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Background/Objectives: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition requiring personalised therapeutic approaches. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Equine-Assisted Activities and Therapies (EAATs) in 86 children with varying ASD severity levels (levels 1–3). Methods: Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales and the Parenting Stress Index were used. Between May 2022 and October 2023, participants completed 20 weekly sessions of 45 min each, tailored to their individual needs. Results: Children with level 3 ASD demonstrated greater challenges in communication (level 1: 67.1 ± 29.0 vs. level 3: 30.0 ± 12.6; p < 0.001), daily living skills (81.0 ± 26.8 vs. 42.6 ± 18.1; p < 0.001), and socialisation (72.2 ± 23.2 vs. 37.3 ± 14.2; p < 0.001). Parental distress was higher in cases of greater ASD severity. Nevertheless, significant improvements were observed across the entire cohort in daily living skills (58.3 ± 25.5 vs. 67.8 ± 29.0; p = 0.023), with particularly notable outcomes in children with level 1 ASD (65.7 ± 26.9 vs. 81.0 ± 26.8; p = 0.010). While increases in socialisation were noted among children with level 1 ASD, these were not statistically significant (p = 0.073). Conclusions: EAAT fosters improvements in daily living skills, particularly in children with level 1 ASD, and has a positive impact on socialisation. For children with more severe ASD, targeted interventions are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the psychometric characteristics of the Love Attitudes Scale: Short Form (LAS-SF), and the relationship between love style and other romantic relationships constructs in a Portuguese population. The LAS-SF measures six love styles: Eros, Ludus, Storge, Pragma, Mania and Agape, which are grounded on Lee's theory. This tool is one of the most utilized assessments of love in the literature. There were 1153 Portuguese participants (554 women, mean age = 38 years). Confirmatory factor analyses evidenced that the six latent dimensions of the LAS-SF confirmed an acceptable fit to the data. The internal consistency of the Portuguese form of the LAS-SF was evaluated utilizing Cronbach's Alpha (for subscales 0.71 to 0.78) and McDonald's Omega (for subscales 0.71 to 0.79). Eros was positively related to satisfaction with love life, satisfaction with sex life, sexual desire, commitment, and negatively associated with romantic loneliness. Ludic orientation was positively correlated with romantic loneliness and negatively correlated with commitment. Storgic orientation was positively related to commitment. Pragma was positively related to romantic loneliness. Mania was positively related to commitment. Agape was positively correlated with satisfaction with love life and commitment, and negatively correlated with romantic loneliness. Notably, commitment mediated the relationship of the agapic love style and romantic loneliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of hopelessness plays a significant role in preventing various psychological disorders and major life events within the general population. However, the psychometric properties of the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) have been a subject of controversy, primarily studied in clinical groups. The aim of the present study was to gain new psychometric insights and propose a new short version of the BHS for the general population using the Item Response Theory (IRT) approach. A total of 2164 Argentinean individuals completed the BHS alongside the Inventory of Suicide Orientation-30. We compared IRT models with two and three parameters for the original BHS version, exploring the removal of redundant and less informative items. Convergent and discriminant validity was also examined. Our results support the 2PL model for the BHS-19. In addition, the BHS-10 short version adequately depicted the same range of the measured trait as the original version, showing reasonable measurement accuracy in the middle-high levels of the trait (marginal reliability = 0.70, Cronbach's α = 0.86). Notably, a positive correlation was found between the factorial score of BHS-10, BHS-19, and suicide orientation. In conclusion, our findings support the use of a simplified version as a practical and valuable tool for both research and clinical practice in the future. • The Beck Hopelessness Scale is the most frequently utilized instrument for assessing hopelessness. • A 2PL model was the most suitable using the Item Response Theory Approach. • The BHS-10 short version showed reasonable measurement accuracy in the middle-high levels of trait. • Our findings extend the BHS application also to non-psychiatric groups. • A positive correlation was found between BHS-10 and suicide orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glocal hotel companies are demanding a new marketing paradigm shift. As the importance of marketing activities using social media emerges, it is shifting from existing marketing to customized media marketing that directly communicates with customers. With the spread of smartphones, MZ generation consumers want to obtain a variety of information online using a short-form content platform linked to a hotel. However, the reality is that hotel companies are not able to respond to the demand for strategic marketing short-form video content targeting the MZ generation. This study develops a new curriculum applying the service design thinking methodology and proposes a short-form video production process centering on the keywords around the hotel. In addition, it is intended to select a hotel by dividing five areas according to the tourism specialization of Busan, and to present differentiated videos of hotel marketing video contents linked to the characteristics of nearby tourism areas [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compassionate love (CL), a particular kind of love, is centred on enlarging beneficence to another. A short form to assess CL for a romantic partner (CLS-P-SF) was recently developed. The CLS-P-SF is a one-dimensional measure. In this study, we examined CLS-P-SF's measurement invariance (MI) across gender and age, and the relationship of the CL with sexuality measures. There were 1184 Portuguese participants, 48% women and 52% men, aged between 18 to 79 (M = 37.36; SD = 16.89). Confirmatory factor analyses evidenced that the one latent dimension of the CLS-P-SF confirmed an acceptable fit to the data. MI, and internal consistency were adequate. This invariance permitted to perform meaningful latent average comparisons. The effect of gender and age were not significant. CLS-P-SF was positively associated with sexual desire, love is most important, sex demonstrates love, love comes before sex and satisfaction with sex life, and negatively associated with sex is declining and sociosexuality. Findings are discussed in their relationship with existent literature. The CLS-P-SF's brevity makes it a promising tool for researchers and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition (BOT-2) is the most common motor assessment in Korea. The BOT-2–Short Form (SF) is preferred over the complete form (CF) in settings with limited time. The present study aimed to assess the validity of the BOT-2 SF in Korean school-age children. First, we verified that the BOT-2 SF reflects developmental changes in motor skills. Second, we compared the BOT-2 SF scores to those of the BOT-2 CF. A total of 283 Korean school-age children performed the BOT-2. The differences in the BOT-2 SF point according to age group (7 years, 8–9 years, and 10–12 years) were analyzed. A correlation analysis of the standard scores between the BOT-2 SF and CF was conducted. The sensitivity and specificity of the BOT-2 SF were calculated in reference to its CF. Overall, the BOT-2 SF point scores increased with age. The correlation between the total scores of the BOT-2 SF and CF was strong. The BOT-2 SF had a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 92%. This study has demonstrated the validity of the BOT-2 SF in Korean school-age children. The BOT2 SF can be useful in screening Korean school-age children with motor skills problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundA novel image-based method (AgileBrain) demonstrates construct validity as a measure of wellbeing in the general working adult population.MethodAnalysis of data from four large nationally representative samples of American full-time workers employed by mid-to-large size companies conducted in November 2021 (n = 812), May 2022 (n = 810), June 2023 (n = 986), and January 2024 (n = 1,179).ResultsAcross all four studies, AgileBrain demonstrates convergent validity across multiple established indicators of subjective wellbeing including the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Neuroticism (BFI-S), UCLA Loneliness Scale, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Coping Styles (Brief COPE-28), self-reported diagnosed neurodiversity conditions and symptoms, and trauma history.ConclusionResults across these studies suggest that AgileBrain is useful as a screening tool for detecting compromised wellbeing in terms of construct validity. Given strong preferences for brief, gamified assessments, the validity advantages stemming from less consciously controllable responses, and the statistical advantages of measures associated with high response rates and normal distributions, AgileBrain emerges as strong tool for assessing subjective wellbeing at the population level and offers a promising approach to monitoring treatment effectiveness.

