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Background and objective Birt–Hogg–Dube syndrome (BHDS) is a rare hereditary disease that presents with multiple lung cysts and pneumothorax (PTX). Although some reports propose that findings from chest computed tomography enable one to distinguish BHDS from primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP), it is still unclear whether clinical features are useful for identifying patients with suspicion of BHDS from those with PTX. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with PTX who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery at Nissan Tamagawa Hospital from January 2012 to December 2015. Results We identified a total of 1141 patients with PTX, including 54 with BHDS and 517 with PSP. Among them, logistic regression analysis segregated five features that were significantly associated with BHDS: familial history of PTX, past history of bilateral PTX, age at the first episode of PTX (≥25 years old (y.o.)), body mass index (≥18.5) and gender (female). We assigned scores of 3, 3, 2, 2 and 1 to the five features, respectively, to establish a system with a calculated score from 0 to 11. The cut-off value of a calculated score ≥ 4 yielded the highest sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 86%. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed the area under the curve reflecting an accuracy of this diagnostic test as 0.953. Conclusion BHDS has several clinical features distinct from PSP. Our scoring system consists of only five clinical variables that are easily evaluated and efficiently separate BHDS patients from those who have PTX without relying on an imaging study. Further prospective study is needed to confirm our findings.

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHDS) is a rare hereditary disease that presents with multiple lung cysts and pneumothorax (PTX). Although some reports propose that findings from chest computed tomography enable one to distinguish BHDS from primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP), it is still unclear whether clinical features are useful for identifying patients with suspicion of BHDS from those with PTX.We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with PTX who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery at Nissan Tamagawa Hospital from January 2012 to December 2015.We identified a total of 1141 patients with PTX, including 54 with BHDS and 517 with PSP. Among them, logistic regression analysis segregated five features that were significantly associated with BHDS: familial history of PTX, past history of bilateral PTX, age at the first episode of PTX (≥25 years old (y.o.)), body mass index (≥18.5) and gender (female). We assigned scores of 3, 3, 2, 2 and 1 to the five features, respectively, to establish a system with a calculated score from 0 to 11. The cut-off value of a calculated score ≥ 4 yielded the highest sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 86%. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed the area under the curve reflecting an accuracy of this diagnostic test as 0.953.BHDS has several clinical features distinct from PSP. Our scoring system consists of only five clinical variables that are easily evaluated and efficiently separate BHDS patients from those who have PTX without relying on an imaging study. Further prospective study is needed to confirm our findings.

The present study was conducted to test a hypothesis that the ex vivo supplementation of TGF-beta1 into medium will significantly improve the mechanical properties of the fibrous tissue regenerated in the patellar tendon defect after transplantation of cultured autologous synovium-derived fibroblasts. Thirty rabbits were divided into the following three groups. In Group A, we applied phosphate buffered saline of 0.1 ml to the defect created in the patellar tendon. In Group B, we transplanted autologous fibroblasts, which had been cultured into the tendon defect. In Group C, we transplanted autologous fibroblasts, which had been cultured with supplementation of TGF-beta1, into the tendon defect. Animals were killed at 6 weeks, and the regenerated tissue was examined for biomechanics and histology. The tangent modulus and the tensile strength of Group C were significantly higher than that of Group B, while the tensile strength of Group C was significantly lower than that of Group A. Histologically, vascular formation was abundantly found in the regenerated tissue of Groups B and C as compared to the regenerated tissues in Group A. The present study showed that transplantation of cultured autologous synovium-derived fibroblasts enhanced vascular formation in the fibrous tissue regenerated in the patellar tendon defect, while cell transplantation deteriorated the mechanical properties of the regenerated fibrous tissue. However, the ex vivo supplementation of TGF-beta1 into the medium significantly decreased mechanical deterioration of the fibrous tissue regenerated in the tendon defect after transplantation of cultured autologous synovium-derived fibroblasts.

