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Abstract People with chronic disability and uncontrollable long-term complications following hip fracture have characterist.ics that may predispose them to social death. Continuous physical disability can have negative physical, psychological, and social consequences in these patients. To design care interventions for preventing and controlling social death, it is essential to identify the dimensions and characteristics of this process. Therefore, the present study aimed to explain the process of social death in hip fracture patients. In this study, which was conducted using a grounded theory approach, 20 patients were selected with maximum diversity and 9 professional and non-professional caregivers also through purposive sampling followed by theoretical sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews, field notes, and observations. Data were analyzed using the approach proposed by Corbin and Strauss in stages including data analysis for concepts and their dimensions and characteristics, the context, process extraction, and integration of the categories. One core category and 16 main categories, which consisted of 55 subcategories and 212 primary concepts, were extracted. The results showed that the core process of social death in hip fracture is an intentional self-destruction for getting liberated from the conditions of the illness and the disrupted social life after the fracture, which ultimately leads to outcomes such as isolation-seeking and death ideations in these patients. The core category of liberating self-destruction reflects the close relationship between the context, process, and outcomes of social death. The process of social death is social, multidimensional, and complex. So far, no explanatory theory has been presented for this group of patients. Therefore, the results of this study can play an important role in designing helpful interventions for preventing, modifying, and changing the phenomenon of social death.

The return to social life after a hip fracture is a major concern for patients and a determinant factor in their recovery. However, patients’ perceptions of social life after hip fracture are variable and context-dependent. By identifying these perceptions and strategies of patients, interventions can be strengthened and modified. The aim of this study was to identify patients’ perceptions of their social life after hip fracture. This qualitative study used inductive content analysis. Twenty patients with hip fractures who were referred to Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals were purposefully selected and included in the study. Data were collected through individual, face-to-face, in-depth, semi-structured interviews conducted by a researcher experienced in carrying out such interviews. The interviews were recorded, immediately transcribed verbatim, and analyzed in MAXQDA-10. The interviewing process continued until data saturation was reached. The data analysis led to the extraction of three categories: Disruption of normal social life, Minimal social life, and Social isolation. The results indicated that the social life of these patients is influenced by physical conditions and contextual factors and progresses over time. All patients experienced meaningful disruption of their social life after experiencing hip fractures and movement limitations. The interdisciplinary perspectives provided by these findings can increase awareness of patients’ post-fracture social life perceptions and conditions. These findings can also be used to design future programs for interdisciplinary interventions (involving sociology and medical sciences) to improve social life and increase the ability to return to a normal social life. Recovery management for patients with hip fractures should be preventive and organized by an all-around team (involving medicine, psychology, and sociology) based on patient-centered, community-based, and modern care strategies.

Background: COVID-19 epidemic in Iran has imposed a heavy social, economic, political, and psychosocial burden and caused devastating social problems. On the other hand, it has also led to promising social cohesion. This study aimed to explore the community-wide changes following the COVID-19 pandemic and to understand how these changes may affect the Iranian community.Methods: This qualitative study used the grounded theory approach and conducted from May 2020 to March 2021 at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Adopting a purposive sampling approach, 15 faculty members in different fields participated in this study, and 17 interviews were performed.Results: This study indicated that the core phenomenon in the social change process was “struggling for survival and livelihood”. Therefore, people tried to identify and choose strategies to deal with or repel COVID-19 disease as a life-threatening situation. A set of contextual factors influenced their choice. The media and the performance of organizations as intervening conditions also played an important role in this process. Finally, this complex process led to constructive and destructive outcomes in society.Conclusion: The COVID-19 epidemic caused various multifaceted social changes in the Iranian community. Some social consequences were constructive and contributed to community development, while others jeopardized community development goals. Therefore, the paradigm model developed in this study can help policymakers and social planners develop programs to promote community health.

In the last two decades, with the discovery and development of HIV / AIDS control drugs, it has become possible to transform it from a deadly and uncontrollable illness to a chronic controlled illness . The emergence of such a situation, along with the social stigma and the complex dimensions of the illness, makes the issue of patients' strategies for life management of particular importance.Examined the illness in a sample of 31 people. The research population was people living with HIV‌/‌AIDS in Tehran who were selected through behavioral illness counseling centers and purposeful sampling in the 2019-2020 years. The study method was qualitative and with semi-structured interview tools, the collected information was analyzed by three-step coding in a thematic (thematic) manner. Based on the research findings, patients use five strategies to manage life after illness: disclosure management, relationship management, participation in the illness , self-empowerment and recourse to religion. These strategies are abstracted from 11 subcategories and 30 concepts. Based on the findings, AIDS prevention, providing a platform for patients to participate and provide the necessary support can help them in the optimal management of life after the illness and at the same time help them in voluntary activities related to the illness.