The authors developed and validated the Korean version of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Short Form (K-ECRR-SF) with the goal of developing a culturally responsive scale. In study 1, a Rasch analysis was conducted on the 36 original items in the ECR-Revised (ECR-R) to select items that best represent anxiety and avoidance subscales by considering cultural equivalence. In study 2, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted for the selected 12 items with a different sample. The factor structures of the ECR-R and K-ECRR-SF through CFA were then compared through CFA. In addition, the K-ECRR-SF items were tested for related constructs (i.e., reassurance and support seeking, loneliness, dyadic satisfaction, depression, anxiety, and fear of intimacy) to its criterion evidence. The newly developed K-ECRR-SF is confirmed to be valid and culturally responsive scale in measuring attachment in Korea.

Background/Objectives: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition requiring personalised therapeutic approaches. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Equine-Assisted Activities and Therapies (EAATs) in 86 children with varying ASD severity levels (levels 1–3). Methods: Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales and the Parenting Stress Index were used. Between May 2022 and October 2023, participants completed 20 weekly sessions of 45 min each, tailored to their individual needs. Results: Children with level 3 ASD demonstrated greater challenges in communication (level 1: 67.1 ± 29.0 vs. level 3: 30.0 ± 12.6; p < 0.001), daily living skills (81.0 ± 26.8 vs. 42.6 ± 18.1; p < 0.001), and socialisation (72.2 ± 23.2 vs. 37.3 ± 14.2; p < 0.001). Parental distress was higher in cases of greater ASD severity. Nevertheless, significant improvements were observed across the entire cohort in daily living skills (58.3 ± 25.5 vs. 67.8 ± 29.0; p = 0.023), with particularly notable outcomes in children with level 1 ASD (65.7 ± 26.9 vs. 81.0 ± 26.8; p = 0.010). While increases in socialisation were noted among children with level 1 ASD, these were not statistically significant (p = 0.073). Conclusions: EAAT fosters improvements in daily living skills, particularly in children with level 1 ASD, and has a positive impact on socialisation. For children with more severe ASD, targeted interventions are required.

Despite ample research demonstrating the developmental and clinical importance of psychosocial competencies (e.g., prosociality, attention regulation, compliance to caregivers) in early childhood, few measures exist that are clinically relevant, developmentally appropriate, psychometrically validated, and pragmatic to administer, score, and interpret. One promising option is the Psychosocial Strengths Inventory for Children and Adolescents (PSICA), a parent-report measure of affective, attentional, and social competencies in youth. Although the PSICA has growing psychometric support, it remains a relatively lengthy measure (i.e., 36 items). Thus, we sampled 865 community caregivers (75% White, 59% mothers) of children ages 2–10 (72% White, 55% boys) to empirically develop and validate the PSICA–Short Form (PSICA-SF). Items were winnowed based on best-practice internal and external criteria (i.e., structural validity, convergent validity, internal consistency, and item-response discrimination indices), then further assessed for judgmental validity via quantitative survey completed by a snowball sample of 18 early childhood experts. These methods identified a 9-item version of the PSICA-SF, which retained the original PSICA's trichotomous structure and related subscales (i.e., Prosociality, Compliance, Attention), good internal consistency, face validity, and convergent validity. Collectively, these findings support the PSICA-SF as a more pragmatic, while equally psychometrically sound, multidimensional measure of child psychosocial competence that might be used for relevant child screening, case conceptualization, progress monitoring, and program evaluation. Highlights: We empirically winnowed the Psychosocial Strengths Inventory for Children and Adolescents (PSICA), a multidimensional caregiver-report measure of child psychosocial competencies (i.e., prosociality, compliance, attention), to develop a short form of the PSICA (i.e., PSICA-SF). The PSICA-SF is a 9-item, free measure which reduces assessment burdens (e.g., administration and scoring) of families, clinicians, and researchers. Our results provisionally indicate the 9-item PSICA-SF has equivalent psychometric properties to the original 36-item PSICA (i.e., good-to-excellent internal consistency, face validity, convergent validity, and structural validity). Initial findings suggest the PSICA-SF is a more pragmatic, yet psychometrically sound measure of child psychosocial competence that might be used for relevant child screening, case conceptualization, treatment progress monitoring, and program evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Self-criticism is a psychological process largely studied as a vulnerability factor for several psychological difficulties in the adult population and, to a lower extent, in adolescent samples. Thus, the availability of instruments to effectively capture this construct is important, especially for younger populations. Objective: This study examined the factor structure, measurement invariance to group samples, and psychometric properties of the short version of the Forms of Self-criticism and Self-reassuring Scale (FSCRS-SF) in Portuguese adolescents in non-clinical and clinical samples. Methods: Two non-clinical samples (N = 1224 and N = 140) and a clinical sample (N = 103) were used. Participants' ages ranged between 12 and 18 years old for both genders. Participants voluntarily completed a set of self-report questionnaires in the classroom. 418 adolescents completed the FSCRS 6-weeks after the first administration. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the factor structure of the FSCRS-SF was similar to the one found in the adults' version, with three factors (inadequate self, hated self, and reassured self). The measurement invariance was established for both samples. The FSCRS-SF revealed adequate to good construct validity, reliability, and temporal stability. Gender differences were found for the three subscales. Similarly, adolescents from the clinical sample reported higher levels of inadequate self and hated self and lower levels of reassured self in comparison with the non-clinical sample, as expected. Conclusions: The FSCRS-SF was revealed to be a valid and reliable measure of self-criticism and self-reassurance for adolescents and seems to be a useful tool for research and clinical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the relatively small number of items in the GAD-7, fewer items are increasingly sought to shorten testing time in large-scale mental health screenings. As a result, short forms based on the GAD-7, the GAD-2, and GAD-mini, have become popular. However, the GAD-2 and GAD-mini have reported lower diagnostic accuracy in some cultural contexts, implying that a validated short-form version of the GAD-7 may be lacking in large-scale cross-cultural anxiety screening. Based on this, to develop an optimal short form of the GAD-7 with cross-cultural stability, we utilized seven GAD-7 datasets from six different countries, totaling 47,484 participants. Five 2 to 6 item short forms of the GAD were constructed using the Riskslim machine learning algorithm. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the GAD-7 short forms in the training and test sets based on the coefficient of determination(R2) and area under the curve(AUC) metrics, and the results showed that GAD-R2 performed poorly in some cultures, and all of the 3 to 6 item short forms of the GAD performed good in cross-cultural diagnostic rates, with the GAD-R6 showing the highest diagnostic accuracy in all cultures; GAD-R3 outperformed GAD-R2, GAD-2, and GAD-mini in all cultures; GAD-R3 had higher generalizability across cultures and special populations; Given that the GAD-R3 was shorter and nearly as accurate as the GAD-R6, we recommend the use of the GAD-R3 in clinical studies and epidemiologic investigations. And we recommend the optimal actual cutoff value of 15 for GAD-R3. Overall, we recommend GAD-R3 as the short-form version of GAD-7 in cross-cultural studies. However, the 2-item GAD scale is also optimal for the short-form version in clinical practice. • Lack of a short form of GAD-7 in large-scale cross-cultural anxiety screening. • Short form of the GAD were constructed using the Riskslim machine learning algorithm. • GAD-R3 exhibits high diagnostic accuracy in different cultural backgrounds. • we recommend GAD-R3 as the short form version of GAD-7 in cross-cultural studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Witnessing degradation and loss to one's home environment can cause the negative emotional experience of solastalgia. We review the psychometric properties of the 9-item Solastalgia subscale from the Environmental Distress Scale (Higginbotham et al. (EcoHealth 3:245–254, 2006)). Using data collected from three large, independent, adult samples (N = 4229), who were surveyed soon after the 2019/20 Australian bushfires, factor analyses confirmed the scale's unidimensionality, while analyses derived from Item Response Theory highlighted the poor psychometric performance and redundant content of specific items. Consequently, we recommend a short-form scale consisting of five items. This Brief Solastalgia Scale (BSS) yielded excellent model fit and internal consistency in both the initial and cross-validation samples. The BSS and its parent version provide very similar patterns of associations with demographic, health, life satisfaction, climate emotion, and nature connectedness variables. Finally, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated comparable construct architecture (i.e. configural, metric, and scalar invariance) across validation samples, gender categories, and age. As individuals and communities increasingly confront and cope with climate change and its consequences, understanding related emotional impacts is crucial. The BSS promises to aid researchers, decision makers, and practitioners to understand and support those affected by negative environmental change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-form development is an important topic in psychometric research, which requires researchers to face methodological choices at different steps. The statistical techniques traditionally used for shortening tests, which belong to the so-called exploratory model, make assumptions not always verified in psychological data. This article proposes a machine learning–based autonomous procedure for short-form development that combines explanatory and predictive techniques in an integrative approach. The study investigates the item-selection performance of two autoencoders: a particular type of artificial neural network that is comparable to principal component analysis. The procedure is tested on artificial data simulated from a factor-based population and is compared with existent computational approaches to develop short forms. Autoencoders require mild assumptions on data characteristics and provide a method to predict long-form items' responses from the short form. Indeed, results show that they can help the researcher to develop a short form by automatically selecting a subset of items that better reconstruct the original item's responses and that preserve the internal structure of the long-form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop the short form of the Animal Empathy Scale (AES-SF). To this end, the study first conducted the Turkish validity and reliability analyses of the long scale and the selection of the items for the short form. The construct validity of the eight-item short form of the scale was then tested in a separate sample. The construct validity of the scales was examined in the first sample using principal component analysis and in the second sample using confirmatory factor analysis. In both studies, the convergent validity of the scales was tested with related psychological traits. McDonald’s omega and item-total test correlation coefficients were used to assess the reliability of the scales. Test-retest reliability was also examined for the short form of the scale. The long form of the scale showed a two-factor structure, as did the original scale. The analyses indicated that the long scale was valid and reliable for Turkish culture. The confirmatory factor analysis results of the AES-SF supported the two-factor structure. Convergent validity analyses showed that the relationships were significant and in the expected direction. The correlation coefficients between the scores on the short and long forms of the scale are also high. Reliability scores also indicated that the short form provided accurate and stable measures. Furthermore, the validity and reliability coefficients of the short and long forms are close. According to these results, the AES-SF can be used as an alternative to the long form of the scale.

Abstract Background Social Axioms are generalized beliefs and broad assumptions about the world, guiding behaviors across various social situations. Social Axioms are usually assessed by Social Axioms Survey II (SAS II). Nevertheless, the length of the scale may limit its usefulness in studies with strict time constraint. The present study aimed at developing a shorter version. Methods A survey was conducted among 455 college students. First, we performed psychometric evaluation on the full item version of SAS II to identify items with superior psychometric properties for a brief version of SAS II. Second, we validated the psychometric properties of the brief version of SAS II. Results A 20-item version of SAS II (SAS II-20) was developed, and it demonstrated adequate reliability and validity. The correlations between SAS II-20 and personality variables, cognitive flexibility, interpersonal trust, locus of control, and paranormal beliefs were consistent with past studies. Conclusions SAS II-20 is psychometrically acceptable and provides a time-efficient measurement tool for investigating social beliefs.

