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1. Isotropy of cosmic rays beyond $10^{20}$ eV favors their heavy mass composition

Author

Telescope Array Collaboration, Abbasi, R. U., Abe, Y., Abu-Zayyad, T., Allen, M., Arai, Y., Arimura, R., Barcikowski, E., Belz, J. W., Bergman, D. R., Blake, S. A., Buckland, I., Cheon, B. G., Chikawa, M., Fujii, T., Fujisue, K., Fujita, K., Fujiwara, R., Fukushima, M., Furlich, G., Globus, N., Gonzalez, R., Hanlon, W., Hayashida, N., He, H., Hibi, R., Hibino, K., Higuchi, R., Honda, K., Ikeda, D., Inoue, N., Ishii, T., Ito, H., Ivanov, D., Iwasaki, A., Jeong, H. M., Jeong, S., Jui, C. C. H., Kadota, K., Kakimoto, F., Kalashev, O., Kasahara, K., Kasami, S., Kawakami, S., Kawata, K., Kharuk, I., Kido, E., Kim, H. B., Kim, J. H., Kim, S. W., Kimura, Y., Komae, I., Kuzmin, V., Kuznetsov, M., Kwon, Y. J., Lee, K. H., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Lundquist, J. P., Matsumiya, H., Matsuyama, T., Matthews, J. N., Mayta, R., Mizuno, K., Murakami, M., Myers, I., Nagataki, S., Nakai, K., Nakamura, T., Nishio, E., Nonaka, T., Oda, H., Ogio, S., Onishi, M., Ohoka, H., Okazaki, N., Oku, Y., Okuda, T., Omura, Y., Ono, M., Oshima, A., Oshima, H., Ozawa, S., Park, I. H., Park, K. Y., Potts, M., Pshirkov, M. S., Remington, J., Rodriguez, D. C., Rott, C., Rubtsov, G. I., Ryu, D., Sagawa, H., Saito, R., Sakaki, N., Sako, T., Sakurai, N., Sato, D., Sato, K., Sato, S., Sekino, K., Shah, P. D., Shibata, N., Shibata, T., Shikita, J., Shimodaira, H., Shin, B. K., Shin, H. S., Shinto, D., Smith, J. D., Sokolsky, P., Stokes, B. T., Stroman, T. A., Takagi, Y., Takahashi, K., Takamura, M., Takeda, M., Takeishi, R., Taketa, A., Takita, M., Tameda, Y., Tanaka, K., Tanaka, M., Tanoue, Y., Thomas, S. B., Thomson, G. B., Tinyakov, P., Tkachev, I., Tokuno, H., Tomida, T., Troitsky, S., Tsuda, R., Tsunesada, Y., Udo, S., Urban, F., Warren, D., Wong, T., Yamazaki, K., Yashiro, K., Yoshida, F., Zhezher, Y., and Zundel, Z.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

We report an estimation of the injected mass composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) at energies higher than 10 EeV. The composition is inferred from an energy-dependent sky distribution of UHECR events observed by the Telescope Array surface detector by comparing it to the Large Scale Structure of the local Universe. In the case of negligible extra-galactic magnetic fields the results are consistent with a relatively heavy injected composition at E ~ 10 EeV that becomes lighter up to E ~ 100 EeV, while the composition at E > 100 EeV is very heavy. The latter is true even in the presence of highest experimentally allowed extra-galactic magnetic fields, while the composition at lower energies can be light if a strong EGMF is present. The effect of the uncertainty in the galactic magnetic field on these results is subdominant., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in PRL

Published
2024

2. Mass composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays from distribution of their arrival directions with the Telescope Array

Author

Telescope Array Collaboration, Abbasi, R. U., Abe, Y., Abu-Zayyad, T., Allen, M., Arai, Y., Arimura, R., Barcikowski, E., Belz, J. W., Bergman, D. R., Blake, S. A., Buckland, I., Cheon, B. G., Chikawa, M., Fujii, T., Fujisue, K., Fujita, K., Fujiwara, R., Fukushima, M., Furlich, G., Globus, N., Gonzalez, R., Hanlon, W., Hayashida, N., He, H., Hibi, R., Hibino, K., Higuchi, R., Honda, K., Ikeda, D., Inoue, N., Ishii, T., Ito, H., Ivanov, D., Iwasaki, A., Jeong, H. M., Jeong, S., Jui, C. C. H., Kadota, K., Kakimoto, F., Kalashev, O., Kasahara, K., Kasami, S., Kawakami, S., Kawata, K., Kharuk, I., Kido, E., Kim, H. B., Kim, J. H., Kim, S. W., Kimura, Y., Komae, I., Kuzmin, V., Kuznetsov, M., Kwon, Y. J., Lee, K. H., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Lundquist, J. P., Matsumiya, H., Matsuyama, T., Matthews, J. N., Mayta, R., Mizuno, K., Murakami, M., Myers, I., Nagataki, S., Nakai, K., Nakamura, T., Nishio, E., Nonaka, T., Oda, H., Ogio, S., Onishi, M., Ohoka, H., Okazaki, N., Oku, Y., Okuda, T., Omura, Y., Ono, M., Oshima, A., Oshima, H., Ozawa, S., Park, I. H., Park, K. Y., Potts, M., Pshirkov, M. S., Remington, J., Rodriguez, D. C., Rott, C., Rubtsov, G. I., Ryu, D., Sagawa, H., Saito, R., Sakaki, N., Sako, T., Sakurai, N., Sato, D., Sato, K., Sato, S., Sekino, K., Shah, P. D., Shibata, N., Shibata, T., Shikita, J., Shimodaira, H., Shin, B. K., Shin, H. S., Shinto, D., Smith, J. D., Sokolsky, P., Stokes, B. T., Stroman, T. A., Takagi, Y., Takahashi, K., Takamura, M., Takeda, M., Takeishi, R., Taketa, A., Takita, M., Tameda, Y., Tanaka, K., Tanaka, M., Tanoue, Y., Thomas, S. B., Thomson, G. B., Tinyakov, P., Tkachev, I., Tokuno, H., Tomida, T., Troitsky, S., Tsuda, R., Tsunesada, Y., Udo, S., Urban, F., Warren, D., Wong, T., Yamazaki, K., Yashiro, K., Yoshida, F., Zhezher, Y., and Zundel, Z.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

We use a new method to estimate the injected mass composition of ultrahigh cosmic rays (UHECRs) at energies higher than 10 EeV. The method is based on comparison of the energy-dependent distribution of cosmic ray arrival directions as measured by the Telescope Array experiment (TA) with that calculated in a given putative model of UHECR under the assumption that sources trace the large-scale structure (LSS) of the Universe. As we report in the companion letter, the TA data show large deflections with respect to the LSS which can be explained, assuming small extra-galactic magnetic fields (EGMF), by an intermediate composition changing to a heavy one (iron) in the highest energy bin. Here we show that these results are robust to uncertainties in UHECR injection spectra, the energy scale of the experiment and galactic magnetic fields (GMF). The assumption of weak EGMF, however, strongly affects this interpretation at all but the highest energies E > 100 EeV, where the remarkable isotropy of the data implies a heavy injected composition even in the case of strong EGMF. This result also holds if UHECR sources are as rare as $2 \times 10^{-5}$ Mpc$^{-3}$, that is the conservative lower limit for the source number density., Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in PRD

Published
2024

3. Observation of Declination Dependence in the Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum

Author

The Telescope Array Collaboration, Abbasi, R. U., Abu-Zayyad, T., Allen, M., Belz, J. W., Bergman, D. R., Buckland, I., Campbell, W., Cheon, B. G., Endo, K., Fedynitch, A., Fujii, T., Fujisue, K., Fujita, K., Fukushima, M., Furlich, G., Gerber, Z., Globus, N., Hanlon, W., Hayashida, N., He, H., Hibino, K., Higuchi, R., Ikeda, D., Ishii, T., Ivanov, D., Jeong, S., Jui, C. C. H., Kadota, K., Kakimoto, F., Kalashev, O., Kasahara, K., Kawachi, Y., Kawata, K., Kharuk, I., Kido, E., Kim, H. B., Kim, J. H., Kim, S. W., Kobo, R., Komae, I., Komatsu, K., Komori, K., Koyama, C., Kudenko, M., Kuroiwa, M., Kusumori, Y., Kuznetsov, M., Kwon, Y. J., Lee, K. H., Lee, M. J., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Lundquist, J. P., Matsuzawa, A., Matthews, J. A., Matthews, J. N., Mizuno, K., Mori, M., Murakami, M., Nagataki, S., Nakahara, M., Nakamura, T., Nakayama, T., Nakayama, Y., Nonaka, T., Ogio, S., Ohoka, H., Okazaki, N., Onishi, M., Oshima, A., Oshima, H., Ozawa, S., Park, I. H., Park, K. Y., Potts, M., Przybylak, M., Pshirkov, M. S., Remington, J., Rott, C., Rubtsov, G. I., Ryu, D., Sagawa, H., Sakaki, N., Sakamoto, R., Sako, T., Sakurai, N., Sakurai, S., Sato, D., Sato, S., Sekino, K., Shibata, T., Shikita, J., Shimodaira, H., Shin, B. K., Shin, H. S., Shinozaki, K., Smith, J. D., Sokolsky, P., Stokes, B. T., Stroman, T. A., Takagi, Y., Takahashi, K., Takeda, M., Takeishi, R., Taketa, A., Takita, M., Tameda, Y., Tanaka, K., Tanaka, M., Thomas, S. B., Thomson, G. B., Tinyakov, P., Tkachev, I., Tomida, T., Troitsky, S., Tsunesada, Y., Udo, S., Urban, F., Vaiman, I. A., Vrábel, M., Warren, D., Yamazaki, K., Zhezher, Y., Zundel, Z., and Zvirzdin, J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