Social death is an important concept that should be considered in a wide range of patients, especially in chronic diseases. Despite, there is still no clear and comprehensive definition of social death in medicine. The present study was thus conducted with Rodgers' evolutionary concept analysis method to identify the key features and provide a clear definition of social death in patients and understand its background and consequences. Considering the stages of concept analysis, an initial search was carried out in scientific databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Magiran, and SID) without time limit until 2020. The search resulted in 400 articles in the first stage, which were screened according to the study objective and, all the items and points consistent with the concept's attributes, antecedents, consequences, associated concepts, alternative terms and definition were extracted. According to the results of different studies, the attributes of social death in patients can be classified into three main themes: The loss of social identity, loss of social relations (social isolation), and deficiencies related to the inefficiency of the body and various diseases. Generally, antecedents' social death in patients can be including; the factors related to the patient, Family neglect, Medical personnel's treatment of the patient as a corpse, Having no social situation. Also, there is little information available about the effect of social death on the patients themselves and their families, specialists, health care institutions and the society. Mankind's perception of social death is multidimensional and may have consequences such as bad death, disgraceful death deprivation of belonging to the society, financial vulnerability, removed or weakened legal support, stigma, and the loss of social identity. The proper understanding of social death in patients not only determines the role and importance of care in the process of incidence of this phenomenon, but also paves the way for designing an evidence-based care program for its prevention and control.

Background and Objectives: One of the most important concerns of health care professionals is information. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of health-message broadcast via the closed-circuit television (CCTV) system of the waiting lounge of Tehran Heart Center (THC) on knowledge, satisfaction, and anxiety of patients. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 196 patients’ companions were selected by the available sampling method in 2017. The intervention tool was a 17-minute video about cardiovascular disease displayed at a certain time in the THC waiting lounge. The data were collected by the Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory before and after the intervention and a researcher-made questionnaire on the levels of satisfaction and knowledge after the health-message broadcast. The data were analyzed by the SPSS 22 software, using paired t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: There was a positive and significant correlation between the knowledge (r=0.480) and satisfaction (r=0.375) of individuals from health messages and the quality of the content of health messages (p=0.001). There was a significant difference between the mean scores of participants' anxiety before and after intervention (p

BACKGROUND: Purpose: The success of any educational system depends on the fitness of the curriculum components with the characteristics of its audience. The students of the present generation are different from the previous ones due to the changes resulting from the changes that have taken place in society, media, technology, and communication as we entered the 21th century. Hence, this study was conducted to identify the characteristics of MD students in universities of medical sciences in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted on 32 MD students among 7 universities of medical universities of Iran. The participants were selected through purposive sampling method, and the data were collected via semi-structured interviews after getting informed consent. Then, the data were analyzed using conventional content analysis method. RESULTS: Technology as a Double-Edged Sword, in digital age, Quick access, Reasoning the basis of acceptance. Evaluation ambiguity, Seeking independence,get involved in problems, desirable teaching qualities, my favorite teacher, features of content, Role models traces,my favorite teacher, The rest are unchanged. CONCLUSION: MD students are interested in using various teaching methods and technologies, applying methods that are similar to their future job and learning by doing; they also tend to use visual materials and shortening the time and memorizing content. They prefer professors who love to teach and are good role models for them. What motivates them is to be involved in the classroom, to be active, to be respected, and not to be ignored.

Background: During recent decades, various factors have modified the nurse–physician professional relationship pattern in hospital settings. The present study investigates the typology and dynamics of this relationship as well as the effects of social structures and the actors' agency by considering the gender variable in two professional groups of nurse and physician. Materials and Methods: A survey was conducted in 2009 using a quota sampling method of 100 female nurses and male physicians in four hospitals in Tehran. Results: The study revealed three distinct patterns of nurse–physician professional relationship including “dependence–independence,” “nondominance–dominance,” and “cooperation–participation.” Occupational socialization, gender stereotypes, organization support, and actors' agency were discovered as the most effective factors. Conclusions: Observing caution in generalizing the results, the predominant relationship pattern was derived from the persistence of gender stereotypes in the occupational context. Although there is a paradigm shift in the relational and embodied structures, balancing power resources are being formed by younger nurses who require more organizational support to improve the professional fulfilment and authority.