Fe‐Al‐Si‐Ni supersendust films containing 2.7 at. % Ni atoms with a thickness of 1 μm were deposited on crystallized‐glass substrates by rf planar magnetron sputtering, and the changes in magnetic properties and structure due to the sputtering conditions and annealing were examined. The films with excellent soft magnetic properties and high magnetic‐flux density which are good candidates for new recording‐head materials were obtained by annealing as‐deposited films at 500 °C. It was found through conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) that the disordered structure of α type in as‐sputtered films transformed into the ordered structure consisting of a mixture of B2 and DO3 types at the temperature of 500 °C. The CEMS studies also revealed that Ni atoms are located at the corner in the bcc structure.

Sintered bodies of Fe4N were prepared by way of a hot-press, followed by firing in an atmosphere containing NH3 and H2 gases. After the hot-press, Fe4N was not sintered and impurities of an iron oxide and a paramagnetic compound coexisted. The sintered bodies were obtained by firing the hot-pressed bodies in the atmosphere. It was found that, in firing, Fe4N was reduced and sintered above the decomposition temperature (approx. 670°C) and then the sintered bodies were rapidly renitrified in the atmosphere to Fe4N through open pores in cooling. X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectra showed that the sintered bodies were Fe4N single phase.

The structural relaxation in (Ni,Fe)75Si10B15 metallic glasses has been studied by measuring resistivity changes and Mossbauer spectra. The sign and magnitude of resistivity changes due to the relaxation depend strongly on the Ni/Fe ratio. The isothermal resistivity changes fit well the nonlinear kinetic form, indicating that the fluctuation of local environments of Ni and Fe atoms is very large and Ni and Fe atoms in Ni‐Fe‐Si‐B metallic glasses are mobile compared with Co and Fe atoms in Co‐Fe‐Si‐B metallic glasses. The compositional dependence and kinetic parameters for reversible resistivity changes and Mossbauer spectra strongly support that the reversible structural relaxation corresponds to the reversible short‐range ordering between Ni and Fe atoms.

A significant breakdown of the rectification characteristic of the ZnO-Si02-Au device occurs with UV irradiation and is enhanced with increasing light intensity and a reverse bias voltage at which the device is kept under UV irradiation. Complex impedance plots of the device reveal that an increase in leakage current observed after UV irradiation is mainly due to a decrease in the barrier height. The magnitude of breakdown and recovery of the rectification characteristic is dependent on the ambient partial pressure of oxygen. The variation of the barrier height is explained by oxygen desorption under UV illumination and by oxygen adsorption in the dark.

The flux penetration phenomenon and the flux profile have been studied by the measurement of the magnetic shielding properties of the Y-Ba-Cu-O cylindrical superconductor. The magnetic shielding properties were measured at 77.3K with the cryogenic hall probe, which was moved from the center to the perimeter of the cylindrical specimen. The flux penetrated from the perimeter towards the center of the cylindrical specimen and the external magnetic flux density, at which the flux started to penetrate, was approximately 7 gauss. This low value might be attributed to the flux penetration in the grain boundaries. Then, the flux profile inside the cylindrical specimen deviated from the critical state model with the increase of the external magnetic flux density.

Mossbauer spectroscopy was carried out to elucidate the magnetic structure of Fe16N2 with the giant magnetization. Samples were prepared by ion‐implant nitrification of single‐crystal iron films, followed by an annealing at 150 °C for 60 h. The nitrification developed three Fe atom environments, attributable to three different Fe sites in Fe16N2 structure. The magnetic moments of the first, second, and third nitrogen neighbor Fe atoms were determined to be 1.3, 2.5, and 3.8 μB, respectively. The quadrupole effect in Fe16N2 was interpreted consistently on the basis of the consideration that the magnetization is directed along [001] and nitrogen atoms had a negative charge.

