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Introduction This histopathological study was done with an aim to learn about the biohazardous effects of chromium toxicity with protective role of alpha-tocopherol on liver parenchyma of albino rat when fed orally. Materials and Methods The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy at Subharti Medical College, Meerut (Uttar Pradesh), India, in collaboration with Department of Pathology and Pharmacology.The experiment was conducted as per the guidelines of the Committee for Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals, with registration number 1204/PO/Re/S/2008/CPSEA, and with permission of the Animal Ethical Committee, on 36 adult male rats of ∼60 days of age; 140 ± 20 g of body weight was used; all the experimental animals were kept in polypropylene cage, and fed with pellet diet and water. Result When exposed to chromium for long, it resulted in toxicity and damaged the cellular components during reduction process of chromium by releasing of free radicals, leading to deoxyribonucleic acid damage, but the chain-breaking antioxidant effects of alpha-tocopherol played an important role by reversing the damage caused by chromium toxicity, hence proved hepatoprotective. Conclusion Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is proved to be hepatoprotective against hepatotoxic effect of chromium metal.

BACKGROUND Variations in origin, course and distribution of renal blood vessels are frequent observations. The aim of this study was to observe the pattern of posterior segmental renal artery by corrosion cast method. METHODS Thirty pairs of kidneys were collected from cadavers in anatomy department of Subharti Medical College, Meerut. Corrosion casts of renal arteries were prepared by infusing cellulose acetate butyrate solution through abdominal aorta. They were macerated in conc. hydrochloric acid. Origin, course and distribution of the posterior segmental artery were studied. RESULTS Renal posterior segmental artery most frequently originated as a continuation of the posterior division (93 %). It has no anastomosis with nearby segmental arteries. CONCLUSIONS Posterior segmental artery supplies posterior segment of kidney and may also frequently give origin to apical segmental artery. This study of origin, course, distribution and variations of renal posterior segmental artery will be useful for surgical and radiological practice. KEYWORDS Kidneys, Renal Artery, Anterior Division, Posterior Division, Posterior Segmental Artery, Abdominal Aorta, Corrosion Casts

BACKGROUND The coronoid process of mandible is thin, triangular projection, gives attachment to two muscles of mastication i.e. Temporalis & Masseter. Coronoid process being membranous bone is used as autogenous bone graft for cranio-maxillo-facial surgeries & has medicolegal importance. The study was done to determine the shape & size of coronoid process of mandible in both male & female, compared with previous studies. METHODS The study was conducted on 110 dry human mandibles in the Department of Anatomy, Subharti Medical College, Delhi-Haridwar Bypass Road, Meerut (U.P.). The measurement was done with the help of vernier callipers & the values were analysed to determine the shape and size of coronoid process of mandible in both male and female and was compared with the previous studies. It is useful for cranio-maxillo-facial surgeons, in correction of Alveolar defects, in the study of anthropology & medicolegal issues. RESULTS Results showed that 60% of population was with triangular process followed by 29% of hook shape & least being round shape i.e. 11%. Gender-wise calculation of length, breadth with standard deviation was calculated and compared. CONCLUSIONS The detailed knowledge of variation in shape of coronoid process is important to anatomists, forensic experts, maxillo-facial surgeons & to anthropologists. In the present study the triangular shape coronoid process is predominant in both male & female. It is used as graft for reconstruction of bony defect & in non-united fractures of mandible and also has medicolegal significance

