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The purpose of the study is to reveal the concept of a safe educational environment as a means of developing tolerance in children in the context of family education. The article deals with the problem of interaction between teachers of a preschool educational organization (PEE) and the family in the conditions of functioning of a safe educational environment, presents the forms and methods of work that contribute to increasing the effectiveness of the formation of tolerance in children in a safe educational environment. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the substantiation of the need to design a safe educational environment as a means of developing tolerance in children in the context of family education. The authors present generalized results of the study of the formation of tolerance in children. As a result, the principles and conditions for the education of tolerance were determined within the framework of the functioning of a safe educational environment.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an essential component of human civilization because of its extensive use in food industry. At the point of industrial usage it is very important to get large amount of biomass but many factors causes yeast's viability loss and death. The aim of this work was to study the peculiarities of growth parameters – specific growth rate (SGR, μ, growth yield) of S. cerevisiae wine and beer strains under different external conditions, as well as pH and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) changes during growth. It was shown that under aerobic cultivation, the conditions 30℃ and pH 6.5 are more favorable for the growth of 2 strains (ATCC 9804, μ = 0.398; ATCC 13007, μ = 0.407), where they can enhance the biomass, and under microaerobic conditions the pH 5.0 and 37℃ are more favorable (ATCC 9804, μ = 0.35; ATCC 13007, μ = 0.436). During aerobic conditions, lower ORP values are established which did not depend on growth temperature and external pH. Under microaerobic conditions until the establish¬ment of the stationary phase (24 h) pH dependent changes of ORP were established. Obtained results will help to clarify the biochemical, biophysical and bioenergetic phenomena of yeast survival that can enhance the biomass growth and yield and thus applied industrial scale.

We present results from a pitcher-catcher experiment utilizing a proton beam generated with nanostructured targets at a petawatt-class, short-pulse laser facility to induce proton-boron fusion reactions in a secondary target. A 45-fs laser pulse with either 400 nm wavelength and 7 J energy, or 800 nm and 14 J, and an intensity of up to 5 × 1021 W/cm2 was used to irradiate either thin foil targets or near-solid density, nanostructured targets made of boron nitride (BN) nanotubes. In particular, for 800 nm wavelength irradiation, a BN nanotube target created a proton beam with about five times higher maximum energy and about ten times more protons than a foil target. This proton beam was used to irradiate a thick plate made of boron nitride placed in close proximity to trigger 11B (p, α) 2α fusion reactions. A suite of diagnostics consisting of Thomson parabola ion spectrometers, postshot nuclear activation measurements, neutron time-of-flight detectors, and differentially filtered solid-state nuclear track detectors were used to measure both the primary proton spectrum and the fusion products. From the primary proton spectrum, we calculated (p, n) and (α,n) reactions in the catcher and compare with our measurements. The nuclear activation results agree quantitatively and neutron signals agree qualitatively with the calculations, giving confidence that primary particle distributions can be obtained from such measurements. These results provide new insights for measuring the ion distributions inside of proton-boron fusion targets.

The article is devoted to a description of a mathematical model of a tethered high-altitude unmanned platform in which the power of propulsion systems and payload is supplied from a ground-based energy source via cable. The magnitudes and directions of the forces acting on the unmanned vehicle by the cable are determined from the derived system of differential equations which allows calculating the required power transmitted from the ground to the platform, depending on the lift height and the wind load.

KEEN The factors associated with the spread and persistence of African swine fever (ASF) in the Caucasus region remain to be fully identified. It is assumed that large naive populations of domestic free-ranging and wild pigs are critical to disease transmission and maintenance. Nonetheless, 11 years since its epidemic introduction into the region in 2007, ASF virus (ASFV) is still circulating, suggesting that an endemic cycle has been established based on contact between free-ranging domestic pigs and wild pigs, and that native Ornithodoros ticks probably serve as reservoirs for the virus. Therefore, research is required to gather information on the epidemiological status of ASF in the Caucasus region, focusing particularly on understanding modes of ASFV spread and persistence in this new virus environment. The authors established an ASFV survey targeting domestic pigs in the Tavush province of northern Armenia, an area of the country considered to be at high risk of disease incursion/occurrence. All tested samples collected for this survey were negative for ASF. The probability of observing no reactors by antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a sample of this size (n = 1,506) from a population with an estimated disease prevalence of 1% is very low (< 0.0001). Therefore, it is possible but very unlikely for ASFV to be present among domestic pigs in the Tavush province region.

