a lot less expensive and more helpful in rush hour traffic as monstrous as Bengaluru’s. India’s biggest Bike Taxi service provider and accessible more than 11 urban areas and most individuals need every day travel simpler, more secure, and moderate, there are more motivations to pick Rapido Rides and reach on time with low fares and efficiently. Founded by IIT grad Aravind Sanka, Pavan Guntupalli, and Rishikesh SR in November 2015, and Investors such as former Google India Head RajanAnandan and Pawan Munjal Of Hero MotoCorp have stakes in Rapido. Rapido competes with the other organisation on least fares and give promotion code to all clients to get more discount on their cost and get more advantages by Rapido. It likewise gives an occasion for individuals with a bike (with a proper driving permit) to turn into a rider on the platform and bring in extra additional cash in their extra time. Their definitive vision is to innovate consistent commuting for all, directly at your doorstep. Joining top ability, problematic advancements, and development. Keywords: Rapido, Bike Taxi, Traffic, Promotion code.

The Arduino UNO, ultrasonic sensor, servo motor, and Processing as visual software was used to create a low cost ultrasonic radar system that can detect and determine the location of an object, such as obstacles, in a short distance. Objects can be sensed up to 40 cm away from the ultrasonic sensor and the ultrasonic radar's angular rotation can detect objects from 15o to 165o and counterclockwise. The obstacle objects will be displayed in the computer panel by running the visual software. A comparative analysis of the distance error between the radar and the obstacles is used to assess the feasibility of the proposed system. The findings obtained from measurements of the obstacles are tabled to show that the planned design achieved a relatively small error, with 90% as the lowest accuracy.

The aim of this study is to develop a rubber-based resistance training model for sprint athletes in Riau province by evaluating the efficacy of increasing sprint athletes' short distance running pace. The research method used in this study is ADDIE's research and development method, which consists of five steps. Athletes from Riau Province participated in this study as test subjects. analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluating are the first steps in the research process. Three experts were present for the model feasibility test: two athletic lecturers and one national athletic coach. The model's efficacy was tested using a 60-meter speed parameter test involving 30 athletes from Riau Province, 15 of whom were in the experimental group and 15 of whom were in the control group. The difference test results from SPSS 22 showed that the experimental group had an average difference of 0.78 and the control group had an average difference of 0.12. The discrepancy is derived from the test results, which are expressed in terms of time, so the shorter the time, the better. The discrepancy between the experimental and control groups' different values, or mean different = 0.658, t-count = 23.632, df = 28, with p-value = 0.000 < 0.05, indicates that there are substantial variations between the experimental and control groups. It can be concluded that the rubber media-based Resistance training model for Riau provincial sprint athletes is more successful and can help the Riau provincial sprint athletes improve their 100-meter running pace

The purpose of this research is to find out the location of the route that often occurs accidents in Puncak and to provide input to the local government, especially the Department of Transportation to guard the location to regulate traffic, Bogor is a strategic road that connects Cianjur and Bogor regencies, as well as a route that connects the tourism area. around Puncak, Bogor. The average effective lane width of Jalan Raya Puncak, Bogor is 4.2 meters, the capacity of Jalan Raya Ciawi-Puncak is 3565 pcu / hour. Supporting facilities for traffic activities are still lacking with a ratio of 7 signs per kilometer in both directions, 119 warning signs consisting of 16 prohibited signs, 24 directive signs, 5 command signs and as many warning signs. 74 pieces. The research method is descriptive quantitative research, is a literature study and uses primary and secondary data from related agencies. This research is supported by the spot speed (local speed) is the instantaneous velocity on a certain part of the road at a fairly short distance or at a certain point. Spot speed can be measured among others by directly using a radar meter (speed gun). The results of direct observations in the field show that road equipment facilities on the Raya Puncak Bogor road section, especially for road sign facilities, are still lacking.

