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The aim of this article is to present fractional versions of the Hadamard type inequalities for exponentially $(s, m)$-convex functions via $k$-analogue of Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals. The results provide generalizations of various known fractional integral inequalities. Some special cases are analyzed in the form of corollaries and remarks.

Abstract Some new integral inequalities for strongly ( α , h − m ) $(\alpha ,h-m)$ -convex functions via generalized Riemann–Liouville fractional integrals are established. The outcomes of this paper provide refinements of some fractional integral inequalities for strongly convex, strongly m-convex, strongly ( α , m ) $(\alpha ,m)$ -convex, and strongly ( h − m ) $(h-m)$ -convex functions. Also, the refinements of error estimations of these inequalities are obtained by using two fractional integral identities. Moreover, using a parameter substitution and a constant multiplier, k-fractional versions of established inequalities are also given.

Abstract Integral operators have a very vital role in diverse fields of science and engineering. In this paper, we use φ-convex functions for unified integral operators to obtain their upper bounds and upper and lower bounds for symmetric φ-convex functions in the form of a Hadamard inequality. Also, for φ-convex functions, we obtain bounds of different known fractional and conformable fractional integrals. The results of this paper are applicable to convex functions.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to derive the bounds of fractional and conformable integral operators for (s,m) $(s,m)$-convex functions in a unified form. Further, the upper and lower bounds of these operators are obtained in the form of a Hadamard inequality, and their various fractional versions are presented. Some connections with already known results are obtained.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to present the Hadamard and the Fejér–Hadamard integral inequalities for (h−m) $(h-m)$-convex functions due to an extended generalized Mittag-Leffler function. These results contain several fractional integral inequalities for the well-known fractional integral operators. Also results for the generalized Mittag-Leffler function are mentioned.

Abstract In the present research, we develop some integral inequalities of Hermite–Hadamard type for differentiable η-convex functions. Moreover, our results include several new and known results as particular cases.

The aim of this paper is to modify the Jungck-S iterative scheme by adding the idea of s-convexity. We define and analyze the modified Jungck-S orbit (MJSO) with s-convex combination and derive the escape criterion for MJSO. Moreover, we establish the algorithms to visualize some Julia sets, Mandelbrot sets, and biomorphs in this orbit. In the biomorph generation algorithm, we did not fix the threshold radius of proposed orbit (i.e., MJSO) as fixed in literature earlier. We also discuss the graphical behavior of some complex polynomials in the generation of Julia sets, Mandelbrot sets, and biomorphs in MJSO.

The visual beauty, self-similarity, and complexity of Mandelbrot sets and Julia sets have made an attractive field of research. One can find many generalizations of these sets in the literature. One such generalization is the use of results from fixed-point theory. The aim of this paper is to provide escape criterion and generate fractals (Julia sets and Mandelbrot sets) via CR iteration scheme with s-convexity. Many graphics of Mandelbrot sets and Julia sets of the proposed three-step iterative process with s-convexity are presented. We think that the results of this paper can inspire those who are interested in generating automatically aesthetic patterns.

In today’s world, fractals play an important role in many fields, e.g., image compression or encryption, biology, physics, and so on. One of the earliest studied fractal types was the Mandelbrot and Julia sets. These fractals have been generalized in many different ways. One of such generalizations is the use of various iteration processes from the fixed point theory. In this paper, we study the use of Jungck-CR iteration process, extended further by the use of $s$ -convex combination. The Jungck-CR iteration process with $s$ -convexity is an implicit three-step feedback iteration process. We prove new escape criteria for the generation of Mandelbrot and Julia sets through the proposed iteration process. Moreover, we present some graphical examples obtained by the use of escape time algorithm and the derived criteria.

Integral operators are useful in real analysis, mathematical analysis, functional analysis and other subjects of mathematical approach. The goal of this paper is to study a unified integral operator via convexity. By using convexity and conditions of unified integral operators, bounds of these operators are obtained. Furthermore consequences of these results are discussed for fractional and conformable integral operators.

In today’s world, complex patterns of the dynamical framework have astounding highlights of fractals and become a huge field of research because of their beauty and unpredictability of their structure. The purpose of this paper is to visualize anti-Julia sets, tricorns, and multicorns by means of the Noor iteration with s-convexity. Various patterns are displayed to investigate the geometry of antifractals for antipolynomial $\overline {z}^{k+1}+c$ of complex polynomial $z^{k+1}+c$ , for $k\geq 1$ in Noor orbit with s-convexity.