We report on an observation of the difference between northern and southern skies of the ultrahigh energy cosmic ray energy spectrum with a significance of ${\sim}8\sigma$. We use measurements from the two largest experiments$\unicode{x2014}$the Telescope Array observing the northern hemisphere and the Pierre Auger Observatory viewing the southern hemisphere. Since the comparison of two measurements from different observatories introduces the issue of possible systematic differences between detectors and analyses, we validate the methodology of the comparison by examining the region of the sky where the apertures of the two observatories overlap. Although the spectra differ in this region, we find that there is only a $1.8\sigma$ difference between the spectrum measurements when anisotropic regions are removed and a fiducial cut in the aperture is applied., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures

Published
2024

4. In-home TB Testing Using GeneXpert Edge is Acceptable, Feasible, and Improves the Proportion of Symptomatic Household Contacts Tested for TB: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Author

Medina-Marino, Andrew, Bezuidenhout, Dana, Bezuidenhout, Charl, Facente, Shelley N, Fourie, Bernard, Shin, Sanghyuk S, Penn-Nicholson, Adam, and Theron, Grant

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, Health Services, Rare Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Biodefense, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Detection, screening and diagnosis, 4.4 Population screening, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, active case finding, geneXpert, point-of-care testing, South Africa, tuberculosis, Clinical sciences, Medical microbiology
Abstract

BackgroundHousehold contact investigations are effective for finding tuberculosis (TB) cases but are hindered by low referral uptake for clinic-based evaluation and testing. We assessed the acceptability and feasibility of in-home testing of household contacts (HHC) using the GeneXpert Edge platform.MethodsWe conducted a 2-arm, randomized study in Eastern Cape, South Africa. HHCs were verbally assessed using the World Health Organization-recommended 4-symptom screen. Households with ≥1 eligible symptomatic contact were randomized. Intervention households received in-home GeneXpert MTB/RIF molecular testing. GeneXpert-positive HHCs were referred for clinic-based treatment. Standard-of-care households were referred for clinic-based sputum collection and testing. We defined acceptability as agreeing to in-home testing and feasibility as generation of valid Xpert MTB/RIF results. The proportion and timeliness of test results received was compared between groups.ResultsEighty-four households were randomized (n = 42 per arm). Of 100 eligible HHCs identified, 98/100 (98%) provided consent. Of 51 HHCs allocated to the intervention arm, all accepted in-home testing; of those, 24/51 (47%) were sputum productive and 23/24 (96%) received their test results. Of 47 HCCs allocated to standard-of-care, 7 (15%) presented for clinic-based TB evaluation, 6/47 (13%) were tested, and 4/6 (67%) returned for their results. The median (interquartile range) number of days from screening to receiving test results was 0 (0) and 16.5 (11-15) in the intervention and standard-of-care arms, respectively.ConclusionsIn-home testing for TB was acceptable, feasible, and increased HHCs with a molecular test result. In-home testing mitigates a major limitation of household contact investigations (dependency on clinic-based referral), revealing new strategies for enhancing early case detection.

Published
2024

8. Exploratory assessment: Nurse‐led community health worker delivered HCV intervention for people experiencing homelessness

Author

Nyamathi, Adeline, Salem, Benissa E, Lee, Darlene, Yu, Zhaoxia, Hudson, Angela, Saab, Sammy, Shin, Sanghyuk S, Jones‐Patten, Alexandria, Yadav, Kartik, Alikhani, Mitra, Clarke, Richard, Chang, Alicia, White, Kathryn, and Gelberg, Lillian

Subjects
Health Services and Systems, Public Health, Health Sciences, Liver Disease, Behavioral and Social Science, Health Services, Substance Misuse, Mental Health, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Alcoholism, Alcohol Use and Health, Brain Disorders, Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis, Digestive Diseases, Hepatitis, Infectious Diseases, Women's Health, Clinical Research, Social Determinants of Health, Hepatitis - C, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, 8.1 Organisation and delivery of services, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, Hepacivirus, Antiviral Agents, Community Health Workers, Nurse's Role, Pilot Projects, Hepatitis C, Chronic, Hepatitis C, Ill-Housed Persons, hepatitis C virus treatment, persons experiencing homelessness, RN, CHW intervention, RN/CHW intervention, Nursing, Public Health and Health Services, Public health
Abstract

BackgroundGetting and maintaining Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) cure is challenging among people experiencing homelessness (PEH) as a result of critical social determinants of health such as unstable housing, mental health disorders, and drug and alcohol use.ObjectivesThe purpose of this exploratory pilot study was to compare a registered nurse/community health worker (RN/CHW)-led HCV intervention tailored for PEH, "I am HCV Free," with a clinic-based standard of care (cbSOC) for treating HCV. Efficacy was measured by sustained virological response at 12 weeks after stopping antivirals (SVR12), and improvement in mental health, drug and alcohol use, and access to healthcare.MethodsAn exploratory randomized controlled trial design was used to assign PEH recruited from partner sites in the Skid Row Area of Los Angeles, California, to the RN/CHW or cbSOC programs. All received direct-acting antivirals. The RN/CHW group received directly observed therapy in community-based settings, incentives for taking HCV medications, and wrap-around services, including connection to additional healthcare services, housing support, and referral to other community services. For all PEH, drug and alcohol use and mental health symptoms were measured at month 2 or 3 and 5 or 6 follow-up, depending on HCV medication type, while SVR12 was measured at month 5 or 6 follow-up.ResultsAmong PEH in the RN/CHW group, 75% (3 of 4) completed SVR12 and all three attained undetectable viral load. This was compared with 66.7% (n = 4 of 6) of the cbSOC group who completed SVR12; all four attained undetectable viral load. The RN/CHW group, as compared to the cbSOC, also showed greater improvements in mental health, and significant improvement in drug use, and access to healthcare services.DiscussionWhile this study shows significant improvements in drug use and health service access among the RN/-CHW group, the sample size of the study limits the validity and generalizability of the results. Further studies using larger sample sizes are necessitated.

Published
2023

14. Use of High-Resolution Geospatial and Genomic Data to Characterize Recent Tuberculosis Transmission, Botswana.

Author

Baker, Chelsea R, Barilar, Ivan, de Araujo, Leonardo S, Rimoin, Anne W, Parker, Daniel M, Boyd, Rosanna, Tobias, James L, Moonan, Patrick K, Click, Eleanor S, Finlay, Alyssa, Oeltmann, John E, Minin, Vladimir N, Modongo, Chawangwa, Zetola, Nicola M, Niemann, Stefan, and Shin, Sanghyuk S

Subjects
Humans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Tuberculosis, Genomics, Genotype, Botswana, bacteria, geographic heterogeneity, infectious disease control, outbreaks, respiratory infections, spatial analysis, tuberculosis and other mycobacteria, whole-genome sequencing, Rare Diseases, Genetics, Biodefense, Vaccine Related, Biotechnology, Prevention, Antimicrobial Resistance, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Orphan Drug, Infectious Diseases, Human Genome, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Clinical Sciences, Medical Microbiology, Public Health and Health Services, Microbiology
Abstract

Combining genomic and geospatial data can be useful for understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in high-burden tuberculosis (TB) settings. We performed whole-genome sequencing on M. tuberculosis DNA extracted from sputum cultures from a population-based TB study conducted in Gaborone, Botswana, during 2012-2016. We determined spatial distribution of cases on the basis of shared genotypes among isolates. We considered clusters of isolates with ≤5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified by whole-genome sequencing to indicate recent transmission and clusters of ≥10 persons to be outbreaks. We obtained both molecular and geospatial data for 946/1,449 (65%) participants with culture-confirmed TB; 62 persons belonged to 5 outbreaks of 10-19 persons each. We detected geospatial clustering in just 2 of those 5 outbreaks, suggesting heterogeneous spatial patterns. Our findings indicate that targeted interventions applied in smaller geographic areas of high-burden TB identified using integrated genomic and geospatial data might help interrupt TB transmission during outbreaks.