Nitrogen ions were implanted in 200‐nm‐thick single crystalline iron films for a stoichiometric concentration of Fe16 N2 (11.1 at. %) by way of a multiple implantation. X‐ray diffraction revealed that the as‐implanted films were composed of 70% nitrogen martensite and 30% residual α‐Fe. A slight amount of α‘‐martensite, that is, Fe16 N2, was detected but the principal constituent of the nitrogen martensite was α’‐martensite. The saturation magnetic moment increased by 13.4 % with the implantation. Annealing the implanted films at 150 °C for 2 h in vacuum resulted in an increase in a constituent of the α‘ phase, but affected the magnetic moment only slightly. It was deduced that the saturation magnetization of the nitrogen martensite is ∼257 emu/g at room temperature. It was also found that the implantation induced a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy due to the characteristics of the nitrogen martensite.

Investigations were made on band-edge-region photoluminescence and the electric resistivity of CuGaS2 epitaxial films on GaAs and GaP substrates, which were prepared by vapor phase epitaxy using metal chlorides and H2S gas. The similar temperature dependence was observed on the resistivity and the intensity of 2.40 eV emission, giving nearly the same activation energy of about 0.05 eV. This value suggests the existence of an acceptor shallower than the acceptor of effective mass approximation. A proposed candidate of this shallow acceptor is an interstitial chlorine atom coming from source materials.

The ac impedance theory at a semiconductor—liquid junction indicates that the addition of redox couples to an electrolyte solution makes it impossible to determine properties of the surface states from capacitance and conductance measurements. In particular, the surface-state capacitance disappears when the electron exchange between the surface states and redox couples is dominant compared with the electron exchange between the surface states and the conduction band.

スバッタリングによりCrを添加したY2O3薄膜を作製した。この薄膜の不純物準位のエネルギー準位と光誘起電荷移勘過程におよぼす役割を知るため,電極Cr添加Y2O3薄膜-電極の三層構造から成る試料を作製し光電流の測定を行なった。-光束法で測定した光電流の分光スペクトルから,450nmより短波長側で価電子帯からCr5+への電荷移動型吸収が生じ,390nmでCr5+が光励起され,この光励起状態から伝導帯に電子が移勘することが確講された。二光束法で測定した光電流の分光スベクトルからは,伝導帯の底から2eVに酸素欠陥準位が存在し,熱平衡状態では電子は占有されていないことが明らかになった。

To detect surface (or bulk trapping) states with small state density at a semiconductor-liquid junction, we have developed a capacitance relaxation method. This method is applied to studies of the electronic structure at the TiO2/H2O interface.

Upon heating mixtures of α-Fe2O3 powder in a sodium hydroxide melt at around 200°C, unstable β-NaFeO2 crystallizes in the first reaction stage and transforms spontaneously to stable α-NaFeO2. The process is typical of the Ostwald Step Rule. When γ-Fe2O3 is used as the starting material, instead of α-Fe2O3, stable α-NaFeO2 always crystallizes out. It was clearly observed that even though the reactions are of the dissolution and recrystallization type, three-dimensional structural relations can be preserved between the reactant and the product crystals. The nucleation mechanism is discussed on the basis of topotaxy.

Superconducting properties of YBCO ceramic superconductors were investigated. Specimens were prepared by uniaxial hot-pressing at pressures of 1-4t/cm2 and at temperatures lower than 500°C, followed by annealing at 950°C for 5 hours in air or pure oxygen. Bulk densities of 91% of the theoretical value (6.36g/cm3) were attained by hot-pressing above 4t/cm2 at 300°C. The critical current density (Jc) was measured by the standard four-probe method at 77K. Specimens annealed in oxygen showed higher Jc, 180-220A/cm2, while annealing in air resulted in low Jc of 5-30A/cm2. The relationship between the decrease in Jc and the microstructure was discussed.

Synthesis of thin films of Fe16N2 has been investigated by use of a high‐dose nitrogen ion implantation into thin iron films. Nitrogen molecular ions of N+2 were accelerated to 150 keV and implanted into α‐iron films with a thickness of 200 nm. As a result of an implantation with the dose of 4.0×1016 (N2/cm2), 35% of the α‐Fe was transformed into an iron nitride with a body‐centered‐tetragonal (bct) structure. The c axis of the bct lattices was oriented perpendicularly to the film plane. It was found that nitrogen implantation into iron films gives rise to both an increase in the spontaneous magnetization and a perpendicular anisotropy. These facts are explained on the basis of the bct nitride formation and the c‐axis orientation. Conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy was used to study hyperfine structures and magnetic properties of the implanted films. Three different Fe sites corresponding to the bct nitride were recognized in a spectrum of the implanted film. The maximum hyperfine field was 372.8 ...