In the present note, we will introduce the definition of generalized p convex function. We will investigate some properties of generalized p convex function. Moreover, we will develop Jensen’s type, Schur type, and Hermite Hadamard type inequalities for generalized p convex function.

In this paper, we define a new function, namely, harmonically α,h−m-convex function, which unifies various kinds of harmonically convex functions. Generalized versions of the Hadamard and the Fejér–Hadamard fractional integral inequalities for harmonically α,h−m-convex functions via generalized fractional integral operators are proved. From presented results, a series of fractional integral inequalities can be obtained for harmonically convex, harmonically h−m-convex, harmonically α,m-convex, and related functions and for already known fractional integral operators.

The class of exponentially α,h−m-convex functions has been discovered to unify different kinds of convexities. This paper finds new Riemann–Liouville fractional Hadamard-type inequalities for this generalized class of convex functions. These results further have their consequences which are presented in the form of corollaries. Moreover, some known results are identified in the form of remarks.

Abstract In this paper we prove the Hadamard and the Fejér–Hadamard inequalities for the extended generalized fractional integral operator involving the extended generalized Mittag-Leffler function. The extended generalized Mittag-Leffler function includes many known special functions. We have several such inequalities corresponding to special cases of the extended generalized Mittag-Leffler function. Also there we note the known results that can be obtained.

Abstract In this paper, a susceptible-vaccinated-exposed-infectious-recovered (SVEIR) epidemic model for an infectious disease that spreads in the host population through horizontal transmission is investigated, assuming that the horizontal transmission is governed by an unspecified function f(S,I) $f(S,I)$. The role that temporary immunity (vaccinated-induced) and treatment of infected people play in the spread of disease, is incorporated in the model. The basic reproduction number R0 $\mathcal{R}_{0}$ is found, under certain conditions on the incidence rate and treatment function. It is shown that the model exhibits two equilibria, namely, the disease-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium. By constructing a suitable Lyapunov function, it is observed that the global asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium depends on R0 $\mathcal{R}_{0}$ as well as on the treatment rate. If R0>1 $\mathcal{R}_{0}>1$, then the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable with the help of the Li and Muldowney geometric approach applied to four dimensional systems. Numerical simulations are also presented to illustrate our main results.

Ostrowski inequality provides the estimation of a function to its integral mean. It is useful in error estimations of quadrature rules in numerical analysis. The objective of this paper is to define a more general form of Riemann-Liouville k-fractional integrals with respect to an increasing function, which are used to obtain fractional integral inequalities of Ostrowski type. A simple and straightforward approach is followed to establish these inequalities. The applications of established results are also briefly discussed and succeeded to get bounds of some fractional Hadamard inequalities.

There are immense applications of graph theory in chemistry and in the study of molecular structures, and after that, it has been increasing exponentially. Molecular graphs have points (vertices) representing atoms and lines (edges) that represent bonds between atoms. In this paper, we study the molecular graph of 2- $D$ silicon–carbon Si2C3- $I$ and Si2C3- $II$ and analyzed its topological properties. For this purpose, we have computed topological indices, namely forgotten topological index, augmented Zagreb index, and Balaban index, and redefined first, second, and third Zagreb indices of 2- $D$ silicon–carbon Si2C3- $I$ and Si2C3- $II$ .

Abstract V-Phenylenic nanotubes and nanotori are most comprehensively studied nanostructures due to widespread applications in the production of catalytic, gas-sensing and corrosion-resistant materials. Representing chemical compounds with M-polynomial is a recent idea and it produces nice formulas of degree-based topological indices which correlate chemical properties of the material under investigation. These indices are used in the development of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) in which the biological activity and other properties of molecules like boiling point, stability, strain energy etc. are correlated with their structures. In this paper, we determine general closed formulae for M-polynomials of V-Phylenic nanotubes and nanotori. We recover important topological degree-based indices. We also give different graphs of topological indices and their relations with the parameters of structures.