Published
2023

15. Correlates of SARS‐CoV‐2 anti‐RBD IgG antibody titers among persons experiencing homelessness in Los Angeles

Author

Nyamathi, Adeline, Shin, Sanghyuk S, Doratt, Brianna M, Jones‐Patten, Alexandria, Salem, Benissa, Gelberg, Lillian, Lee, Darlene, Garfin, Dana, Yadav, Kartik, Chang, Alicia H, White, Kathryn, Arce, Nicholas, and Messaoudi, Ilhem

Subjects
Health Services and Systems, Health Sciences, Immunization, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Brain Disorders, Vaccine Related, Infectious Diseases, Mental Health, Clinical Research, Prevention, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Testing, Case-Control Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Los Angeles, Pandemics, COVID-19, Multimorbidity, Ill-Housed Persons, Immunoglobulin G, Antibodies, Viral, people experiencing homelessness, SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence, substance use, Nursing, Public Health and Health Services, Public health
Abstract

ObjectivesPeople experiencing homelessness (PEH) have been especially impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, likely due to increased vulnerabilities stemming from chronic diseases, substance use, and mental health conditions.DesignA case-control study to assess the presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among PEH and associations with key variables.SampleA convenience sample of 97 PEH in Skid Row, Los Angeles.MeasurementsA structured questionnaire assessing socio-demographic, mental health, drug and alcohol use, health care access, pandemic stress, and other COVID-19-specific questions.ResultsWe found high anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG titers among five of 15 PEH who reported no prior COVID-19 diagnosis or being vaccinated, suggesting undiagnosed and/or asymptomatic COVID-19. While anti-RBD IgG titers across vaccination categories were not statistically significant (p = .069), participants vaccinated with Janssen had the lowest mean anti-RBD IgG titers. In multivariable analysis, we found negative associations between level of SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers with the Janssen vaccine and depression; thus, a need for integrated care for PEH with depression and COVID-19.ConclusionsFurther research is warranted to confirm the immune response, initial and over time, to SARS-CoV-2 infection and to COVID-19 vaccinations, particularly among PEH whose immune systems may be impacted by multiple health conditions.

Published
2023

16. Return to Play After Thumb Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries Managed Surgically in Athletes—A Systematic Review

Author

Allahabadi, Sachin, Kwong, Jeffrey W, Pandya, Nirav K, Shin, Steven S, Immerman, Igor, and Lee, Nicolas H

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Health Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services, Rehabilitation, Patient Safety, Injuries and accidents, Athlete, Return to play, Sport, Thumb, Ulnar collateral ligament
Abstract

PurposeThe purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the available data on how surgical management of injuries to the thumb ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) complex affects athletes and their return-to-play (RTP) and postinjury performance metrics in addition to evaluating rehabilitation guidelines.MethodsA systematic search was performed on PubMed and Embase databases for articles on outcomes of surgical treatment of thumb UCL injuries in athletes. Articles with expert recommendations on postoperative management and RTP guidelines were also included separately. Study characteristics were recorded, including sport, RTP rates, and data on performance. Recommendations were summarized by sport. The Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) criteria was used to assess methodological quality. The authors also present their recommended return-to-sport algorithm.ResultsTwenty-three articles were included, including 11 with reports on patients and 12 expert opinions on guiding RTP. The mean MINORS score for the applicable studies was 9.4. In the 311 patients included, RTP was 98.1% in aggregate. No performance detriments were noted in athletes after surgery. Thirty-two (10.3%) patients had postoperative complications. The recommendations on timing to RTP vary by sport and author, but all recommended initial thumb protection when returning to sport. Newer techniques, such as suture tape augmentation, suggest the permission for earlier motion.ConclusionsReturn-to-play rates after surgical treatment of thumb UCL injuries are high, with reassuring return to preinjury level of play with few complications. Recommendations for surgical technique have trended toward suture anchors and, now, suture tape augmentation with earlier motion protocols, although rehabilitation guidelines vary by sport and author. Current information on thumb UCL surgery in athletes is limited by the low quality of evidence and expert recommendations.Type of study/level of evidencePrognostic IV.

Published
2023

17. SARS-Cov-2 Infection and Seroconversion Rates in Healthcare Providers Prior to COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout

Author

Shin, Sanghyuk S, Bender, Miriam, Malherbe, Delphine C, Vasquez, Hannah, Doratt, Brianna M, and Messaoudi, Ilhem

Subjects
Immunization, Lung, Biodefense, Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Related, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Prevention, Clinical Research, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, healthcare worker, exposure risk, SARS-CoV-2, infection rate, seroconversion rate, Nursing
Abstract

ObjectiveA 6-month longitudinal surveillance study of asymptomatic healthcare providers (HCP) was carried out at a large urban academic medical center in the United States to assess whether their job occupation with higher exposure risks to SARS-CoV-2 would equate with higher risk of contracting COVID-19 at the beginning of the pandemic before COVID-19 vaccines were available.MethodsA longitudinal cohort study design was used to collect and analyze immunological and virological monitoring data and self-report survey assessments of personal protective equipment (PPE) availability, adherence to infection control guidelines, and time spent on COVID-19 wards.ResultsAmong 289 eligible participants, SARS-CoV-2 exposure risk was high with 48-69% participants working in COVID-19 units and more than 30% of them caring for COVID-19 patients. However, the seroconversion rate was low with only 2.1% of participants developing humoral or cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2.ConclusionOur study findings suggest that, for this HCP cohort working at a large urban academic medical center, a low incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection could be maintained under conditions of strict infection prevention protocols and reliable PPE availability.

Published
2023

21. Depression, Anxiety, and Cigarette Smoking Among Patients with Tuberculosis.

Author

Jones-Patten, Alexandria, Wang, Qiao, Molebatsi, Keneilwe, Novotny, Thomas E, Siddiqi, Kamran, Modongo, Chawangwa, Zetola, Nicola M, Mbongwe, Bontle, and Shin, Sanghyuk S

Subjects
Humans, Tuberculosis, Prevalence, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Cigarette Smoking, cigarette smoking, mental health, tuberculosis, Prevention, Clinical Research, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Tobacco, Rare Diseases, Behavioral and Social Science, Lung, Mental Health, Brain Disorders, Aetiology, 2.3 Psychological, social and economic factors, Mental health, Good Health and Well Being, Nursing
Abstract

Smoking adversely affects tuberculosis (TB) outcomes and may be associated with depression and anxiety among people diagnosed with TB in Botswana. We conducted a cross-sectional study among patients newly diagnosed with TB in Gaborone, Botswana, evaluating factors associated with self-reported cigarette smoking. We performed Poisson regression analyses with robust variance to examine whether depressive and anxiety symptoms were associated with smoking. Among 180 participants with TB enrolled from primary health clinics, depressive symptoms were reported in 47 (26.1%) participants and anxiety symptoms were reported in 85 (47.2%) participants. Overall, 45 (25.0%) participants reported current smoking. Depressive symptoms were associated with a higher prevalence of smoking (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29-3.25) in the adjusted analysis. The association between anxiety symptoms and smoking did not reach statistical significance (aPR: 1.26; 95% CI: 0.77-2.05). Future studies should further investigate these associations when addressing TB care.