In this paper, a monopole antenna with Ultra-wideband (UWB) characteristics is presented for applications in 5G and short-distance wireless communications. It consists of a rectangular shaped patch having truncated corners and central notch with an extended stub at top edge. Two layers of slots are engraved in the middle of the patch within which the outer layer contains four L shaped slots and the inner layer contains two face to face vertically placed U-shaped slots. A partial ground is structured with staircase slots to attain ultra-wideband response with sufficient gain and efficiency. The proposed antenna provides 124% of impedance bandwidth (2.8 GHz–12 GHz) implemented on a low-cost FR4 substrate having the electrical dimension of 0.3𝜆 × 0.19𝜆 at the low cutoff frequency. The effect of the inclusion of slots within the patch is clearly observable as it increases gain and efficiency. The proposed antenna exhibits better response with a maximum measured gain of 6.5 dBi and efficiency of 85% within the bandwidth. Near constant time delay around 1 nS and good fidelity factor of 0.8316 represents that this slotted antenna can be used for undistorted reliable signal transfer. This antenna also provides symmetrical radiation patterns with less cross-polarization effects. Therefore, this monopole antenna can be an appropriate candidate for short-range communication applications like 5G, wireless local area networks, transfer data from biomedical sensors and imaging.

As environmental conditions fluctuate across years, seasonal migrants must determine where and when to move without comprehensive knowledge of conditions beyond their current location. Animals can address this challenge by following cues in their local environment to vary behaviour in response to current conditions, or by moving based on learned or inherited experience of past conditions resulting in fixed behaviour across years.It is often claimed that long‐distance migrants are more fixed in their migratory behaviour because as distance between breeding and wintering areas increases, reliability of cues to predict distant and future conditions decreases. While supported by some population‐level studies, the influence of migration distance on behavioural variation is seldom examined on an individual level.Lesser black‐backed gulls Larus fuscus are generalist seabirds that use a diversity of migration strategies. Using high‐resolution multi‐year GPS tracking data from 82 individuals from eight colonies in Western Europe, we quantified inter‐ and intra‐individual variation in non‐breeding distributions, winter site fidelity, migration routes and timing of migration, with the objectives of determining how much variation lesser black‐backed gulls have in their migratory behaviour and examining whether variation changes with migration distance.We found that intra‐individual variation was significantly lower than variation between individuals for non‐breeding distributions, winter site fidelity, migration routes and timing of migration, resulting in consistent individual strategies for all behaviours examined. Yet, intra‐individual variation ranged widely among individuals (e.g. winter site overlap: 0–0.91 out of 1; migration timing: 0–192 days), and importantly, individual differences in variation were not related to migration distance.The apparent preference for maintaining a consistent strategy, present in even the shortest distance migrants, suggests that familiarity may be more advantageous than exactly tracking current environmental conditions. Yet, variation in behaviour across years was observed in many individuals and could be substantial. This suggests that individuals, irrespective of migration distance, have the capacity to adjust to current conditions within the broad confines of their individual strategies, and occasionally, even change their strategy., This study uses multi‐year high resolution GPS tracks of lesser black‐backed gulls to quantify variation in migration behaviour at the individual‐level and along broad range migration distances to demonstrate that long‐distance migrants are no more fixed in their migratory behaviours than short distance migrants, contrasting with findings from population‐level studies.

According to the data of kinematics and electrical activity of muscles in a state of fatigue when running in a straight line and in a bend there was studied the coordination structure of a running step of twenty short distance runners of different sports qualifications. It is identified that the structure of the running step depends on the level of sports qualification. In comparison with low-skilled runners, when running in a state of fatigue, the athletes of high qualification were distinguished by: more prolonged electrical activity of working muscles; rational changes in in the reciprocal relations of the thigh and lower leg antagonist muscles; a long take-off phase when running in a straight line and in a bend. The results of the study indicate that under the influence of fatigue, the coordination structure of the running step is modified, which is reflected in significant changes in its spatiotemporal parameters and muscle electric activity characteristics.

The operation of the furnace depends largely on the handling of gas distribution which in-turn is reliant on the burden surface profile. Measurement of burden profile has been a challenge because of the harsh conditions inside the furnace. Phased array radar will suffice this purpose with no moving parts; however, it imposes its own challenges. One of them is measurement of extremely short distances as the stockline in the blast furnace is just few meters away from the topmost part. Unlike conventional radar where the target is kilometre away the short distance measurement involves with time measure din nano seconds with pico-seconds resolution to achieve the desired accuracy. This paper implements a method for ultra-short distance measurement using radars for blast furnace application in steel plant.

