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Purpose: Gynecologic and obstetric health and intimate partner violence are particularly influenced by social determinants of health, such as poverty, low education, and poor nutritional status, and by ethnic and racial factors. In this study, we evaluated health and social inequalities of women living in disadvantaged neighborhoods in the city of Rome, Italy. Methods: The study included 128 women living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods. For each woman, a medical record was compiled and a gynecologic examination with screening for cervical cancer was performed. Family network, risk factors for gender-based violence, and psychological abuse were also evaluated. Results: The largest part of the sample, although had adequate schooling, was unemployed or had a low-status job; this was at the basis of intimate partner violence in about one-third of our sample. Nearly 35% of our sample was composed of pregnant women; about half of them were not assisted by the public health system for routine obstetric examinations. Common findings at gynecologic examination for nonpregnant women were infections ( n =18, 19.9%), pregnancy planning ( n =13, 13.7%), menopause management ( n =12, 12.6%), ovarian fibromas ( n =6, 6.3%), and post-partum assistance ( n =3, 3.2%). Screening for cervical cancer was executed in 62 women; 9 (14.5%) had low- or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or cervical carcinoma. Conclusions: Health and social inequalities are frequent in women living in disadvantaged conditions, with serious consequences for health and quality of life of women and of their children. Prevention and treatment, especially for the most vulnerable subjects, should be a priority for the public health system., Competing Interests: No competing financial interests exist., (© Massimo Ralli et al., 2021; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.)

Background: The development of COVID-19 pandemic has affected all segments of the population; however, it had a significant impact on vulnerable subjects, such as in people experiencing homelessness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of COVID-19 spread in homeless persons in the city of Rome, Italy. Design and Methods: Patients included in the study underwent a clinical evaluation and rapid antibody analysis on capillary blood for the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 virus. Symptomatic patients were not included in the screening and immediately referred to local hospitals for further evaluation. Results: One-hundred seventy-three patients of both sexes were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection through rapid serological test. Age range was 10-80 years; people came from 35 different countries of origin and 4 continents. Test results were negative for most patients (170-98.2%); two patients had positive IgM (1.2%) and one patient had positive IgG (0.6%). Conclusions: Our study is the first to evaluate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people experiencing homelessness in the city of Rome, Italy. Most patients were negative for COVID- 19, although several factors may have had an impact on this result, such as the exclusion of symptomatic patients, the limited sensitivity of rapid serological tests in the initial stage of infection and the prevention measures adopted in these populations. Larger studies on fragile populations are needed to prevent and intercept new clusters of infection in the upcoming months., (©Copyright: the Author(s).)