イオン注入法による物質合成の最大の特徴は,被注入物質と注入イオンの非熱平衡状態での反応過程にある。それゆえに,イオン注入法を用いることによって,従来の手法では高温に加熱することなしには困難であった高融点材料の薄膜化や,まったく新しい機能性材料の非加熱プロセスでの合成が期待される。本研究では,スパッタリング法で作製した膜厚170と300nmのTi薄膜にB+イオンを高濃度に注入して,高温機能性材料として期待されるTiB2の合成を行なった。イオン注入は,加速電圧を60kV,注入量を7.14×1017,2.30×1018 ions/cm2にして行なった。二次イオン質量分析(SIMS)による注入イオンの深さ方向分布の測定によれば,このような高濃度注入でも注入イオンの平均射影飛程はLSS理論による計算値とよく一致した。2.30×1018 ions/cm2の注入のとき,ホウ素の最大濃度は,固相反応で作製したTiB2におけるホウ素濃度を上回った。X線分析によってホウ素イオン注入したTi薄膜中には,TiB2の微結晶が生成していることを確認し,その生成過程について検討した。膜厚170nmのTi薄膜にホウ素を注入した直後では,4.2から350Kの広い温度範囲にわたってO.3ppm/K以下という非常に低い抵抗温度係数を示した。焼鈍実験の結果,この特異な電気抵抗特性は注入膜の微細構造に起因するものと推察された。

Impedance analysis of highly doped SnO 2 /propylencarbonate interface suggested that no electron transfer via surface states contributed to reduction of 0.05 M Fe(bpy) 3 3+ . The reduction rate of Fe(bpy) 3 3+ in high overvoltage region showed small electrode potential dependence, in contrast to outer-sphere electron transfer theory.

3種類の海綿状ニッケル磁気フィルターを用い, 濾液速度(0.01～0.1m/s), フィルター厚み(0.01～0.2m)および印加磁場(3.98×104, 7.96×104A/m)などの条件下でマグネタイトスラリーを濾過した.逆洗水速度uωを0.02～0.1m/sに変え, フィルターの洗浄を行った.捕集されたマグネタイト粒子のフィルターからの脱着率ηdを測定し, 諸条件の脱着へ与える影響について検討した.泡径の大きなフィルターでは再生性能は濾過条件に依存せず, uω=0.03m/sでηαは約10～20%であった.他方, 0.3mmの泡径のフィルターでは, uωの影響は顕著にみられ, uω=0.05m/sでηdは70%に達した.逆洗水中に脱着粒子の粒度は供給時の2～5倍に増大していた.

The donor-like surface states at the TiO 2 /H 2 O interface were detected by measuring the capacitance under UV illumination. The surface states were located 0.65 eV below the bottom of the conduction band of TiO 2 . The density of surface states increased by increasing the light intensity. The surface states were observed under UV illumination but disappeared in the dark

The superconducting properties of the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O ceramics has been studied in terms of the microstructure. The powders were uniaxially hot pressed at 5t/cm2, 500°C for 5min. Then the compacts were heated and sintered again at 870°C in air for 10 and 100h, followed by furnace cooling. Resistivity of the specimens was measured by standered four-probe method. Zero resistivity was observed at 80.0K when the compact was heated at 870°C for 10h, while after heated for 100h the off-set was at high as 105.5K. The critical current density at 77K was very low as 168.4mA/cm2. The specimens simply heated and sintered at 870°C for 10 and 100h after cold pressing at 5t/cm2 (without hot pressing) showed very low off-set temperatures. It was found, however, that the prolonged heating at 870°C with or without hot pressing increased the formation of the high Tc phase in the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O ceramics. The hot pressing prior to the heating at 870°C increased the bulk density and the grain sizes of the specimens. The improvement of the sintering behavior may assist the formation of superconducting contacts among the grains of the high Tc phase in the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O ceramics.