This report examines mediation as a legal institution that provides additional, in addition to judicial procedures, opportunities for resolving conflicts and in this aspect guarantees the protection of the rights of individuals.

Работа посвящена описанию математической модели привязной высотной беспилотной платформы, в которой электропитание двигательных установок и полезной нагрузки осуществляется от наземного источника энергии по кабель-тросу. Для выведенной системы дифференциальных уравнений определены величины и направления сил воздействия на беспилотный аппарат, что позволит произвести расчет необходимой мощности энергии, передаваемой с земли на борт, в зависимости от высоты подъема и ветровой нагрузки при проектировании привязной беспилотной платформы.

This work aims to assess the necessary power for a tethered high-altitude unmanned airborne platform, in which the propulsion system and payload are powered from a ground-based cable power source. A summary and solution to a system of differential equations are given to describe the spatial position of the cable and its action on the high-altitude unmanned platform in gust conditions. The mass of the airborne platform including payload, the effect of the cable on the airborne platform, and its wind resistance are taken into account when calculating the power. The paper describes the system architecture, consisting of a ground station, a cable, and an airborne platform, and presents the results of field tests, which showed good agreement with the results of theoretical studies.

Photodissociation of ozone following absorption of biologically harmful solar ultraviolet radiation is the key mechanism for the life protecting properties of the atmospheric ozone layer. Even though ozone photolysis is described successfully by post-Hartree-Fock theory, it has evaded direct experimental access so far, due to the unavailability of intense ultrashort deep ultraviolet radiation sources. The rapidity of ozone photolysis with predicted values of a few tens of femtoseconds renders both ultrashort pump and probe pulses indispensable to capture this manifestation of ultrafast chemistry. Here, we present the observation of femtosecond time-scale electronic and nuclear dynamics of ozone triggered by \ensuremath{\sim}10-fs, \ensuremath{\sim}2-\textmu{}J deep ultraviolet pulses and, in contrast to conventional attochemistry experiments, probed by extreme ultraviolet isolated pulses. An electronic wave packet is first created. We follow the splitting of the excited B-state related nuclear wave packet into a path leading to molecular fragmentation and an oscillating path, revolving around the Franck-Condon point with 22-fs wave-packet revival time. Full quantum-mechanical ab initio multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree simulations support this interpretation.

The paper examines a task of researching the dynamics of operation of the tethered high-altitude unmanned platform in the turbulent atmosphere. It also describes the mathematical model of position of the cable equilibrium in space and describes the differential equation system, whose solution makes it possible to assess the horizontal and vertical constituent parts of a force acting to the high-altitude unmanned platform depending on the force of wind loads at various altitudes.

A description of the state of research on the creation of energy transfer systems for unmanned tethered aircraft is given. A comparative analysis of the options for constructing systems of this class is carried out. The advantages and disadvantages of implementing systems based on direct and alternating currents are shown. Formulas are given for the dependencies of the transmitted power on the structural characteristics of the cable-cable of the energy transmission system. The advantage of using alternating current for the implementation of high power ground-to-board energy transmission systems is substantiated.

The unprecedented combination of transient absorption and ion mass spectroscopy with attosecond resolution is used to study and control the complex multidimensional excitation and decay cascade of an ultrafast Auger process in krypton.