The number of patients on ventilators is rapidly increasing owing to the coronavirus pandemic. The previously developed Questionnaire for the Reflective Practice of Nursing Involving Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (Q-RPN-IMV) for the care of patients on ventilators includes nurses’ thought processes as items. This study aims to develop a short form of the Q-RPN-IMV for immediate use in practice and to test its reliability and validity. A convenience sample of 629 participants was used to explore the factor structure using factor analysis. The test–retest reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The study was a cross-sectional design instrument development study and was reported according to GRRAS guidelines. Q-RPN-IMV short form was divided into ventilator management and patient management. The ventilator management comprised 31 items organized into six factors. Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.82 to 0.91, and the ICC ranged from 0.82 to 0.89. The patient management comprised 27 items organized into five factors. Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.75 to 0.97, and ICC ranged from 0.75 to 0.97. The Q-RPN-IMV short form is a reliable and validated instrument for assessing care for patients on ventilators. This study was not registered.

Background: Social Axioms are generalized beliefs and broad assumptions about the world, guiding behaviors across various social situations. Social Axioms are usually assessed by Social Axioms Survey II (SAS II). Nevertheless, the length of the scale may limit its usefulness in studies with strict time constraint. The present study aimed at developing a shorter version. Methods: A survey was conducted among 455 college students. First, we performed psychometric evaluation on the full item version of SAS II to identify items with superior psychometric properties for a brief version of SAS II. Second, we validated the psychometric properties of the brief version of SAS II. Results: A 20-item version of SAS II (SAS II-20) was developed, and it demonstrated adequate reliability and validity. The correlations between SAS II-20 and personality variables, cognitive flexibility, interpersonal trust, locus of control, and paranormal beliefs were consistent with past studies. Conclusions: SAS II-20 is psychometrically acceptable and provides a time-efficient measurement tool for investigating social beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the unidimensionality and Rasch reliability of both Jenkinson's and MacIsaac's eight-item short versions of the Stroke Impact Scale (SF-SIS), a questionnaire for assessing overall health-related quality of life (HRQOL). This study was a secondary data analysis in which 263 persons with stroke completed the SIS. The 263 persons, on average, had age of 60 years, mild stroke, and moderate disability of self-care. The unidimensionality of both versions was validated via testing of model fitting and principal component analysis (PCA) of residuals using the Rasch analysis to determine the Rasch reliability and measures. The eight items in both SF-SIS versions met the criteria of infit and outfit MNSQ (<1.4 and >0.6), indicating good data-model fit. The PCA showed that no dominant factors existed in the residuals of the items. The person reliability of Jenkinson's and MacIsaac's SF-SIS versions was 0.80 and 0.79, respectively. The Rasch measures (i.e., person measure in logits) ranged from −1.06 to 1.87 in Jenkinson's SF-SIS and −0.82 to 1.88 in MacIsaac's version. The unidimensionality of both versions was supported. The Rasch measures of both appear valid for representing overall HRQOL levels. Both versions also showed acceptable reliability for research purposes. The unidimensionality was justified for both versions (Jenkinson's and MacIsaac's eight-item short-versions of Stroke Impact Scale). The Rasch scores of both versions appear valid for representing overall health-related quality of life. Both versions showed acceptable reliability for research purposes, but not sufficiently reliable for clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chao Zhang, Buyun Dai, Lingkai Lin School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Buyun Dai, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Ave, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330022, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13870055780, Email biweijianpsy@qq.comPurpose: In 2021, Hall et al developed the Digital Stress Scale (DSS), but its psychometric characteristics were only tested using classical test theory (CTT). In this study, we use item response theory (IRT) and CTT to develop and verify a Chinese version of the DSS and its short version, which can improve the reliability and effectiveness of the digital stress measurement tool for Chinese college students.Methods: In this study, we developed a Chinese version of the DSS (DSS-C) and recruited 1506 Chinese college students as participants to analyze its psychometric characteristics based on CTT and item response theory methods. First, we used CTT, including common method bias, construct validity, criterion-related validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability and measurement invariance. Then, we adopted the IRT approach to examine the item parameters, item characteristics, item information, differential item function, test information, and test reliability of the DSS-C. Finally, a short form (DSS-C-S) was constructed, and the psychometric characteristics of the DSS-C-S were examined.Results: (1) The five-factor structure of the DSS-C was verified. The DSS-C shows good internal reliability, test-retest reliability, criterion-related validity and measurement invariance between urban college students and rural college students. (2) All 24 items had reasonable discrimination parameters and location parameters and were DIF-free by gender. Except for Items 4 and 10, all the other items had high information and measurement reliability at medium θ levels. (3) Compared with the DSS-C, the 22-item short form also has good reliability and validity and maintains sufficient measurement accuracy while reducing items of poor quality.Conclusion: Both the DSS-C and the DSS-C-S have good psychometric characteristics and are accurate and effective tools for measuring the digital stress of Chinese college students.Keywords: digital stress scale, item response theory, measurement invariance, short form

The current study aims to examine the psychometric properties of the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF) in a Turkish young adulthood sample. The study participants comprised 139 Turkish university students in Study 1 and 200 Turkish university students in Study 2. The SCS-SF was translated into Turkish; experts examined the translation studies to check the content validity. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to investigate construct validity in both studies. As with the long version, a six-factor and a single higher-order factor structure of the Shortened Self-Compassion Scale were confirmed in both study 1 and study 2. To check convergent validity, the scores of SCS-SF were compared with the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule scores significant correlations were found. Reliability analyses were conducted to test internal and test-retest reliability and generally yielded acceptable reliability estimates. Thus, as a reliable and valid instrument, the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form can be used to measure the self-compassion level of Turkish young adults as an alternative to the long version of the SCS.

The Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition (BOT-2) is the most common motor assessment in Korea. The BOT-2–Short Form (SF) is preferred over the complete form (CF) in settings with limited time. The present study aimed to assess the validity of the BOT-2 SF in Korean school-age children. First, we verified that the BOT-2 SF reflects developmental changes in motor skills. Second, we compared the BOT-2 SF scores to those of the BOT-2 CF. A total of 283 Korean school-age children performed the BOT-2. The differences in the BOT-2 SF point according to age group (7 years, 8–9 years, and 10–12 years) were analyzed. A correlation analysis of the standard scores between the BOT-2 SF and CF was conducted. The sensitivity and specificity of the BOT-2 SF were calculated in reference to its CF. Overall, the BOT-2 SF point scores increased with age. The correlation between the total scores of the BOT-2 SF and CF was strong. The BOT-2 SF had a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 92%. This study has demonstrated the validity of the BOT-2 SF in Korean school-age children. The BOT2 SF can be useful in screening Korean school-age children with motor skills problems.

Abstract Aim Parents' emotions towards a child are extremely important. The Scale of Parent‐to‐Child Emotions (SPCE) consists of five basic and four self‐conscious emotion domains for assessment of parental emotional states. Abridgement of the SPCE is needed for research and clinical settings. Methods Our previous investigational data for SPCE development were used in this study. The sample of 2336 fathers and 2264 mothers, whose eldest child's age was up to 12 years old, was analyzed. Total information for each pair (form) of items corresponding to a latent trait (θ) was calculated. The form with the greatest amount of total information was selected as the best for each domain. In addition, relative efficiency for each form and correlations of raw sum scores in classical test theory (CTT) for short forms with factor scores in item response theory (IRT) were calculated. Results The SPCE was shortened to 18 items by selecting two items each for nine domains. Correlations of raw sum scores in CTT for short forms with factor scores in IRT were correlated strongly and significantly. Conclusion This abridged form of the scale, the SPCE‐18, may be applicable in a busy clinical setting or research works to investigate the trajectory of parent‐to‐child emotions across a long span of time.

Short dramatic forms have become theatrical objects that are not easily identifiable. They act as a symbol of questioning the foundations of the conventional drama and a reflection on the dramatic genre in general. The article focuses on its ambiguous treatment and its actualisation in the context of contemporary Lithuanian dramaturgy. Micro-drama, miniature, one-shot drama, or ‘dramatized’ proverbs and sayings – these are the playwrights’ own denominations indicating a kind of tendency which emerged at the end of the 20th century, or, at least, the search for an original term or word. At the same time, however, this effort also signals the inscription of short-format dramatic texts into a certain mediatic area of literature and theatre, which is primarily seen as a sign of a certain bargain with the reader. The article does not look at short-form texts so much through the prism of theatrical evolution, but rather focuses on the mechanism of short-form writing. The question is whether (and how) such ‘mutations’ of dramatic writing maintain a specific theatrical mode of operation (the plot, the character etc.) when they enter the dynamic field of the short form. It is concluded that its mechanism is related to maximum cost-effectiveness and economy of language, and, through the reduction of the aforementioned dramatic triad, the function of the perceiver and his/her interpretative work are radicalised.

The Francis Psychological Type and Emotional Temperament Scales (FPTETS) operationalise the four components of the psychological-type model of personality alongside the fifth component of emotional temperament. The ten-item scales have been employed in research as continuous variables that explain individual differences in a wide range of religious beliefs and attitudes. The present study tested the factor structure of the adolescent form of the instrument (FPTETSA) and proposes a short form (FPTETSA-S) in which each of the five scales comprises six items, drawing on data provided by 360 Canadian Baptist youth. Both the full scales and the short scales are commended for use where the need is for continuous scale scores rather than generating psychological type categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dissociative Symptoms Scale (DSS) was developed to assess moderately severe types of dissociation (depersonalization, derealization, gaps in awareness and memory, and dissociative reexperiencing) that would be relevant to a range of clinical populations, including those experiencing trauma-related dissociation. The current study used data from 10 ethnically and racially diverse clinical and community samples (N = 3,879) to develop a brief version of the DSS (DSS-B). Item information curves were examined to identify items with the most precision in measuring above average levels of the latent trait within each subscale. Analyses revealed that the DSS-B preserved the factor structure and content domains of the full scale, and its scores had strong reliability and validity that were comparable to those of scores on the full measure. DSS-B scores showed high levels of measurement invariance across ethnoracial groups. Results indicate that DSS-B scores are reliable and valid in the populations studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, Murray et al. developed the violent ideations scale (VIS). The reliability and validity of the scale in China have yet to be tested, and the scale uses only classical test theory to test its psychometric characteristics. The present study was based on a sample of Chinese university students. First, we used traditional classical testing theory, including common method bias, unidimensionality, local independence, internal consistency, and concurrent validity tests. Then, we adopted the item response theory approach to examine the item parameters, item characteristics, item information, differential item functioning, test information, and test reliability of the VIS. Finally, a short form was constructed, and the psychometric properties of the simple scale were also examined. The results were as follows: (1) This study verified the one-dimensional structure of the VIS, which had good internal consistency and concurrent validity. (2) All 12 items had high discrimination parameters and location parameters and were DIF-free by gender. The VIS had large information and good measurement reliability at medium and high θ levels. (3) A 7-item short form, which was highly consistent with the full form and retained adequate measurement precision with substantial item reduction, was constructed. The short form was a concise and reliable substitute for the full form. Both the short form and full form had good psychometric properties and were accurate and effective tools for measuring individuals with medium and high violent ideation levels in young Chinese people. These findings should still be replicated in other populations (e.g., in clinical and forensic samples). Trial registration: The questionnaire and methodology for this study were approved by the research center of mental health of Jiangxi Normal University (Ethics approval number: HM20200160027). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles-Short Form (PICTS-SF) is an abbreviated 35-item version of the PICTS, a measure of cognitions that support a criminal lifestyle. Despite use in research and clinical work, the PICTS-SF's psychometric properties have not been tested. Using two archival datasets, we analyzed the PICTS-SF's reliability and structural validity in multiply imputed data from adult males and females on probation in a residential treatment facility (n = 514). We also tested the PICTS-SF's reliability and discriminant and postdictive validities among adult males in administrative segregation in prison (n = 95). We found evidence for the PICTS-SF's internal consistency (α and ω ≥.89), structural validity (CFI =.90, RMSEA =.05), discriminant validity (.22 ≤ r ≤.39), and postdictive validity for receiving disciplinary infractions (incident rate ratio = 1.04). These results support the PICTS-SF's use in research, and qualified use in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of patients on ventilators is rapidly increasing owing to the coronavirus pandemic. The previously developed Questionnaire for the Reflective Practice of Nursing Involving Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (Q-RPN-IMV) for the care of patients on ventilators includes nurses' thought processes as items. This study aims to develop a short form of the Q-RPN-IMV for immediate use in practice and to test its reliability and validity. A convenience sample of 629 participants was used to explore the factor structure using factor analysis. The test–retest reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The study was a cross-sectional design instrument development study and was reported according to GRRAS guidelines. Q-RPN-IMV short form was divided into ventilator management and patient management. The ventilator management comprised 31 items organized into six factors. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.82 to 0.91, and the ICC ranged from 0.82 to 0.89. The patient management comprised 27 items organized into five factors. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.75 to 0.97, and ICC ranged from 0.75 to 0.97. The Q-RPN-IMV short form is a reliable and validated instrument for assessing care for patients on ventilators. This study was not registered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to develop a shorter version of the Attitudes Towards Police Legitimacy Scale (APLS) using Rasch analysis. Two studies are conducted here to reduce the 34-item APLS to the 11-item APLS Short Form (APLS-SF). It was hypothesized that the APLS-SF would also predict right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance, support for police in a hypothetical donation task, and justification of an officer involved shooting. In study 1 (N = 300) and study 2 (N = 600), participants were sampled from Prolific Academic. The APLS-SF fit the Rasch model and predicted each variable as hypothesized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesTo develop computerized adaptive testing (CAT) and short forms of self-report oral health measures that are predictive of both the children's oral health status index (COHSI) and the children's oral health referral recommendation (COHRR) scales, for children and adolescents, ages 8-17.Material and methodsUsing final item calibration parameters (discrimination and difficulty parameters) from the item response theory analysis, we performed post hoc CAT simulation. Items most frequently administered in the simulation were incorporated for possible inclusion in final oral health assessment toolkits, to select the best performing eight items for COHSI and COHRR.ResultsTwo previously identified unidimensional sets of self-report items consisting of 19 items for the COHSI and 22 items for the COHRR were administered through CAT resulting in eight-item short forms for both the COHSI and COHRR. Correlations between the simulated CAT scores and the full item bank representing the latent trait are r = .94 for COHSI and r = .96 for COHRR, respectively, which demonstrated high reliability of the CAT and short form.ConclusionsUsing established rigorous measurement development standards, the CAT and corresponding eight-item short form items for COHSI and COHRR were developed to assess the oral health status of children and adolescents, ages 8-17. These measures demonstrated good psychometric properties and can have clinical utility in oral health screening and evaluation and clinical referral recommendations.

Abstract Background All available scales to screen for child abuse may be challenging to administer due to their length. Indeed, a higher number of items is associated with more administration time and less motivation to engage in responding. We aimed through this study to examine the psychometric properties of a brief Arabic version of the Child Abuse Self Report Scale (CASRS-12) in terms of factorial structure, internal consistency, divergent validity, and correlations with measures of bullying victimization, eating attitudes and perceived social support. Methods We performed a cross-sectional, web-based study among Community Lebanese adolescents; where two samples have been used (Sample 1: N = 852, aged 15.34 ± 1.18 years, 54.8% females; Sample 2: N = 404, aged 16.60 ± 1.51 years, 57.2% females). The construct validity was tested using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Results Results revealed that both EFA and CFA yielded a four-factor structure for the CASRS-12 that mirrors the original four factors captured by the original CASRS. The scale also showed a good internal consistency as evidenced through McDonald’s ω values ranging from 0.87 to 0.93 for the four subscales; and configural, metric, and scalar invariance across gender. Finally, we found that all CASRS-12 dimensions were significantly and positively correlated with more inappropriate eating attitudes and lower social support; and that psychological, physical, and sexual abuse correlated with higher bullying victimization Conclusion In light of these findings, we potentially encourage clinicians and researchers to use this scale as a valid and reliable measure of child abuse among Arabic-speaking populations.

Purpose: The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Group has developed item banks covering the 14 domains of the EORTC QLQ-C30 quality of life questionnaire. These allow for dynamic assessment and for forming population/study specific static short forms. To simplify selection of relevant short forms, we here present a portfolio of standard short forms with measurement properties optimized for different populations. Methods: For each domain, a brief and a long version were constructed for each of three populations having mild, moderate, and severe symptoms, respectively. The most informative items were prioritised while also taking content into consideration. All short forms included at least one QLQ-C30 item. The measurement precision/power of the short forms was compared to the corresponding QLQ-C30 scales using simulations. Results: In total, 84 short forms were constructed. The brief versions included 3–5 items each, the long versions 5–9 items. Estimated sample size savings using the suggested short forms while maintaining the same power as with the QLQ-C30 ranged 3–50% across domains with median savings of 19% (brief versions) and 28% (long versions), respectively. Conclusion: The suggested short forms allow for simple selection of items particularly relevant for patients with mild, moderate, or severe symptoms, respectively. They facilitate the use of smaller samples without loss of power compared to the QLQ-C30 scales. The suggested short forms may be used as they are or adapted to the specific aims of individual studies/settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a new Italian short version of the Geriatric Anxiety Scale (GAS-12) and evaluated its psychometric properties. The GAS-12 specifically screens for anxiety symptoms in the Italian older adult population by identifying items that best discriminate anxiety in this population. In Study 1, we administered the full-length Italian translation of the GAS to 517 older adults and used item response theory to identify the most discriminating items and to develop the short form used in Study 2. In Study 2, we evaluated the functioning of the new short form of the questionnaire in a new sample of 427 older adults using Confirmatory factor analysis. Analyses indicated 12 items that discriminated well between anxious and non-anxious participants and distributed along the latent continuum of each trait. The GAS-12 fits a three-factor structure. There was also evidence for convergent and divergent validity. The Italian GAS-12 appears to be a useful instrument for the quantitative screening of anxiety in Italian older adults. Anxiety imposes significant impairment thus making imperative the screening and assessment of anxiety symptoms. The GAS-12 is particularly indicated with limited time and many scales in a clinical assessment or research protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) is one of the most widely used instruments to measure students' motivation and self‐regulated learning. However, the MSLQ was developed and has been predominantly used in the Western context, is a domain‐general measure, and is quite lengthy. Hence, adapting the MSLQ to the Chinese educational context, validating its application in specific subjects, and developing a short form would be an optimal way to improve its accessibility. This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the MSLQ in mathematics learning (i.e., MSLQ‐C) and develop a short form (i.e., MSLQ‐CS) using set exploratory structural equation modeling. The sample consisted of 563 senior secondary students in China. Results demonstrated that both MSLQ‐C and MSLQ‐CS showed acceptable construct validity, reliability, and concurrent validity. Furthermore, structural relationships and interrelationships among the subscales and their relationships with mathematics achievement were highly similar for MSLQ‐C and MSLQ‐CS. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Practitioner Points: We developed the MSLQ‐CS as a short form of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) in the Chinese context for mathematics learningEach variable of the MSLQ‐CS was reduced to three items but we kept the MSLQ's conceptual scope unchangedThe MSLQ‐CS is psychometrically sound and able to reproduce the information obtained from the longer form of the MSLQThe MSLQ‐CS could reduce participants' burden and be used when test time is limited [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Sexual Orientation Microaggression Inventory (SOMI) has been used to measure sexual orientation-based microaggression experiences. However, at 19 items, the SOMI may be difficult to fit into survey batteries where microaggressions are not the primary predictor or the time researchers have with each participant is very limited. Methods: We sought to identify an eight-item short form of the SOMI (SOMI-SF) in a sample of sexual minority (SM) youth (N = 879) and confirm the validity and reliability of the SOMI-SF by administering both versions to separate cohorts of male-assigned (N = 533) and female-assigned (N = 430) at birth SM youth. Data were collected from April 2018 to May 2020. Results: We found high reliability (α > 0.80) and validity (significant association with SM victimization, depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and internalized stigma) in all three samples for the SOMI-SF. Conclusions: For researchers looking to conserve time and limit burden, the SOMI-SF is a high-quality option for measuring sexual orientation microaggressions. Policy Implications: The greater ease of administering the SOMI-SF means that sexual orientation microaggressions can be measured in a greater number of contexts. With a growing literature linking these experiences to poorer health outcomes for SM populations, measuring these experiences quickly and accurately can improve our understanding of the mechanisms creating those links and impact policy necessary to alleviate them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (B-L RI; Barrett-Lennard, (2015). The Relationship Inventory A Complete Resource and Guide. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-201602103917) is the most widely used measure of the facilitative conditions described by Carl Rogers as important for constructive personality development in his person-centered theory. At with 64 items it is however time consuming for participants to complete, and even in its shorter form, the B-L RI is 40-items long. In order to improve its utility, a mini form of the B-L RI was developed. In study 1, we used item response theory to select 12 out of the full 64 items to form the B-L RI:mini based on their discrimination, difficulty, information, and measurement invariance across the English (n = 298), Chinese (n = 658), and Spanish (n = 330) language versions of the inventory. In study 2 (N = 362), we validated the reliability and validity of the new 12-item measure. It was found that the B-L RI:mini showed excellent total internal consistency, temporal stability, and construct validity. According to the results of the study, the B-L RI:mini maintains optimal psychometric properties with a small number of items. This scale is recommended for use in further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xia Mao,1 Xianhua Mao,1 Yu Yu,2 Jia Guo3 1Department of Nursing, Yueyang Vocational Technical College, Yueyang, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; 3Department of Clinical Nursing, Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jia Guo, Department of Clinical Nursing, Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13875947418, Fax +86 0731-82650266, Email guojia621@163.comPurpose: Sallis et al’s social support scale for physical activity (SSSPH) is one of the most widely used scales to measure exercise-related social support yet has never been translated and validated in Chinese. The current study aims to simplify, translate, and validate a short form of SSSPH in a Chinese population.Patients and Methods: A simplified Chinese version of the SSSPH (SSSPH-SC) retaining 6 items was achieved after the translation and back-translation process, which showed good content validity. The scale was then assessed among a convenience sample of 266 Chinese adults from various backgrounds. Internal consistency was tested by calculating Cronbach’s α. The a priori two-factor structure was tested with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Concurrent validity was examined by investigating the correlation of the SSSPH-SC with general social support, quality of life, and self-rated health.Results: The SSSPH-SC full scale and subscales showed good internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha ranging from 0.87 to 0.92. The CFA supported the a priori two-factor structure: family support and friend support, with χ 2/df=2.93, CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.07, SRMR = 0.035. The concurrent validity of the SSSPH-CS was further supported by its significant positive correlations with social support (r=0.26, p< 0.001), quality of life (r=0.25, p< 0.001), and self-rated general health depression (r=0.23, p< 0.001).Conclusion: The SSSPH-SC had good reliability and validity and could be used as a simple and effective tool for assessing social support for physical activity in Chinese adults. The scale can be used as an effective tool to guide future health promotion programs as well as an evaluation tool to assess intervention effects.Keywords: short form, reliability, validity, confirmatory factor analysis

The accepted primary outcome measure for evaluating psychotic symptoms is decades old, long, and initially designed for adults. Surprisingly, the psychometric properties of primary outcome measures have never been reported for a pediatric sample using modern methods. The present study's aim is to use a pediatric sample to evaluate the psychometrics of the most used primary outcome measure in pediatric schizophrenia trials, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). To evaluate the factor structure, item characteristics, and treatment sensitivity of the PANSS in a pediatric sample, secondary analyses of PANSS data at baseline and weekly throughout an 8-week randomized double-blind study of 3 antipsychotic agents (registered and previously published) were conducted. Subjects were 118 youths receiving outpatient psychiatric treatment for schizophrenia spectrum disorders (mean age = 14.26 years, SD = 2.41 years). A 10-item short form, keeping 2 strongest items for each factor, had r = 0.89 with the full-length scale. Each of the five 2-item subscales has alphas ranging from 0.66 to 0.84. Item Response Theory (IRT) found that the 10-item scale and 2-item subscores had high reliability across the severity range typical of those for clinical trials. Criterion validity was high, with equal sensitivity to clinical changes over time. A 10-item PANSS version eliminates weaker items in the pediatric population while preserving coverage of 5 factors and similar sensitivity to clinical changes over time. It thus may be more appropriate for subsequent pediatric trials, and for clinical use when time and efficiency are paramount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I-O psychologists often face the need to reduce the length of a data