Published
2023

22. First High-speed Video Camera Observations of a Lightning Flash Associated with a Downward Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flash

Author

Abbasi, R. U., Saba, M. M. F., Belz, J. W., Krehbiel, P. R., Rison, W., Kieu, N., da Silva, D. R., Rodeheffer, Dan, Stanley, M. A., Remington, J., Mazich, J., LeVon, R., Smout, K., Petrizze, A., Abu-Zayyad, T., Allen, M., Arai, Y., Arimura, R., Barcikowski, E., Bergman, D. R., Blake, S. A., Buckland, I., Cheon, B. G., Chikawa, M., Fujii, T., Fujisue, K., Fujita, K., Fujiwara, R., Fukushima, M., Furlich, G., Globus, N., Gonzalez, R., Hanlon, W., Hayashida, N., He, H., Hibino, K., Higuchi, R., Honda, K., Ikeda, D., Inoue, N., Ishii, T., Ito, H., Ivanov, D., Iwakura, H., Iwasaki, A., Jeong, H. M., Jeong, S., Jui, C. C. H., Kadota, K., Kakimoto, F., Kalashev, O., Kasahara, K., Kasami, S., Kawakami, S., Kawata, K., Kharuk, I., Kido, E., Kim, H. B., Kim, J. H., Kim, S. W., Kimura, Y., Komae, I., Kubota, Y., Kuzmin, V., Kuznetsov, M., Kwon, Y. J., Lee, K. H., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Lundquist, J. P., Matsumiya, H., Matsuyama, T., Matthews, J. N., Mayta, R., Myers, I., Nagataki, S., Nakai, K., Nakamura, R., Nakamura, T., Nakamura, Y., Nakazawa, A., Nishio, E., Nonaka, T., Oda, H., Ogio, S., Ohnishi, M., Ohoka, H., Oku, Y., Okuda, T., Omura, Y., Ono, M., Oshima, A., Ozawa, S., Park, I. H., Potts, M., Pshirkov, M. S., Rodriguez, D. C., Rott, C., Rubtsov, G. I., Ryu, D., Sagawa, H., Sakaki, N., Sako, T., Sakurai, N., Sato, K., Seki, T., Sekino, K., Shah, P. D., Shibasaki, Y., Shibata, N., Shibata, T., Shikita, J., Shimodaira, H., Shin, B. K., Shin, H. S., Shinto, D., Smith, J. D., Sokolsky, P., Stokes, B. T., Stroman, T. A., Takahashi, K., Takamura, M., Takeda, M., Takeishi, R., Taketa, A., Takita, M., Tameda, Y., Tanaka, K., Tanaka, M., Tanoue, Y., Thomas, S. B., Thomson, G. B., Tinyakov, P., Tkachev, I., Tokuno, H., Tomida, T., Troitsky, S., Tsuda, R., Tsunesada, Y., Udo, S., Uehama, T., Urban, F., Warren, D., Wong, T., Yamamoto, M., Yamazaki, K., Yashiro, K., Yoshida, F., Zhezher, Y., and Zundel, Z.

Subjects
Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

In this paper, we present the first high-speed video observation of a cloud-to-ground lightning flash and its associated downward-directed Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flash (TGF). The optical emission of the event was observed by a high-speed video camera running at 40,000 frames per second in conjunction with the Telescope Array Surface Detector, Lightning Mapping Array, interferometer, electric-field fast antenna, and the National Lightning Detection Network. The cloud-to-ground flash associated with the observed TGF was formed by a fast downward leader followed by a very intense return stroke peak current of -154 kA. The TGF occurred while the downward leader was below cloud base, and even when it was halfway in its propagation to ground. The suite of gamma-ray and lightning instruments, timing resolution, and source proximity offer us detailed information and therefore a unique look at the TGF phenomena.

Published
2022
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24. Search for Spatial Correlations of Neutrinos with Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays

Author

The ANTARES collaboration, Albert, A., Alves, S., André, M., Anghinolfi, M., Ardid, M., Ardid, S., Aubert, J. -J., Aublin, J., Baret, B., Basa, S., Belhorma, B., Bendahman, M., Bertin, V., Biagi, S., Bissinger, M., Boumaaza, J., Bouta, M., Bouwhuis, M. C., Brânzaş, H., Bruijn, R., Brunner, J., Busto, J., Caiffi, B., Calvo, D., Capone, A., Caramete, L., Carr, J., Carretero, V., Celli, S., Chabab, M., Chau, T. N., Moursli, R. Cherkaoui El, Chiarusi, T., Circella, M., Coleiro, A., Coniglione, R., Coyle, P., Creusot, A., Díaz, A. F., Distefano, C., Di Palma, I., Domi, A., Donzaud, C., Dornic, D., Drouhin, D., Eberl, T., van Eeden, T., van Eijk, D., Khayati, N. El, Enzenhöfer, A., Fermani, P., Ferrara, G., Filippini, F., Fusco, L., Gatelet, Y., Gay, P., Glotin, H., Gozzini, R., Ruiz, R. Gracia, Graf, K., Guidi, C., Hallmann, S., van Haren, H., Heijboer, A. J., Hello, Y., Hernández-Rey, J. J., Hößl, J., Hofestädt, J., Huang, F., Illuminati, G., James, C. W., Jisse-Jung, B., de Jong, M., de Jong, P., Kadler, M., Kalekin, O., Katz, U., Khan-Chowdhury, N. R., Kouchner, A., Kreykenbohm, I., Kulikovskiy, V., Lahmann, R., Breton, R. Le, LeStum, S., Lefèvre, D., Leonora, E., Levi, G., Lopez-Coto, D., Loucatos, S., Maderer, L., Manczak, J., Marcelin, M., Margiotta, A., Marinelli, A., Martínez-Mora, J. A., Martino, B., Melis, K., Migliozzi, P., Moussa, A., Muller, R., Nauta, L., Navas, S., Nezri, E., Fearraigh, B. Ó, Păun, A., Păvălaş, G. E., Pellegrino, C., Perrin-Terrin, M., Pestel, V., Piattelli, P., Pieterse, C., Poirè, C., Popa, V., Pradier, T., Randazzo, N., Real, D., Reck, S., Riccobene, G., Romanov, A., Sánchez-Losa, A., Greus, F. Salesa, Samtleben, D. F. E., Sanguineti, M., Sapienza, P., Schnabel, J., Schumann, J., Schüssler, F., Seneca, J., Spurio, M., Stolarczyk, Th., Taiuti, M., Tayalati, Y., Tingay, S. J., Vallage, B., Van Elewyck, V., Versari, F., Viola, S., Vivolo, D., Wilms, J., Zavatarelli, S., Zegarelli, A., Zornoza, J. D., Zúñiga, J., collaboration, The IceCube, Abbasi, R., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Aguilar, J. A., Ahlers, M., Ahrens, M., Alameddine, J. M., Alispach, C., Alves Jr., A. A., Amin, N. M., Andeen, K., Anderson, T., Anton, G., Argüelles, C., Ashida, Y., Axani, S., Bai, X., V., A. Balagopal, Barbano, A., Barwick, S. W., Bastian, B., Basu, V., Baur, S., Bay, R., Beatty, J. J., Becker, K. -H., Tjus, J. Becker, Bellenghi, C., BenZvi, S., Berley, D., Bernardini, E., Besson, D. Z., Binder, G., Bindig, D., Blaufuss, E., Blot, S., Boddenberg, M., Bontempo, F., Borowka, J., Böser, S., Botner, O., Böttcher, J., Bourbeau, E., Bradascio, F., Braun, J., Brinson, B., Bron, S., Brostean-Kaiser, J., Browne, S., Burgman, A., Burley, R. T., Busse, R. S., Campana, M. A., Carnie-Bronca, E. G., Chen, C., Chen, Z., Chirkin, D., Choi, K., Clark, B. A., Clark, K., Classen, L., Collin, G. H., Conrad, J. M., Coppin, P., Correa, P., Cowen, D. F., Cross, R., Dappen, C., Dave, P., De Clercq, C., DeLaunay, J. J., López, D. Delgado, Dembinski, H., Deoskar, K., Desai, A., Desiati, P., de Vries, K. D., de Wasseige, G., de With, M., DeYoung, T., Diaz, A., Díaz-Vélez, J. C., Dittmer, M., Dujmovic, H., Dunkman, M., DuVernois, M. A., Dvorak, E., Ehrhardt, T., Eller, P., Erpenbeck, H., Evans, J., Evenson, P. A., Fan, K. L., Fazely, A. R., Fedynitch, A., Feigl, N., Fiedlschuster, S., Fienberg, A. T., Filimonov, K., Finley, C., Fischer, L., Fox, D., Franckowiak, A., Friedman, E., Fritz, A., Fürst, P., Gaisser, T. K., Gallagher, J., Ganster, E., Garcia, A., Garrappa, S., Gerhardt, L., Ghadimi, A., Glaser, C., Glauch, T., Glüsenkamp, T., Gonzalez, J. G., Goswami, S., Grant, D., Grégoire, T., Griswold, S., Günther, C., Gutjahr, P., Haack, C., Hallgren, A., Halliday, R., Halve, L., Halzen, F., Minh, M. Ha, Hanson, K., Hardin, J., Harnisch, A. A., Haungs, A., Hebecker, D., Helbing, K., Henningsen, F., Hettinger, E. C., Hickford, S., Hignight, J., Hill, C., Hill, G. C., Hoffman, K. D., Hoffmann, R., Hokanson-Fasig, B., Hoshina, K., Huber, M., Huber, T., Hultqvist, K., Hünnefeld, M., Hussain, R., Hymon, K., In, S., Iovine, N., Ishihara, A., Jansson, M., Japaridze, G. S., Jeong, M., Jin, M., Jones, B. J. P., Kang, D., Kang, W., Kang, X., Kappes, A., Kappesser, D., Kardum, L., Karg, T., Karl, M., Karle, A., Kauer, M., Kellermann, M., Kelley, J. L., Kheirandish, A., Kin, K., Kintscher, T., Kiryluk, J., Klein, S. R., Koirala, R., Kolanoski, H., Kontrimas, T., Köpke, L., Kopper, C., Kopper, S., Koskinen, D. J., Koundal, P., Kovacevich, M., Kowalski, M., Kozynets, T., Kun, E., Kurahashi, N., Lad, N., Gualda, C. Lagunas, Lanfranchi, J. L., Larson, M. J., Lauber, F., Lazar, J. P., Lee, J. W., Leonard, K., Leszczyńska, A., Li, Y., Lincetto, M., Liu, Q. R., Liubarska, M., Lohfink, E., Mariscal, C. J. Lozano, Lucarelli, F., Ludwig, A., Luszczak, W., Lyu, Y., Ma, W. Y., Madsen, J., Mahn, K. B. M., Makino, Y., Mancina, S., Martinez-Soler, I., Maruyama, R., Mase, K., McElroy, T., McNally, F., Mead, J. V., Meagher, K., Mechbal, S., Medina, A., Meier, M., Meighen-Berger, S., Micallef, J., Mockler, D., Montaruli, T., Moore, R. W., Morse, R., Moulai, M., Naab, R., Nagai, R., Naumann, U., Necker, J., Nguyên, L. V., Niederhausen, H., Nisa, M. U., Nowicki, S. C., Pollmann, A. Obertacke, Oehler, M., Oeyen, B., Olivas, A., O'Sullivan, E., Pandya, H., Pankova, D. V., Park, N., Parker, G. K., Paudel, E. N., Paul, L., Heros, C. Pérez de los, Peters, L., Peterson, J., Philippen, S., Pieper, S., Pittermann, M., Pizzuto, A., Plum, M., Popovych, Y., Porcelli, A., Rodriguez, M. Prado, Price, P. B., Pries, B., Przybylski, G. T., Raab, C., Rack-Helleis, J., Raissi, A., Rameez, M., Rawlins, K., Rea, I. C., Rehman, A., Reichherzer, P., Reimann, R., Renzi, G., Resconi, E., Reusch, S., Rhode, W., Richman, M., Riedel, B., Roberts, E. J., Robertson, S., Roellinghoff, G., Rongen, M., Rott, C., Ruhe, T., Ryckbosch, D., Cantu, D. Rysewyk, Safa, I., Saffer, J., Herrera, S. E. Sanchez, Sandrock, A., Santander, M., Sarkar, S., Satalecka, K., Schaufel, M., Schindler, S., Schmidt, T., Schneider, A., Schneider, J., Schröder, F. G., Schumacher, L., Schwefer, G., Sclafani, S., Seckel, D., Seunarine, S., Sharma, A., Shefali, S., Silva, M., Skrzypek, B., Smithers, B., Snihur, R., Soedingrekso, J., Soldin, D., Spannfellner, C., Spiczak, G. M., Spiering, C., Stachurska, J., Stamatikos, M., Stanev, T., Stein, R., Stettner, J., Steuer, A., Stezelberger, T., Stürwald, T., Stuttard, T., Sullivan, G. W., Taboada, I., Ter-Antonyan, S., Tilav, S., Tischbein, F., Tollefson, K., Tönnis, C., Toscano, S., Tosi, D., Trettin, A., Tselengidou, M., Tung, C. F., Turcati, A., Turcotte, R., Turley, C. F., Twagirayezu, J. P., Ty, B., Elorrieta, M. A. Unland, Valtonen-Mattila, N., Vandenbroucke, J., van Eijndhoven, N., Vannerom, D., van Santen, J., Verpoest, S., Walck, C., Watson, T. B., Weaver, C., Weigel, P., Weindl, A., Weiss, M. J., Weldert, J., Wendt, C., Werthebach, J., Weyrauch, M., Whitehorn, N., Wiebusch, C. H., Williams, D. R., Wolf, M., Woschnagg, K., Wrede, G., Wulff, J., Xu, X. W., Yanez, J. P., Yoshida, S., Yu, S., Yuan, T., Zhang, Z., Zhelnin, P., collaboration, The Pierre Auger, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albury, J. M., Allekotte, I., Cheminant, K. Almeida, Almela, A., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Batista, R. Alves, Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Ferreira, P. R. Araújo, Arnone, E., Velázquez, J. C. Arteaga, Asorey, H., Assis, P., Avila, G., Badescu, A. M., Bakalova, A., Balaceanu, A., Barbato, F., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Bhatta, G., Biermann, P. L., Binet, V., Bismark, K., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Blümer, J., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Arbeletche, L. Bonneau, Borodai, N., Botti, A. M., Brack, J., Bretz, T., Orchera, P. G. Brichetto, Briechle, F. L., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Büsken, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, L., Canfora, F., Caracas, I., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Chinellato, J. A., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Coleman, A., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Contreras, F., Convenga, F., Santos, D. Correia dos, Covault, C. E., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., Day, J. A., de Almeida, R. M., de Jesús, J., de Jong, S. J., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., Franco, D. de Oliveira, de Palma, F., de Souza, V., De Vito, E., Del Popolo, A., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Deval, L., di Matteo, A., Dobre, M., Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Mendes, L. M. Domingues, Anjos, R. C. dos, Dova, M. T., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Epicoco, I., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Falcke, H., Farmer, J., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filipčič, A., Fitoussi, T., Fodran, T., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Galea, C., Galelli, C., García, B., Vegas, A. L. Garcia, Gemmeke, H., Gesualdi, F., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Gollan, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, J. M., González, N., Goos, I., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Grubb, T. D., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Hahn, S., Hamal, P., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harvey, V. M., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Hojvat, C., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Janecek, P., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kääpä, A., Kampert, K. H., Karastathis, N., Keilhauer, B., Khakurdikar, A., Covilakam, V. V. Kizakke, Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, F., Kunka, N., Lago, B. L., Lang, R. G., Langner, N., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lenok, V., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Presti, D. Lo, Lopes, L., López, R., Lu, L., Luce, Q., Lundquist, J. P., Payeras, A. Machado, Mancarella, G., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Manshanden, J., Mantsch, P., Marafico, S., Mariani, F. M., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinelli, S., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mastrodicasa, M., Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mayotte, S., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morejon, L., Morello, C., Mostafá, M., Müller, A. L., Muller, M. A., Mulrey, K., Mussa, R., Muzio, M., Namasaka, W. M., Nasr-Esfahani, A., Nellen, L., Nicora, G., Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A., Núñez, L. A., Oliveira, C., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pawlowsky, J., Pech, M., Pȩkala, J., Pelayo, R., Peña-Rodriguez, J., Martins, E. E. Pereira, Armand, J. Perez, Bertolli, C. Pérez, Perlin, M., Perrone, L., Petrera, S., Petrucci, C., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Puyleart, A., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Reininghaus, M., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Rizi, V., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Rossoni, S., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saftoiu, A., Saharan, M., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sarmiento-Cano, C., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schäfer, C. M., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schlüter, F., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovánek, P., Schulte, J., Schulz, T., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Segreto, A., Sehgal, S., Shellard, R. C., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Smau, R., Šmída, R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanca, D., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Streich, A., Suárez-Durán, M., Sudholz, T., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Szadkowski, Z., Tapia, A., Taricco, C., Timmermans, C., Tkachenko, O., Tobiska, P., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Torrès, Z., Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Trimarelli, C., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Vaclavek, L., Vacula, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valore, L., Varela, E., Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Ventura, C., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Wahlberg, H., Watanabe, C., Watson, A. A., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yushkov, A., Zapparrata, O., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zehrer, L., collaboration, The Telescope Array, Abu-Zayyad, T., Allen, M., Arai, Y., Arimura, R., Barcikowski, E., Belz, J. W., Bergman, D. R., Blake, S. A., Buckland, I., Cady, R., Cheon, B. G., Chiba, J., Chikawa, M., Fujisue, K., Fujita, K., Fujiwara, R., Fukushima, M., Fukushima, R., Furlich, G., Globus, N., Gonzalez, R., Hanlon, W., Hayashi, M., Hayashida, N., He, H., Hibino, K., Higuchi, R., Honda, K., Ikeda, D., Inadomi, T., Inoue, N., Ishii, T., Ito, H., Ivanov, D., Iwakura, H., Iwasaki, A., Jeong, H. M., Jeong, S., Jui, C. C. H., Kadota, K., Kakimoto, F., Kalashev, O., Kasahara, K., Kasami, S., Kawakami, S., Kawana, S., Kawata, K., Kharuk, I., Kido, E., Kim, H. B., Kim, J. H., Kim, S. W., Kimura, Y., Kishigami, S., Kubota, Y., Kurisu, S., Kuzmin, V., Kuznetsov, M., Kwon, Y. J., Lee, K. H., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Machida, K., Matsumiya, H., Matsuyama, T., Matthews, J. N., Mayta, R., Minamino, M., Mukai, K., Myers, I., Nagataki, S., Nakai, K., Nakamura, R., Nakamura, T., Nakamura, Y., Nakazawa, A., Nishio, E., Nonaka, T., Oda, H., Ogio, S., Ohnishi, M., Ohoka, H., Oku, Y., Okuda, T., Omura, Y., Ono, M., Onogi, R., Oshima, A., Ozawa, S., Park, I. H., Potts, M., Pshirkov, M. S., Remington, J., Rodriguez, D. C., Rubtsov, G. I., Ryu, D., Sagawa, H., Sahara, R., Saito, Y., Sakaki, N., Sako, T., Sakurai, N., Sano, K., Sato, K., Seki, T., Sekino, K., Shah, P. D., Shibasaki, Y., Shibata, F., Shibata, N., Shibata, T., Shimodaira, H., Shin, B. K., Shin, H. S., Shinto, D., Smith, J. D., Sokolsky, P., Sone, N., Stokes, B. T., Stroman, T. A., Takagi, Y., Takahashi, Y., Takamura, M., Takeda, M., Takeishi, R., Taketa, A., Takita, M., Tameda, Y., Tanaka, H., Tanaka, K., Tanaka, M., Tanoue, Y., Thomas, S. B., Thomson, G. B., Tinyakov, P., Tkachev, I., Tokuno, H., Tomida, T., Troitsky, S., Tsuda, R., Tsunesada, Y., Uchihori, Y., Udo, S., Uehama, T., Urban, F., Warren, D., Wong, T., Yamamoto, M., Yamazaki, K., Yashiro, K., Yoshida, F., Yoshioka, Y., Zhezher, Y., and Zundel, Z.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