Abstract Let C N J ( B ) $\mathcal{C}_{NJ} ( \mathcal{B} )$ and J ( B ) $J ( \mathcal{B} )$ be the generalized von Neumann-Jordan and James constants of a quasi-Banach space B $\mathcal{B}$ , respectively. In this paper we shall show the relation between C N J ( B ) $\mathcal {C}_{NJ} ( \mathcal{B} )$ , J ( B ) $J ( \mathcal{B} )$ , and the modulus of convexity. Also, we show that if B $\mathcal{B}$ is not uniform non-square then J ( B ) = C N J ( B ) = 2 $J ( \mathcal{B} )=\mathcal{C}_{NJ} ( \mathcal{B} )=2$ . Moreover, we give an equivalent formula for the generalized von Neumann-Jordan constant.

Abstract This paper is concerned with the ( p , q ) $(p,q)$ -analog of Bernstein operators. It is proved that, when the function is convex, the ( p , q ) $(p,q)$ -Bernstein operators are monotonic decreasing, as in the classical case. Also, some numerical examples based on Maple algorithms that verify these properties are considered. A global approximation theorem by means of the Ditzian-Totik modulus of smoothness and a Voronovskaja type theorem are proved.

Abstract This paper aims to explore the possible solutions for the movement of an Oldroyd-B fluid placed under certain conditions, i.e. the fluid is present within two cylinders, which are coaxial and oscillating within. Having said that the governing model will be an Oldroyd-B fluid, we wish to achieve our goal of finding the velocity and shear stress by using some common transformations, namely the Laplace transformation and the Hankel transformation. The final results, for the sake of simplicity, will be expressed in the form of generalized G-function and they satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions.

We find the Hilbert series of the right-angled affine Artin monoid M(D~n∞). We also discuss its recurrence relation and the growth rate.

Topological indices correlate certain physicochemical properties like boiling point, stability, and strain energy of chemical compounds. In this report, we compute M-polynomials for PAMAM dendrimers and polyomino chains. Moreover, by applying calculus, we compute nine important topological indices of under-study dendrimers and chains.

Chemical graph theory is a branch of mathematical chemistry which has an important effect on the development of the chemical sciences. The study of topological indices is currently one of the most active research fields in chemical graph theory. Topological indices help to predict many chemical and biological properties of chemical structures under study. The aim of this report is to study the molecular topology of some benzenoid systems. M-polynomial has wealth of information about the degree-based topological indices. We compute M-polynomials for triangular, hourglass, and jagged-rectangle benzenoid systems, and from these M-polynomials, we recover nine degree-based topological indices. Our results play a vital role in pharmacy, drug design, and many other applied areas.

We shall discuss three generalized moduli such as generalized modulus of convexity, modulus of smoothness, and modulus of Zou-Cui of quasi-Banach spaces and give some important properties of these moduli. Furthermore, we establish relationships of these generalized moduli with each other.

The aim of this report to solve the open problem suggested by Chen et al. We study the graph entropy with ABC edge weights and present bounds of it for connected graphs, regular graphs, complete bipartite graphs, chemical graphs, tree, unicyclic graphs, and star graphs. Moreover, we compute the graph entropy for some families of dendrimers.

We consider a new system of generalized variational inequalities (SGVI) defined on two closed convex subsets of a real Hilbert space. To find the solution of considered SGVI, a parallel Mann iteration process and a parallel S-iteration process have been proposed and the strong convergence of the sequences generated by these parallel iteration processes is discussed. Numerical example illustrates that the proposed parallel S-iteration process has an advantage over parallel Mann iteration process in computing altering points of some mappings.

Different results regarding different integro-differentials are usually not properly generalized, as they often do not satisfy some of the constraints. The field of fuzzy integro-differentials is very rich these days because of their different applications and functions in different physical phenomena. Solutions of linear fuzzy Volterra integro-differential equations (FVIDEs) are more generalized and have better applications. In this report, the Sumudu decomposition method (SDM) was used to find the solution to some linear and nonlinear fuzzy integro-differential equations (FIDEs). Some examples are given to show the validity of the presented method.

We found some errors in Lemma 1 of our paper [...]

The Editors-in-Chief are retracting this article [1] because it overlaps with previously published articles [2,3]. None of the authors have responded to correspondence about this retraction.