Physical review / A covering atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum information 100(5), 053420 (2019). doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.100.053420, Highly brilliant, coherent, femtosecond x-ray pulses delivered by free-electron lasers (FELs) constitute oneof the pillars of modern ultrafast science. Next generation FEL facilities provide up to megahertz repetitionrates and pulse durations down to the attosecond regime utilizing self-amplification of spontaneous emission.However, the stochastic nature of this generation mechanism demands single-shot pulse characterization toperform meaningful experiments. Here we demonstrate a fast yet robust online analysis technique capableof megahertz-rate mapping of the temporal intensity structure and arrival time of x-ray FEL pulses withfew-femtosecond resolution. We performed angular streaking measurements of both neon photo- and Augerelectrons and show their applicability for a direct time-domain feedback system during ongoing experiments.The fidelity of the real-time pulse characterization algorithm is corroborated by resolving isolated x-ray pulsesand double pulse trains with few-femtosecond substructure, thus paving the way for x-ray-pump–x-ray-probeFEL science at repetition rates compatible with the demands of LCLS-II and European XFEL., Published by Inst., Woodbury, NY

Petahertz-bandwidth metrology is demonstrated in the measurement of nonlinear polarization in silica. Recent years have seen an increased interest in light–matter interactions in solid-state systems at ultrafast timescales. Ferenc Krausz and colleagues study the nonlinear polarization of silica in response to intense infrared light fields with a spectroscopy method in the attosecond time range. The method makes it possible to unravel details of the reversible and irreversible energy exchange between infrared light and electrons and points to the feasibility of using light-based switching techniques for signal processing in solid-state devices above 100 terahertz. Electric-field-induced charge separation (polarization) is the most fundamental manifestation of the interaction of light with matter and a phenomenon of great technological relevance. Nonlinear optical polarization1,2 produces coherent radiation in spectral ranges inaccessible by lasers and constitutes the key to ultimate-speed signal manipulation. Terahertz techniques3,4,5,6,7,8 have provided experimental access to this important observable up to frequencies of several terahertz9,10,11,12,13. Here we demonstrate that attosecond metrology14 extends the resolution to petahertz frequencies of visible light. Attosecond polarization spectroscopy allows measurement of the response of the electronic system of silica to strong (more than one volt per angstrom) few-cycle optical (about 750 nanometres) fields. Our proof-of-concept study provides time-resolved insight into the attosecond nonlinear polarization and the light–matter energy transfer dynamics behind the optical Kerr effect and multi-photon absorption. Timing the nonlinear polarization relative to the driving laser electric field with sub-30-attosecond accuracy yields direct quantitative access to both the reversible and irreversible energy exchange between visible–infrared light and electrons. Quantitative determination of dissipation within a signal manipulation cycle of only a few femtoseconds duration (by measurement and ab initio calculation) reveals the feasibility of dielectric optical switching at clock rates above 100 terahertz. The observed sub-femtosecond rise of energy transfer from the field to the material (for a peak electric field strength exceeding 2.5 volts per angstrom) in turn indicates the viability of petahertz-bandwidth metrology with a solid-state device.

Ultrafast spectroscopy with attosecond resolution has enabled the real time observation of ultrafast electron dynamics in atoms, molecules and solids. These experiments employ attosecond pulses or pulse trains and explore dynamical processes in a pump–probe scheme that is selectively sensitive to electronic state of matter via photoelectron or XUV absorption spectroscopy or that includes changes of the ionic state detected via photo-ion mass spectrometry. Here, we demonstrate how the implementation of combined photo-ion and absorption spectroscopy with attosecond resolution enables tracking the complex multidimensional excitation and decay cascade of an Auger auto-ionization process of a few femtoseconds in highly excited krypton. In tandem with theory, our study reveals the role of intermediate electronic states in the formation of multiply charged ions. Amplitude tuning of a dressing laser field addresses different groups of decay channels and allows exerting temporal and quantitative control over the ionization dynamics in rare gas atoms., Photoionization of atoms and molecules is a complex process and requires sensitive probes to explore the ultrafast dynamics. Here the authors combine transient absorption and photo-ion spectroscopy methods to explore and control the attosecond pulse initiated excitation, ionization and Auger decay in Kr atoms.

This paper analyzes the routing problem in order to design automatic train operation in a station. The authors consider the routing problem for the receipt-departure of trains and their shunting movements. It is noted that, in the case of stations with a branched track infrastructure, the number of all admissible routes becomes large, leading to bulky computations in the search procedure. A certain method is proposed to partition stations into zones for reducing the amount of computations. And finally, the authors pose the graph cutting problem of a railway station network with due account of track infrastructure features and present its solution algorithm.