For several decades, the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) has been an unsolved question of high-energy astrophysics. One approach for solving this puzzle is to correlate UHECRs with high-energy neutrinos, since neutrinos are a direct probe of hadronic interactions of cosmic rays and are not deflected by magnetic fields. In this paper, we present three different approaches for correlating the arrival directions of neutrinos with the arrival directions of UHECRs. The neutrino data is provided by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory and ANTARES, while the UHECR data with energies above $\sim$50 EeV is provided by the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array. All experiments provide increased statistics and improved reconstructions with respect to our previous results reported in 2015. The first analysis uses a high-statistics neutrino sample optimized for point-source searches to search for excesses of neutrinos clustering in the vicinity of UHECR directions. The second analysis searches for an excess of UHECRs in the direction of the highest-energy neutrinos. The third analysis searches for an excess of pairs of UHECRs and highest-energy neutrinos on different angular scales. None of the analyses has found a significant excess, and previously reported over-fluctuations are reduced in significance. Based on these results, we further constrain the neutrino flux spatially correlated with UHECRs., Comment: 39 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables; updated source files including xml authorlist

Published
2022
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27. Early warning signals have limited applicability to empirical lake data

Author

Duncan A. O’Brien, Smita Deb, Gideon Gal, Stephen J. Thackeray, Partha S. Dutta, Shin-ichiro S. Matsuzaki, Linda May, and Christopher F. Clements

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract Research aimed at identifying indicators of persistent abrupt shifts in ecological communities, a.k.a regime shifts, has led to the development of a suite of early warning signals (EWSs). As these often perform inaccurately when applied to real-world observational data, it remains unclear whether critical transitions are the dominant mechanism of regime shifts and, if so, which EWS methods can predict them. Here, using multi-trophic planktonic data on multiple lakes from around the world, we classify both lake dynamics and the reliability of classic and second generation EWSs methods to predict whole-ecosystem change. We find few instances of critical transitions, with different trophic levels often expressing different forms of abrupt change. The ability to predict this change is highly processing dependant, with most indicators not performing better than chance, multivariate EWSs being weakly superior to univariate, and a recent machine learning model performing poorly. Our results suggest that predictive ecology should start to move away from the concept of critical transitions, developing methods suitable for predicting resilience loss not limited to the strict bounds of bifurcation theory.

Published
2023
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28. Association Between Maternal HIV Stigma Among South Indian Mothers Living with HIV and the CD4 Count of Children Living with HIV

Author

PhamDo, Valerie, Nyamathi, Adeline M, Ekstrand, Maria L, Sinha, Sanjeev, Yadav, Kartik, and Shin, Sanghyuk S

Subjects
Public Health, Health Sciences, HIV/AIDS, Pediatric, Pediatric AIDS, Behavioral and Social Science, Clinical Research, Reproductive health and childbirth, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, HIV Infections, Humans, Mothers, Social Stigma, Maternal HIV stigma, Discrimination, Seroconcordant, Child CD4, Public Health and Health Services, Social Work, Public health
Abstract

HIV stigma takes a multidimensional toll on a mother's ability to care for herself and subsequently may impact her ability to care for her child, particularly when mother and child are seroconcordant. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted to examine the association between maternal HIV stigma and child CD4 count in rural India. We assessed 108 mother-child dyads and found that a one-unit increase in community stigma fear decreased child CD4 count by 352 cells (95% CI = - 603, - 102), highlighting the need to develop a better understanding of the consequences of HIV-related stigma on the compounded burden of care in households where mother and child both live with HIV.

Published
2022

29. Observation of Variations in Cosmic Ray Single Count Rates During Thunderstorms and Implications for Large-Scale Electric Field Changes

Author

Abbasi, R. U., Abu-Zayyad, T., Allen, M., Arai, Y., Arimura, R., Barcikowski, E., Belz, J. W., Bergman, D. R., Blake, S. A., Buckland, I., Cady, R., Cheon, B. G., Chiba, J., Chikawa, M., Fujii, T., Fujisue, K., Fujita, K., Fujiwara, R., Fukushima, M., Fukushima, R., Furlich, G., Globus, N., Gonzalez, R., Hanlon, W., Hayashi, M., Hayashida, N., Hibino, K., Higuchi, R., Honda, K., Husseini, N., Ikeda, D., Inadomi, T., Inoue, N., Ishii, T., Ito, H., Ivanov, D., Iwakura, H., Iwasaki, A., Jeong, H. M., Jeong, S., Johnson, H., Jui, C. C. H., Kadota, K., Kakimoto, F., Kalashev, O., Kasahara, K., Kasami, S., Kawai, H., Kawakami, S., Kawana, S., Kawata, K., Kharuk, I., Kido, E., Kim, H. B., Kim, J. H., Kim, M. H., Kim, S. W., Kimura, Y., Kishigami, S., Kubota, Y., Kurisu, S., Kuzmin, V., Kuznetsov, M., Kwon, Y. J., Lee, K. H., LeVon, R., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Lundquist, J. P., Machida, K., Matsumiya, H., Matsuyama, T., Matthews, J. N., Mayta, R., Mazich, J., Minamino, M., Mukai, K., Myers, I., Myers, P., Nagataki, S., Nakai, K., Nakamura, R., Nakamura, T., Nakamura, Y., Nakazawa, A., Nishio, E., Nonaka, T., OBrien, K., Oda, H., Ogio, S., Ohnishi, M., Ohoka, H., Oku, Y., Okuda, T., Omura, Y., Ono, M., Onogi, R., Oshima, A., Ozawa, S., Park, I. H., Potts, M., Pshirkov, M. S., Remington, J., Rodriguez, D. C., Rubtsov, G. I., Ryu, D., Sagawa, H., Sahara, R., Saito, Y., Sakaki, N., Sako, T., Sakurai, N., Sano, K., Sato, K., Seki, T., Sekino, K., Shah, P. D., Shibasaki, Y., Shibata, F., Shibata, N., Shibata, T., Shimodaira, H., Shin, B. K., Shin, H. S., Shinto, D., Smith, J. D., Sokolsky, P., Sone, N., Stokes, B. T., Stroman, T. A., Takagi, Y., Takahashi, Y., Takamura, M., Takeda, M., Takeishi, R., Taketa, A., Takita, M., Tameda, Y., Tanaka, H., Tanaka, K., Tanaka, M., Tanoue, Y., Thomas, S. B., Thomson, G. B., Tinyakov, P., Tkachev, I., Tokuno, H., Tomida, T., Troitsky, S., Tsuda, R., Tsunesada, Y., Uchihori, Y., Udo, S., Uehama, T., Urban, F., Wong, T., Yamamoto, M., Yamazaki, K., Yang, J., Yashiro, K., Yoshida, F., Yoshioka, Y., Zhezher, Y., and Zundel, Z.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract

We present the first observation by the Telescope Array Surface Detector (TASD) of the effect of thunderstorms on the development of cosmic ray single count rate intensity over a 700 km$^{2}$ area. Observations of variations in the secondary low-energy cosmic ray counting rate, using the TASD, allow us to study the electric field inside thunderstorms, on a large scale, as it progresses on top of the 700 km$^{2}$ detector, without dealing with the limitation of narrow exposure in time and space using balloons and aircraft detectors. In this work, variations in the cosmic ray intensity (single count rate) using the TASD, were studied and found to be on average at the $\sim(0.5-1)\%$ and up to 2\% level. These observations were found to be both in excess and in deficit. They were also found to be correlated with lightning in addition to thunderstorms. These variations lasted for tens of minutes; their footprint on the ground ranged from 6 to 24 km in diameter and moved in the same direction as the thunderstorm. With the use of simple electric field models inside the cloud and between cloud to ground, the observed variations in the cosmic ray single count rate were recreated using CORSIKA simulations. Depending on the electric field model used and the direction of the electric field in that model, the electric field magnitude that reproduces the observed low-energy cosmic ray single count rate variations was found to be approximately between 0.2-0.4 GV. This in turn allows us to get a reasonable insight on the electric field and its effect on cosmic ray air showers inside thunderstorms.

Published
2021
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30. Indications of a Cosmic Ray Source in the Perseus-Pisces Supercluster

Author

Telescope Array Collaboration, Abbasi, R. U., Abu-Zayyad, T., Allen, M., Arai, Y., Arimura, R., Barcikowski, E., Belz, J. W., Bergman, D. R., Blake, S. A., Buckland, I., Cady, R., Cheon, B. G., Chiba, J., Chikawa, M., Fujii, T., Fujisue, K., Fujita, K., Fujiwara, R., Fukushima, M., Fukushima, R., Furlich, G., Globus, N., Gonzalez, R., Hanlon, W., Hayashi, M., Hayashida, N., Hibino, K., Higuchi, R., Honda, K., Ikeda, D., Inadomi, T., Inoue, N., Ishii, T., Ito, H., Ivanov, D., Iwakura, H., Iwasaki, A., Jeong, H. M., Jeong, S., Jui, C. C. H., Kadota, K., Kakimoto, F., Kalashev, O., Kasahara, K., Kasami, S., Kawai, H., Kawakami, S., Kawana, S., Kawata, K., Kharuk, I., Kido, E., Kim, H. B., Kim, J. H., Kim, M. H., Kim, S. W., Kimura, Y., Kishigami, S., Kubota, Y., Kurisu, S., Kuzmin, V., Kuznetsov, M., Kwon, Y. J., Lee, K. H., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Lundquist, J. P., Machida, K., Matsumiya, H., Matsuyama, T., Matthews, J. N., Mayta, R., Minamino, M., Mukai, K., Myers, I., Nagataki, S., Nakai, K., Nakamura, R., Nakamura, T., Nakamura, Y., Nakazawa, A., Nishio, E., Nonaka, T., Oda, H., Ogio, S., Ohnishi, M., Ohoka, H., Oku, Y., Okuda, T., Omura, Y., Ono, M., Onogi, R., Oshima, A., Ozawa, S., Park, I. H., Potts, M., Pshirkov, M. S., Remington, J., Rodriguez, D. C., Rubtsov, G. I., Ryu, D., Sagawa, H., Sahara, R., Saito, Y., Sakaki, N., Sako, T., Sakurai, N., Sano, K., Sato, K., Seki, T., Sekino, K., Shah, P. D., Shibasaki, Y., Shibata, F., Shibata, N., Shibata, T., Shimodaira, H., Shin, B. K., Shin, H. S., Shinto, D., Smith, J. D., Sokolsky, P., Sone, N., Stokes, B. T., Stroman, T. A., Takagi, Y., Takahashi, Y., Takamura, M., Takeda, M., Takeishi, R., Taketa, A., Takita, M., Tameda, Y., Tanaka, H., Tanaka, K., Tanaka, M., Tanoue, Y., Thomas, S. B., Thomson, G. B., Tinyakov, P., Tkachev, I., Tokuno, H., Tomida, T., Troitsky, S., Tsuda, R., Tsunesada, Y., Uchihori, Y., Udo, S., Uehama, T., Urban, F., Wong, T., Yamamoto, M., Yamazaki, K., Yang, J., Yashiro, K., Yoshida, F., Yoshioka, Y., Zhezher, Y., and Zundel, Z.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

The Telescope Array Collaboration has observed an excess of events with $E \ge 10^{19.4} ~{\rm eV}$ in the data which is centered at (RA, dec) = ($19^\circ$, $35^\circ$). This is near the center of the Perseus-Pisces supercluster (PPSC). The PPSC is about $70 ~{\rm Mpc}$ distant and is the closest supercluster in the Northern Hemisphere (other than the Virgo supercluster of which we are a part). A Li-Ma oversampling analysis with $20^\circ$-radius circles indicates an excess in the arrival direction of events with a local significance of about 4 standard deviations. The probability of having such excess close to the PPSC by chance is estimated to be 3.5 standard deviations. This result indicates that a cosmic ray source likely exists in that supercluster., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, 1 table

Published
2021

34. The association of household food insecurity and HIV infection with common mental disorders among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients in Botswana

Author

Wang, Qiao, Dima, Mbatshi, Ho-Foster, Ari, Molebatsi, Keneilwe, Modongo, Chawangwa, Zetola, Nicola M, and Shin, Sanghyuk S

Subjects
Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Brain Disorders, Behavioral and Social Science, Depression, Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research, Mental Health, HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Rare Diseases, 2.3 Psychological, social and economic factors, Aetiology, Infection, Mental health, Good Health and Well Being, Zero Hunger, Botswana, Cross-Sectional Studies, Food Insecurity, Food Supply, HIV Infections, Humans, Mental Disorders, HIV infection, HIV, tuberculosis co-morbidity, Mental illness, Common mental disorders, Epidemic, HIV/tuberculosis co-morbidity, Medical and Health Sciences, Nutrition & Dietetics
Abstract

ObjectiveTo determine the association between food insecurity and HIV infection with depression and anxiety among new tuberculosis (TB) patients.DesignOur cross-sectional study assessed depression, anxiety and food insecurity with Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Zung Anxiety Self-Assessment Scale (ZUNG) and Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, respectively. Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to examine correlates of depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) and anxiety (ZUNG ≥ 36).SettingGaborone, Botswana.ParticipantsPatients who were newly diagnosed with TB.ResultsBetween January and December 2019, we enrolled 180 TB patients from primary health clinics in Botswana. Overall, 99 (55·0 %) were HIV positive, 47 (26·1 %), 85 (47·2 %) and 69 (38·5 %) indicated depression, anxiety and moderate to severe food insecurity, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, food insecurity was associated with a higher prevalence of depression (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) = 2·30; 95 % CI 1·40, 3·78) and anxiety (aPR = 1·41; 95 % CI 1·05, 1·91). Prevalence of depression and anxiety was similar between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected participants. Estimates remained comparable when restricted to HIV-infected participants.ConclusionsMental disorders may be affected by food insecurity among new TB patients, regardless of HIV status.

Published
2022

35. Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Pregnancy: A Case Series.