For the investigation of surface states at the semiconductor-liquid junction, we have newly developed a “Capacitance relaxation method” in which the frequency dependence of −ωd C p /dω is analyzed where C p and ω are the parallel equivalent capacitance of the space charge layer and an angular frequency, respectively. By employing this method, one can detect surface states with a state density larger than 5×10 9 eV −1 cm −2 . The advantage of this method is that the high sensitivity is not lowered by the leakage current.

褐色層 (Fe2O3として1%以上含有) を含む低品位陶石を水素還元し, 褐色層を磁気分離法により取り除いた. 還元により含有されている鉄分の磁化が50倍ほど高くなり, 褐色層の磁気分離が容易になった. メスバウワー測定, 磁気測定, X線回折の結果は, 褐色層中の非晶質水酸化第二鉄と推定される鉄分が還元によりFe3O4あるいはα-Feに変化したことを示している. 磁気分離後の陶石中の鉄分の含有量が0.5%となり, 著しく品位が向上した. 磁気分離の際, 磁石に付いた褐色層を希塩酸で処理することにより酸化鉄含有量を0.36%まで下げることができた.

製造条件を変えて得られるδ-FeOOH(δ-オキシ水酸化鉄)試料について,粒子形態を電子顕微鏡観察およびX線的方法により検討した。またこれらの粒子形態の観察結果その他の実験事実から,δ-FeOOHの生成および分解について考察した。δ-FeOOHは,まずFe(OH)2(水酸化鉄(II))を沈殿させ,次にそれを急激に酸化させて得られるのであるが,酸化の過程において粒子形態(六角板状)は変化しないと判断される。沈殿条件をできるだけ厳密に規正して実験した結果,δ-FeOOHの粒子の大きさはFe(OH)2沈殿析出の際のカセイソーダ濃度に強く支配され,カセイソーダ濃度が濃いと粒子が大きく, 薄いと小さいことが認められた。Fe(OH)2→δ-FeOOH酸化反応について考察を加え,この反応は電子および陽子の結晶表面への移動,そして表面での酸素との結合と考えることが合理的であると結論した。以上のことから,Fe(OH)2→ δ-FeOOHの酸化に伴い,結晶子の大きさも変らないであろうと考え,そしてほぼその考えを支持する結果が得られた。δ-FeOOHの加熱変化は粒子の大きさに支配されるが,大きな粒子ではα-FeOOHに変態し,さらにα-Fe2O3に分解する。δ-FeOOHの生成および分解の過程は次の通りである。

One of the striking features of δ-FeOOH is the contrast between the scattering of the magnetic moments (from 0.14μn to 0.64μn) and the almost constant Curie temperatures (450°K) of samples prepared under differing conditions. Chemical analyses, X-ray powder patterns, and infrared absorption spectra verified the purity of the samples and the approximate rational formula, Fe1.0O1.0(OH)1.0. X-ray diffraction intensities are more adequately interpreted by postulating the distribution of ferric ions in the two octahedral sites than by the previously proposed tetra-hedral-octahedral site distribution in the hcp oxygen-hy-droxyl lattice. The new model accounts for the magnetic features of the oxyhydroxide.