collection effort due to logistical constraints or data quality concerns. Standard practice in the field has been either to drop some measures from the planned data collection or to use short forms of instruments rather than full measures. Dropping measures is unappealing given the loss of potential information, and short forms often do not exist and have to be developed, which can be a time-consuming and expensive process. We advocate for an alternative approach to reduce the length of a survey or a test, namely to implement a planned missingness (PM) design in which each participant completes a random subset of items. We begin with a short introduction of PM designs, then summarize recent empirical findings that directly compare PM and short form approaches and suggest that they perform equivalently across a large number of conditions. We surveyed a sample of researchers and practitioners to investigate why PM has not been commonly used in I-O work and found that the underusage stems primarily from a lack of knowledge and understanding. Therefore, we provide a simple walkthrough of the implementation of PM designs and analysis of data with PM, as well as point to various resources and statistical software that are equipped for its use. Last, we prescribe a set of four conditions that would characterize a good opportunity to implement a PM design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Survey research is important for understanding health and improving practice among health professions. However, survey research can have drawbacks, such as overuse and excessively lengthy questionnaires that burden respondents. These issues lead to poor response rates and incomplete questionnaires. Low and incomplete response rates result in missing data and reduced sample size, damaging the value, usability and generalizability of the information collected. To address issues related to response rates and improve health research, shorter surveys are recommended because they impose less of a burden on respondents and are useful with larger populations. Health-related surveys also often focus on the factors leading to ill health without dedicating equal attention to factors supporting positive health. This study developed and tested a short form (SF) of the validated Salutogenic Wellness Promotion Scale (SWPS), which measures causes of health (rather than causes of disease), using responses from 2052 college students. The participants answered questions about their demographics and completed the SWPS and a perceived health assessment. Statistical tests demonstrated the SWPS-SF had significant relationships with the full SWPS, health status, and Grade Point Average (GPA). Statistical tests were also used to establish cutoff scores that had a high true positive and low false negative rate. These cutoff scores demonstrated a relationship of higher performance and better health. These promising results suggest this short test can provide valid information without burdening the respondents. Authors recommend additional tests be completed to validate the SWPS-SF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring temperament is an important, yet challenging matter. The Children Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) is a widely used measure, yet its psychometric properties have not been established in Latin America, and few studies have analyzed its structure at the item level. We analyzed the factor structure and reliability of the CBQ-short form in 998 Chilean children (Mage = 5.95 years) in central Chile. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the 15 factors proposed by the theory unsatisfactorily fit the data (CFI =.58, TLI =.56, RMSEA =.046, SRMR =.080), and reliability was lacking (range of α =.30–.74). We extracted the 36 items of the CBQ-vsf and it performed better (CFI =.82, TLI =.80, RMSEA =.078, SRMR =.074). Exploratory analyses suggested that the surgency factor was composed of two latent variables, and separating them generated a model with better validity and reliability (CFI =.77, TLI =.75, RMSEA =.076, SRMR =.077, range of α =.68–.77). We suggest the CBQ-vsf provides more validity, reliability and parsimony than the CBQ-sf. Finally, we discuss the functioning of the CBQ in Chilean culture and child-rearing patterns, and issues with the wording of questions in the Spanish translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to adapt and validate the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory in Chinese shidu parents (PTGI-CS) and to develop its short form (PTGI-CS-SF). A convenience sample of 899 participants across China was included in the analyses. Results of parallel analysis and confirmatory factor analysis suggested that a bifactor model (a general posttraumatic growth factor with three specific factors: philosophy of life, changes in self and relationships with others) of the PTGI-CS had an optimal fit (root mean square error of approximation =.065, comparative fit index =.927, Tucker-Lewis index =.902, standardized root mean squared residual =.054). The 17-item PTGI-CS had satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha =.906) and test–retest reliability (r =.776, p <.01). However, omega hierarchical coefficients for three subscales were low (.202 to.391), which indicated that only the total scores of PTGI, and not the subscale scores, should be used. Additionally, a 9-item short form of PTGI-CS has been developed and was shown to be a reliable instrument to assess Chinese shidu parents' PTG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to validate a Chinese version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-C) and develop a short form based on classic test theory and Item Response Theory (IRT). 539 participants were recruited for the study, with 499 of them yielding valid data. The age range of the participants was from 18 to 71 years. Results demonstrated high test-retest reliability and high internal consistency of FFMQ-C. Based on the full-scale results, a 15-item short-form scale (FFMQ-C-SF) was developed using both classic test theory and IRT. The short form also had good internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the five-factor structure of the FFMQ-C and FFMQ-C-SF with adequate model fit. Validity was indicated by significant correlations between the two mindfulness scales and theoretically related constructs (e.g., emotional intelligence and experiential avoidance). Our findings indicate that FFMQ-C and FFMQ-C-SF can be used to measure mindfulness among the Chinese population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) is frequently used in routine clinical care and research settings and has good psychometric properties. This study was conducted to develop a short form of the BBS using a machine learning approach (BBS-ML). Methods: Data of 408 individuals poststroke were extracted from a published database. The initial (ie, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, and 8-item) versions were constructed by selecting top-ranked items based on the feature selection algorithm in the artificial neural network model. The final version of the BBS-ML was chosen by selecting the short form that used a smaller number of items to achieve a higher predictive power R 2, a lower 95% limit of agreement (LoA), and an adequate possible scoring point (PSP). An independent sample of 226 persons with stroke was used for external validation. Results: The R 2 values for the initial 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, and 8-item short forms were 0.93, 0.95, 0.97, 0.97, and 0.97, respectively. The 95% LoAs were 14.2, 12.2, 9.7, 9.6, and 8.9, respectively. The PSPs were 25, 35, 34, 35, and 36, respectively. The 6-item version was selected as the final BBS-ML. Preliminary external validation supported its performance in an independent sample of persons with stroke (R 2 = 0.99, LoA = 10.6, PSP = 37). Discussion and Conclusions: The BBS-ML seems to be a promising short-form alternative to improve administrative efficiency. Future research is needed to examine the psychometric properties and clinical usage of the 6-item BBS-ML in various settings and samples. Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see the Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A402). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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