Khovanov homology is a categorication of the Jones polynomial. It consists of graded chain complexes which, up to chain homotopy, are link invariants, and whose graded Euler characteristic is equal to the Jones polynomial of the link. In this article we give some Khovanov homology groups of 3-strand braid links Δ 2 k + 1 = x 1 2 k + 2 x 2 x 1 2 x 2 2 x 1 2 ⋯ x 2 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 , Δ 2 k + 1 x 2 , and Δ 2 k + 1 x 1 , where Δ is the Garside element x 1 x 2 x 1 , and which are three out of all six classes of the general braid x 1 x 2 x 1 x 2 ⋯ with n factors.

We attempt to find fixed points of a general quadratic polynomial in the algebra of split quaternion. In some cases, we characterize fixed points in terms of the coefficients of these polynomials and also give the cardinality of these points. As a consequence, we give some simple examples to strengthen the infinitude of these points in these cases. We also find the roots of quadratic polynomials as simple consequences.

This paper deals with the second-order nonlinear neutral delay difference equation Δ(anh(xn-τ1n,xn-τ2n,…,xn-τmn)Δ(xn-qnxn-τ0))+f(n,xn-σ1n,xn-σ2n,…,xn-σkn)=bn, n≥n0. Using the Banach fixed point theorem, Mann iterative method with errors, and some new techniques, we prove the existence of uncountably many positive solutions and the convergence of the sequences generated by the Mann iterative method with errors relative to these solutions for the above equation. Six examples are included. Our results extend and improve essentially the known results in this field.

In this paper, we introduce the concepts of an α -admissible nonself-mapping, an α -F-contractive nonself-mapping, a weak α -F-contractive nonself-mapping, and a generalized α -F-contractive nonself-mapping and prove some P P F (past-present-future)-dependent fixed point theorems for the proposed contractive nonself-mappings in certain Razumikhin classes. By using our results, we derive some P P F -dependent fixed point theorems for an α -F-contractive nonself-mapping endowed with a graph or a partial order. Finally, we give some applications to illustrate the main results.

In this article, we establish bounds of sum of the left and right sided Riemann Liouville (RL) fractional integrals and related inequalities in general form. A new and novel approach is followed to obtain these results for general Riemann Liouville (RL) fractional integrals. Monotonicity and convexity of functions are used with some usual and straight forward inequalities. The presented results are also have connection with some known and already published results. Applications and motivations of presented results are briefly discussed.

Topological indices and connectivity polynomials are invariants of molecular graphs. These invariants have the tendency of predicting the properties of the molecular structures. The honeycomb network structure is an important type of benzene network. In the present article, new topological characterizations of honeycomb networks are given in the form of degree-based descriptors. In particular, we compute Zagreb and Forgotten polynomials and some topological indices such as the hyper-Zagreb index, first and second multiple Zagreb indices and the Forgotten index, F. We, for the first time, determine some regularity indices such as the Albert index, Bell index and I R M ( G ) index, as well as the F-index of the complement of the honeycomb network and several co-indices related to this network without considering the graph of its complement or even the line graph. These indices are useful for correlating the physio-chemical properties of the honeycomb network. We also give a graph theoretic analysis of some indices against the dimension of this network.

Many degree-based topological indices can be obtained from the closed-off M-polynomial of a carbon nanocone. These topological indices are numerical parameters that are associated with a structure and, in combination, determine the properties of the carbon nanocone. In this paper, we compute the closed form of the M-polynomial of generalized carbon nanocone and recover many important degree-based topological indices. We use software Maple 2015 (Maplesoft, Waterloo, ON, Canada) to plot the surfaces and graphs associated with these nanocones, and relate the topological indices to the structure of these nanocones.

Fixed points of functions have applications in game theory, mathematics, physics, economics and computer science. The purpose of this article is to compute fixed points of a general quadratic polynomial in finite algebras of split quaternion and octonion over prime fields Z p. Some characterizations of fixed points in terms of the coefficients of these polynomials are also given. Particularly, cardinalities of these fixed points have been determined depending upon the characteristics of the underlying field.

The application of graph theory in chemical and molecular structure research has far exceeded people’s expectations, and it has recently grown exponentially. In the molecular graph, atoms are represented by vertices and bonds by edges. Topological indices help us to predict many physico-chemical properties of the concerned molecular compound. In this article, we compute Generalized first and multiplicative Zagreb indices, the multiplicative version of the atomic bond connectivity index, and the Generalized multiplicative Geometric Arithmetic index for silicon-carbon Si2C3−I[p,q] and Si2C3−II[p,q] second.

