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We aimed to develop and test the psychometric properties of the Perceived Barriers of Mammography Scale (PBMS-23). Based on a mixed method design researchers generated item pool through qualitative data and literature review and next, 500 women ages 40 to 69 years completed the questionnaire. Based on exploratory and confirmatory Factor Analysis, 23 items, researchers revealed eight domains of fate and destiny, breast conflict, defense avoidance, inconveniences/difficulties of mammography screening, contrasting/competing priorities, fear, distrust of mammography, and lack of knowledge with appropriate fitness for the data. PBMS-23 is valid and reliable instrument for assessing perceived barriers of mammography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a scarcity of studies that investigated health literacy (HL) relationships with medication adherence, bone mass density (BMD), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among older adults with osteoporosis. In this study, we investigated the associations among HL, adherence to treatment, BMD, and HRQoL among older adults with osteoporosis. In this cross-sectional study, a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was employed to recruit 347 older adults with osteoporosis (60 years of age and older) in Zanjan-Iran. Data were collected applying the Iranian HL Questionnaire (IHLQ), ECOS-16 (Assessment of health-related quality of life in osteoporosis), Morisky, Green, and Levine medication adherence scale (MGL). A hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to assess the associations. About 65% of the patients had moderate HL. The results showed HL as a significant predictor for adherence to treatment (β = 0.12, p = 0.012) and bone mass density (β = 0.15, p = 0.005), but not for HRQoL. Considering the associations found between HL and medication adherence in this study, designing appropriate interventions for the elderly, including simple, clear and understandable messages seem to help promote HL and adherence to treatment. In such interventions, improving the level of access to health information and promoting the patients' knowledge and evaluation capabilities should be considered as the core categories of the programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural health workers play a detrimental role in implementing rural osteoporosis prevention programs. To successfully implement such programs, addressing their gender-based cognitive needs seems to be necessary. Our aim in the present study was to investigate gender-based differences in determinants of educating rural communities on osteoporosis prevention among Iranian rural health workers (RHWs) applying the health belief model (HBM). In this cross-sectional study, conducted in 2017, 280 RHWs were recruited to participate in the study, through random sampling. An HBM-based researcher-made questionnaire was developed to collect data. Face, content, construct and convergent validity and reliability of the scales were approved. After splitting data by gender, hierarchical linear regression was used to investigate the predictors of RHWs' performance on osteoporosis prevention education programs (OPEPs). In Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the measurement model was found to be with a good fit to the data in the assumed model (χ2 [466] = 999.466, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.921, NFI = 0.821, TLI = 0.913, RMSEA = 0.048[0.043–0.054]). Among male RHWs, perceived barriers (p < 0.01), knowledge (p < 0.05) and the mean distance of health house from the marginal villages (p < 0.05) were significant predictors of the RHWs' performance on OPEPs (cumulative adjusted R2 = 0.790). Among female RHWs, perceived barriers (p < 0.01), self-efficacy (p < 0.05) and cues to action (p < 0.05) were significant predictors of the outcome variable (cumulative adjusted R2 = 0.404). The findings of the present study are informative for the development of targeted interventions aimed at fostering RHWs' performance on OPEPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast conflict may represent a woman's unpleasant feelings toward her breasts, which may adversely affect her decision to undertake the procedures for an early detection of breast cancer. The purpose of the present study was to examine the mediating role of breast conflict in cognitive factors, as suggested by the Health Belief Model (HBM), for adopting mammography. In this explanatory cross-sectional study, multistage cluster sampling was employed to recruit 738 women in the age range of 40 to 69 years in Iran. Champion's revised HBM Scale for mammography adoption and the Women's Breast Conflict Scale were used to measure the variables of interest. Generalized structural equation modeling and hierarchical logistic regression were used for data analysis. Breast conflict was negatively associated with perceived barriers of mammography. Perceived barriers were inversely related to self-efficacy, which was positively related to mammography, suggesting the mediating role of perceived barriers and self-efficacy, connecting breast conflict to mammography indirectly. The mediating role of breast conflict in perceived barriers and self-efficacy suggests an indirect link between breast conflict and mammography. Clinicians and public health-care providers must pay attention to women's feelings in formulating and delivering appropriate interventions and consultations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: Previous studies have shown a remarkable difference in functional health literacy among residents of urban and rural areas which may be attributed to socioeconomic inequalities between these areas. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences (if any) in the level of functional health literacy and its determinants between urban and rural areas in Sanandaj, Iran. Design: A descriptive analytical cross‐sectional study. Participants: A multistage clustered random sample of 1000 respondents older than 18 years. In total, 892 respondents (response rate = 89.2%) completed test of functional health literacy in adults questionnaire through personal home‐based interviews. Applying SPSS v. 16, a series of anova, t‐test and logistic regression tests were conducted. Main outcome measures: Inadequate/marginal functional health literacy. Results: Respondents residing in rural areas having a diploma education and lower, with no history of hospitalisation, with monthly income

Background: Adolescence is a critical stage of growth and development. That is associated with changes in body shape and appearance. Issues such as irregular menstrual periods, amenorrhea, and menstrual cycle are major issues in women's health. The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of physical puberty health based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) among female adolescents. Methods: This analytical cross sectional study was conducted in welfare boarding centers in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected in 2011 by a structured and valid questionnaire. Total 61 female adolescents (age range: 12-19 yrs) participated in this study from welfare boarding centers in Iran, Tehran, by using convenience sampling method. The questionnaire consisted of demographic characteristics, health belief model constructs and physical puberty health behaviors gathered by using interview. A series of univariate general linear models were used to assess the relationship between puberty health and health belief model constructs. Results: According to the results of this study there were positive significant relationships between perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action and increased puberty health in female adolescents (p<0.05). Perceived benefits, perceived barriers and cues to action were predictors of physical puberty health behaviors. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study to improve the physical Puberty health behaviors of female adolescents should make them aware of the benefits of health behaviors, and remove or reform the perceived barriers of health behaviors. Also, the appropriate information resources should be introduced for obtaining information about puberty health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PRECEDE model is the most appropriate model for planning in health education and promotion. The aim of this study is the effect of educational intervention based on PRECEDE model on the regular physical activity among elderly people. In this study, 80 elderly people were selected based on inclusion criteria and randomly assigned in experimental and control groups. Educational program for regular physical activity was designed with considering predisposing, enabling, reinforcing factors that are effective for regular physical activity in elderly people. Before educational intervention, questionnaires completed by the participants and then experimental group received the educational intervention. After one month of intervention the questionnaires were filled again and collected data was analyzed with SPSS-21, t-test and Chi-Square and ANOVA. Mean score for predisposing factor (knowledge of 11.37 to 15.07, attitude of 24.1 to 25, self- efficacy of 9.62 to 13.97), reinforcing factor (6.22 to 8.32) and enabling factor (8.37 to 16.67) in experimental group in signiticant level. Education was effective on predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors that are effective for regular physical activity in elderly people. By using Educational diagnosis phase of PRECEDE model we can plan various educational programs for encouraging elderly people for doing regular physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]