Fe(OH)2(水酸化鉄(II))の一部のFe2+をあらかじめMn2+,Co2+,Ni2+,Mg2+,Zn2+あるいはCd2+などで置換し,Fe(OH)2からδ-FeOOH(δ-オキシ水酸化鉄)を酸化して作ると同様な条件で酸化することにより,Fe3+の一部をこれら種々の金属イオンで置換したδ-FeOOHが得られることを認めた。このようなδ-FeOOHの置換体について,その生成の状況を明らかにすると共に,強磁性体としての性質を検討した。まずX線的にδ-相であると判断した試料について,格子定数を測定し,主として格子定数の組成変化から置換金属イオンの置換固溶限を決定した。置換固溶限(Me/(Fe+Me) で示す) は,マンガン置換体0.5,ニッケル置換体0.3,コバルト置換体～0.15,マグネシウム置換体0.3,亜鉛置換体～0.2,カドミウム置換体～0.15である。このような置換体について,金属イオンの価数,含水量を化学分析により求め,またδ-FeOOHの生成の機構を考慮して化学組成を推定した。一般にMe2+がMey+に酸化される場合,示性式は次式で表わされる。[Mey+xFe3+(1-x)O2-{(y-2)x+(1-x)}・OH-[2-{(y-2)x+(1-x)}]]δ-FeOOHのFe3+をNi2+,Mg2+,Zn2+などで置換すると,磁気臨界点は置換量の増加と共に直線的に減少する。逆に置換量0に外そうして,δ-FeOOHの磁気臨界点を175±5℃と推定した。置換体の飽和磁化は,置換イオンの種類,置換量に応じ変化する。Mg2+,Zn2+およびCd2+などの非磁性イオンの固溶により,飽和磁化がある程度増加する。

本研究は,Fe(OH)2(水酸化鉄(II))を過酸化水素水により急激に湿式酸化して得られるδ-FeOOH(δ-オキシ水酸化鉄)の化学組成を,できるだけ正確に求めることを目的としている。化学分析値と赤外吸収図形の検討により,実際に得られたδ-FeOOH試料は,おもにFe3+,O2-そしてOH-および微量のNa+と吸着水分などからなることがわかった。そしてこの微量のNa+は,結晶に固溶していると推定した。製造条件の異なる試料の分析値を適確に表現できる示性式として,Fe1.0～0.984Na0～0.016O1.0～0.968OH1.0～1.032 が得られた。更に各試料毎の飽和磁化の測定値の差異は,純度や組成変化によるのではないと判断した。

N2+ ion implantation has been made to the 200 nm thick iron films. The analysis of the X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that at the dose of 4.0×1016 (N2/cm2), nearly 35%of cubic iron in the film was transformed to body-centered tetragonal FeN, with orientation of its c-axis perpendicular to the film plane. Saturation magnetization of the implanted film at R. T. increased 2.8%, which can be interpreted by presence of Fe16N2. The expected value of the saturation magnetization 4 πM8. of Fe16N2 was calculated to be 23.5 kG. The nitrogen implantation also induced magnetic anisotropy perpendicular to the film plane.

The polymorphic transformation between α-and β-NaFeO2, which is of a reconstructive type involving the disruption of the first coordination, is fairly reversible and catalysed by dissolution media.

It has been found that metal ions in solutions are copreeipitated with Fe(OH)2 gel and are removed quite satisfactorily from the solutions. When Fe2+ solutions containing divalent metal ions such as Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ are brought to pH≥10, these metal ions are incorporated into ferrous hydroxide precipitates. Rapid oxidation of the precipitates, for example, by a H2O2 solution, leads to the formation of cation-substituted δ-FeOOH which is ferrimagnetic at room temperature (1) and stable against elution of the metal ions by washing. Thus, the metal ions incorporated in the ferrimagnetic solids are easily removed from the solutions with the aid of high gradient magnetic field. Residual concentrations of the metal ions in the solutions were of the order of 0.1 to 0.01 ppm depending on the coprecipitation and oxidation conditions.

Boron ions were implanted at room temperature in Ti films at a high dose (7.1 × 10I7 and 2.3 × 1018 ions/cm2), The formation of TiB2 films was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Boron concentration profiles in implanted films were studied by secondary-ion mass spectrometry.

The influences of the processing of the high-T c superconductor GdBa2Cu3O7-δ prepared under various sintering conditions on the superconducting properties were investigated. The volume fraction of the superconducting phase at 77 K increased monotonically with an increase in the sintering temperature. The critical current density measured by the resistive method showed a maximum value for the sample sintered at 930°C, while the estimated value from the magnetization loop increased with an increase in the sintering temperature, though the critical temperatures of all the samples annealed in oxygen atmosphere were about 90 K. This difference was discussed in terms of the microstructure of the superconducting ceramic.