In this paper, we obtain a version of the Fejér–Hadamard inequality for harmonically convex functions via generalized fractional integral operator. In addition, we establish an integral identity and some Fejér–Hadamard type integral inequalities for harmonically convex functions via a generalized fractional integral operator. Being generalizations, our results reproduce some known results.

Concepts of resolving set and metric basis has enjoyed a lot of success because of multi-purpose applications both in computer and mathematical sciences. For a connected graph G(V,E) a subset W of V(G) is a resolving set for G if every two vertices of G have distinct representations with respect to W. A resolving set of minimum cardinality is called a metric basis for graph G and this minimum cardinality is known as metric dimension of G. Boron nanotubes with different lattice structures, radii and chirality’s have attracted attention due to their transport properties, electronic structure and structural stability. In the present article, we compute the metric dimension and metric basis of 2D lattices of alpha-boron nanotubes.

In this paper, we introduce F-convex contraction via admissible mapping in the sense of Wardowski [Fixed points of a new type of contractive mappings in complete metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl., 94 (2012), 6 pages] which extends convex contraction mapping of type-2 of Istrǎţescu [Some fixed point theorems for convex contraction mappings and convex non-expansive mappings (I), Libertas Mathematica, 1(1981), 151–163] and establish a fixed point theorem in the setting of metric space. Our result extends and generalizes some other similar results in the literature. As an application of our main result, we establish an existence theorem for the non-linear Fredholm integral equation and give a numerical example to validate the application of our obtained result.

In the study of the quantitative structure–activity relationship and quantitative structure-property relationships, the eccentric-connectivity index has a very important place among the other topological descriptors due to its high degree of predictability for pharmaceutical properties. In this paper, we compute the exact formulas of the eccentric-connectivity index and its corresponding polynomial, the total eccentric-connectivity index and its corresponding polynomial, the first Zagreb eccentricity index, the augmented eccentric-connectivity index, and the modified eccentric-connectivity index and its corresponding polynomial for a class of phosphorus containing dendrimers.

The Kirchhoff index, global mean-first passage time, average path length and number of spanning trees are of great importance in the field of networking. The “Kirchhoff index” is known as a structure descriptor index. The “global mean-first passage time” is known as a measure for nodes that are quickly reachable from the whole network. The “average path length” is a measure of the efficiency of information or mass transport on a network, and the “number of spanning trees” is used to minimize the cost of power networks, wiring connections, etc. In this paper, we have selected a complex network based on a categorical product and have used the spectrum approach to find the Kirchhoff index, global mean-first passage time, average path length and number of spanning trees. We find the expressions for the product and sum of reciprocals of all nonzero eigenvalues of a categorical product network with the help of the eigenvalues of the path and cycles.

The existence, multiplicity, and properties of positive solutions for a third order nonlinear neutral delay difference equation are discussed. Six examples are given to illustrate the results presented in this paper.

We establish new fixed point results in the generation of fractals (Julia sets, Mandelbrot sets, and Tricorns and Multicorns for linear or nonlinear dynamics) by using Jungck Noor iteration with s-convexity.

We use a modified S-iterative process to prove some strong and Δ-convergence results for asymptotically nonexpansive type mappings in uniformly convex hyperbolic spaces, which includes Banach spaces and CAT(0) spaces. Thus, our results can be viewed as extension and generalization of several known results in Banach spaces and CAT(0) spaces (see, e.g., Abbas et al. (2012), Abbas et al. (2013), Bruck et al. (1993), and Xin and Cui (2011)) and improve many results in the literature.

We present two algorithms for finding a zero of the sum of two monotone operators and a fixed point of a nonexpansive operator in Hilbert spaces. We show that these two algorithms converge strongly to the minimum norm common element of the zero of the sum of two monotone operators and the fixed point of a nonexpansive operator.

Complex graphics of dynamical system have striking features of fractals and become a wide area of research due to their beauty and complexity of their nature. The aim of this paper is to study dynamics of relative superior tricorns and multicorns using S-iteration schemes. Several examples are presented to explore the geometry of relative superior tricorns and multicorns for antipolynomial z→z¯n+c of complex polynomial zn+c for n≥2.