Background After attending online classes during the coronavirus disease pandemic, drastic changes were observed in their physical, mental, and social health, which were also reflected in their academic performances. All these negative impacts were due to prolonged screen time and sedentary lifestyle due to online classes, no interaction with classmates, and poor teacher–student interaction. Material and Method This was an observational study, and the data were collected through a self-designed questionnaire sent via the mode of electronic message (Google forms) to Indian medical and dental students across India. Eight hundred students responded to our questionnaire. All the responses were then compiled in the form of adequate tables and charts to study the responses. Results Among 800 responders, 83.4% students preferred the offline mode of teaching over the online mode. Online classes had negative impact on the academic performance of 73.6% students and 67% students were frustrated with their academic performance. Weight gain due to lockdown (online classes) was seen in 62.6% students. The low energy level was seen in 58.8% students. Lost interest toward careers was observed in 51.6% students. Complains of frequent headaches were seen in 50.6% students, and 54.3% students had visual problems. Interaction with batch mates during classes was missed by 76.1% students. Conclusion From the present study, we conclude that there is a negative impact of online classes not only on the physical, mental, and social health but also on the academic performance and interest toward the careers of Indian medical and dental students.

Background and Aim The purpose of present study was to obtain comprehensive data of morphometric and anatomical details of jugular foramen. Materials and Methods The study was performed on 30 dry adult human skulls along with computed tomography (CT) scans from 30 adult patients. The parameters observed were dimensions, shape, margins, confluence, septations, and distance from jugular foramen to mastoid base. Result In the dry skull observations, only anteroposterior diameter (APD) was significantly different between the right and left side, while for the CT scan observations both transverse diameter and APD exhibit significant difference. Conclusion We believe that data from the present study will help radiologists and neurosurgeons for diagnosis and treatment of skull base pathology around jugular foramen.

Introduction: Microorganisms can colonize the surfaces of cadavers and may pose health hazards to the students and the staff handling them. The objective of the study was to study the spectrum of bacteria and fungi colonizing the surfaces of cadavers and to determine the need to follow infection control protocols during their handling. Materials and methods: A total of 100 swabs were collected from superficial and deep surfaces of the cadavers and its surroundings. The swabs were cultured on blood agar and Mac Conkey’s agar plates for isolation of bacterial species and Sabourauds Dextrose Agar (SDA) slants for isolation of fungal species. Identification of the bacterial and fungal isolates was done using standard bacteriological and mycological methods respectively. Results: Overall culture positivity rate was 78%. There was predominance of isolation of bacterial species (50%). Escherichia coli and Coagulase negative Staphylococci [CoNS] (23.07 % each) were the predominant bacteria isolated and Aspergillus species (37.50%) was the predominant fungus isolated from human cadavers. Conclusions: Various bacteria and fungi colonized the surface of cadavers. Therefore, the study emphasizes the need for practicing “Standard infection control protocols” in the dissection hall while handling the cadavers.

Introduction: The development of limb musculature takes place between the fifth and seventh weeks of intrauterine life. The genes MYO-D and MYF5 regulate the limb musculature development and any defect in these may lead to either a partial or complete loss or an addition to the normal muscle morphology. This case report presents the observation of an accessory tendon of the Peroneus brevis muscle in the left lower limb of a 70 year old male cadaver during the routine dissection for undergraduate students at Government Medical College, Miraj. The variant insertion of the Peroneus brevis tendon on the calcaneal tubercle is clinically important to note in cases of lateral ankle pain and instability. The presence of an accessory tendon of the peroneus brevis muscle may also be a cause of the longitudinal splitting of the muscle which should be taken into consideration while making a diagnosis and planning surgeries around the lateral aspect of the ankle.

Introduction: Congenital defects during the development of sternum give rise to sternal foramen. These defects are due to incomplete fusion of sternebrae. Serious life-threatening complications can occur during sternal puncture for bone marrow biopsy. Therefore, knowledge of the presence of sternal foramen is important to prevent these life-threatening complications. Our aim was to observe the incidence, location, number and shape of the sternal foramen in dry sterna. Material & Methods: The present study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, Subharti Medical College, Meerut in 100 dry sterna. Various types of sternal variations were observed and documented. Results: In our study, 10% of the sterna had a sternal foramen. Single sternal foramen was present in 8 specimens (8%). Double foramina were present in 2 bones (2%). Conclusion: Sternal foramen are not uncommon. Knowledge of these variations are important for radiologists and surgeons during bone marrow biopsy.