A walking support system with phosphenes for blind people has been investigated. Phosphene is a phenomenon where a flash of light is recognized in the brain by giving an electrical stimulus to human’s visual pathway. Phosphenes can be perceived even if their eyes are closed or they are blind. It has been clarified that phosphenes can be induced to several directions if electrodes placements are precisely selected. When phosphenes are presented to two directions for recognizing two obstacles, two pairs of electrodes must be applied. In such a case, however, the electrical interference occurs due to the short distance between electrodes. In the practical use of the phosphene-based walking support system, the avoidance of electrical interference is significant in order to present the phosphenes precisely. Therefore, in this paper, we first practically investigate the electrical interference by considering the difference in phosphene induction generated by a single pair of electrodes and by two pairs of electrodes. Then, the solutions to avoid the electrical interference are discussed.

Salt tracer is one of the widely used shallow water velocity measurement methods. The Pulse Boundary Model method produces low velocity at short distances from the salt injection position. This study proposes a two-step approach to accurately estimate the flow velocity. Experiments were carried out under three flow rates of 12, 24, and 48 L min-1 and three slope gradients of 4, 8, and 12° at six measurement positions of 0.05, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 m from the solute injection positions. The new method obtains peak velocities that are 0.999 times those of the centroid velocities, indicating that either centroid or peak time can be equally used to measure flow velocity. The new method significantly improves measurement accuracy of flow velocity at short distances, as indicated by the almost equal measured velocities at all locations as those measured at longer distances. Velocities measured by the new method were significantly higher than those measured by the Pulse Boundary Model method or the centroid velocities measured by the traditional salt tracer method. In addition, the centroid and the peak velocities obtained by the new method correlates well to those by the traditional volumetric method. The velocities measured by the volumetric method were 0.79 (centroid velocity) and 0.78 (peak velocity) times of those estimated by the new and improved method. The results show that new and improved method provides an accurate and efficient approach in measuring shallow water flow velocity at short distances.

A short distance between infected persons and exposed persons can probably result in a high risk of respiratory infection. This work experimentally investigated the short-range bioaerosol depositio...

Napjaink modern labdarúgása egyre szűkebb térben és cselekvési idő alatt zajlik, mely korábban elképzelhetetlennek tűnő mennyiségű mikro mozgás megtételére kényszeríti a játékosokat. Az egyes játékhelyzetek hasonlóan szűk területen zajlanak, mint az egyébként jelentősen kisebb alapterületen játszott kézilabda mérkőzések. Felmerül tehát a kérdés, megfelelő e sportág-specifikus felkészítés, azaz képesek a kézilabdázókhoz hasonló teljesítményt produkálni a labdarúgók a kisterületen történő intenzív elindulások, gyorsítások, lassítások és irányváltások tekintetében? Hipotézisünket a Speed Court sportdiagnosztikai eszközön végzett mérésekkel igazoltuk. A vizsgálat során utánpótláskorú sportolók két különböző felmérésen vettek részt. A felmérések végrehajtása magas színvonalú mozdulatgyorsasági és robbanékonysági képesség mellett, téri tájékozódó képességet, döntésgyorsaságot követelt a sportolótól. A ”60 méteres kergetés” és a ”30 másodperces kergetés” elnevezésű tesztek kiválóan alkalmasak voltak a mérkőzéseken előforduló szituációk modellezésére. A résztvevőknek három kísérlete volt, melynek eredményeit feljegyeztük, majd 12 hét elteltével újból megismételtük. A vizsgálati csoportok homogenitását bizonyítva testösszetétel vizsgálatnak is alávetettük a sportolókat, melynek eredménye szerint szinte tökéletesen megegyező testfelépítésű fiatalok képezték vizsgálatunk alanyait. A két sportág képviselőinek a teszteken elért eredményeit vizsgálva megállapíthatjuk, hogy a labdarúgók nem csupán képesek reprodukálni a kézilabdázók eredményeit, hanem minimális különbséggel túl is tudják teljesíteni azt.