Author

Richley, Michael, Rao, Rashmi R, Afshar, Yalda, Mei, Jenny, Mok, Thalia, Vijayan, Tara, Weinstein, Stacey, Pham, Christine U, Madamba, Jason, Shin, Christina S, Suda, Deborah, and Han, Christina S

Subjects
Fetal Heart, Humans, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Drug Combinations, Retrospective Studies, Pregnancy, Female, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Overtreatment, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, Biodefense, Clinical Research, Lung, Infectious Diseases, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Prevention, Health Services, Vaccine Related, Biotechnology, Immunization, Pediatric, Pneumonia, Reproductive health and childbirth, Good Health and Well Being, Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine, Obstetrics & Reproductive Medicine
Abstract

ObjectiveTo describe outcomes associated with monoclonal antibody use in pregnant persons with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).MethodsWe present a retrospective case series of pregnant patients who received anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) monoclonal antibody infusions at a single center from April 1, 2021, through October 16, 2021. Pregnant patients who had a positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test result and mild-to-moderate COVID-19 symptoms were eligible for monoclonal antibody infusion. Exclusion criteria for administration included need for supplemental oxygen, hospitalization due to COVID-19, and positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test result more than 7 days before screening. All patients received either bamlanivimab plus etesevimab or casirivimab plus imdevimab based on availability and dosing instructions of the product and emerging resistance patterns in the community.ResultsDuring the study period, monoclonal antibody infusions were administered to 450 individuals at our institution, of whom 15 were pregnant. Of the 15 pregnant persons receiving monoclonal antibody, six (40%) had full-vaccination status at the time of infusion. Two individuals (13%, CI 0-31%) experienced systemic reactions during the infusion, both resulting in temporary changes in the fetal heart rate tracing that recovered with maternal and intrauterine resuscitative efforts. One patient delivered after infusion for worsening maternal and fetal status; the remainder of the patients did not require admission for COVID-19.ConclusionIn this case series, pregnant persons who received anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody infusions had generally favorable outcomes.

Published
2022

37. Plastic debris in lakes and reservoirs

Author

Nava, Veronica, Chandra, Sudeep, Aherne, Julian, Alfonso, María B., Antão-Geraldes, Ana M., Attermeyer, Katrin, Bao, Roberto, Bartrons, Mireia, Berger, Stella A., Biernaczyk, Marcin, Bissen, Raphael, Brookes, Justin D., Brown, David, Cañedo-Argüelles, Miguel, Canle, Moisés, Capelli, Camilla, Carballeira, Rafael, Cereijo, José Luis, Chawchai, Sakonvan, Christensen, Søren T., Christoffersen, Kirsten S., de Eyto, Elvira, Delgado, Jorge, Dornan, Tyler N., Doubek, Jonathan P., Dusaucy, Julia, Erina, Oxana, Ersoy, Zeynep, Feuchtmayr, Heidrun, Frezzotti, Maria Luce, Galafassi, Silvia, Gateuille, David, Gonçalves, Vitor, Grossart, Hans-Peter, Hamilton, David P., Harris, Ted D., Kangur, Külli, Kankılıç, Gökben Başaran, Kessler, Rebecca, Kiel, Christine, Krynak, Edward M., Leiva-Presa, Àngels, Lepori, Fabio, Matias, Miguel G., Matsuzaki, Shin-ichiro S., McElarney, Yvonne, Messyasz, Beata, Mitchell, Mark, Mlambo, Musa C., Motitsoe, Samuel N., Nandini, Sarma, Orlandi, Valentina, Owens, Caroline, Özkundakci, Deniz, Pinnow, Solvig, Pociecha, Agnieszka, Raposeiro, Pedro Miguel, Rõõm, Eva-Ingrid, Rotta, Federica, Salmaso, Nico, Sarma, S. S. S., Sartirana, Davide, Scordo, Facundo, Sibomana, Claver, Siewert, Daniel, Stepanowska, Katarzyna, Tavşanoğlu, Ülkü Nihan, Tereshina, Maria, Thompson, James, Tolotti, Monica, Valois, Amanda, Verburg, Piet, Welsh, Brittany, Wesolek, Brian, Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Wu, Naicheng, Zawisza, Edyta, Zink, Lauren, and Leoni, Barbara

Published
2023
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38. Correlates of depression and anxiety among homeless adults with latent tuberculosis infection

Author

Garfin, Dana Rose, Morisky, Donald, Shin, Sanghyuk S, Salem, Benissa, Yadav, Kartik, Deguzman, Regine, Harvey, Grace, Adams, Isaac, Halas, Katherine, Chang, Alicia, White, Kathryn, Wu, Jesse, and Nyamathi, Adeline M

Subjects
Psychology, Clinical and Health Psychology, Applied and Developmental Psychology, Brain Disorders, Behavioral and Social Science, Rare Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Homelessness, Mental Health, Depression, Prevention, Tuberculosis, Mental health, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Anxiety, Ill-Housed Persons, Humans, Latent Tuberculosis, community health psychology, depression, anxiety, mental illness, social support, substance abuse, tuberculosis, Curriculum and Pedagogy, Cognitive Sciences, Public Health, Applied and developmental psychology, Clinical and health psychology
Abstract

Homeless persons have disproportionate rates of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). LTBI treatment can prevent and reduce active tuberculosis spread. We examined associations between mental health, social support, and perceptions of general health in 50 LTBI-positive, homeless adults enrolled in LTBI treatment. Depression and anxiety prevalence were 40% and 48%, respectively. Depression was negatively associated with general health, positive social interaction, and tangible, emotional/informational, and total social support, and positively associated with severe substance use (ps

Published
2022

39. Using genetic data to identify transmission risk factors: Statistical assessment and application to tuberculosis transmission

Author

Goldstein, Isaac H, Bayer, Damon, Barilar, Ivan, Kizito, Balladiah, Matsiri, Ogopotse, Modongo, Chawangwa, Zetola, Nicola M, Niemann, Stefan, Minin, Volodymyr M, and Shin, Sanghyuk S

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Prevention, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, Rare Diseases, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, 2.5 Research design and methodologies (aetiology), Aetiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, Bayes Theorem, HIV Infections, Disease Outbreaks, Computer Simulation, Mathematical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Information and Computing Sciences, Bioinformatics
Abstract

Identifying host factors that influence infectious disease transmission is an important step toward developing interventions to reduce disease incidence. Recent advances in methods for reconstructing infectious disease transmission events using pathogen genomic and epidemiological data open the door for investigation of host factors that affect onward transmission. While most transmission reconstruction methods are designed to work with densely sampled outbreaks, these methods are making their way into surveillance studies, where the fraction of sampled cases with sequenced pathogens could be relatively low. Surveillance studies that use transmission event reconstruction then use the reconstructed events as response variables (i.e., infection source status of each sampled case) and use host characteristics as predictors (e.g., presence of HIV infection) in regression models. We use simulations to study estimation of the effect of a host factor on probability of being an infection source via this multi-step inferential procedure. Using TransPhylo-a widely-used method for Bayesian estimation of infectious disease transmission events-and logistic regression, we find that low sensitivity of identifying infection sources leads to dilution of the signal, biasing logistic regression coefficients toward zero. We show that increasing the proportion of sampled cases improves sensitivity and some, but not all properties of the logistic regression inference. Application of these approaches to real world data from a population-based TB study in Botswana fails to detect an association between HIV infection and probability of being a TB infection source. We conclude that application of a pipeline, where one first uses TransPhylo and sparsely sampled surveillance data to infer transmission events and then estimates effects of host characteristics on probabilities of these events, should be accompanied by a realistic simulation study to better understand biases stemming from imprecise transmission event inference.

Published
2022

40. On variants and vaccines: The effectiveness of Covid-19 monoclonal antibody therapy during two distinct periods in the pandemic.

Author

Srinivasan, Vinay, Weinstein, Stacey E, Bhimani, Azra, Clemons, Nathan C, Dinolfo, Melissa, Shin, Christina S, Grier, Jacqueline, Lopez, Antonio, Braggs, Jamia, Boucher, Joni, Batiste, Quanna N, Garner, Omai B, Yang, Shangxin, and Vijayan, Tara

Subjects
Humans, RNA, Viral, Vaccines, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Retrospective Studies, Pandemics, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Clinical Research, Biotechnology, Health Services, Biodefense, Immunization, Prevention, Vaccine Related, Good Health and Well Being, General Science & Technology
Abstract

BackgroundWhile Covid-19 monoclonal antibody therapies (Mab) have been available in the outpatient setting for over a year and a half, little is known about the impact of emerging variants and vaccinations on the effectiveness of Mab therapies. We sought to determine the effectiveness of Covid-19 Mab therapies during the first two waves of the pandemic in Los Angeles County and assess the impact of vaccines, variants, and other confounding factors.Methods and findingsWe retrospectively examined records for 2209 patients of with confirmed positive molecular SARS-CoV2 test either referred for outpatient Mab therapy or receiving Mab treatment in the emergency department (ED) between December 2020 and 2021. Our primary outcome was the combined 30-day incidence of ED visit, hospitalization, or death following the date of referral. Additionally, SARS-CoV2 isolates of hospitalized patients receiving Mabs were sequenced. The primary outcome was significantly reduced with combination therapy compared to bamlanivimab or no treatment (aHR 0·60; 95% CI ·37, ·99), with greater benefit in unvaccinated, moderate-to-high-risk patients (aHR ·39; 95% CI ·20, ·77). Significant associations with the primary outcome included history of lung disease (HR 7·13; 95% CI 5·12, 9·95), immunocompromised state (HR 6·59; 95% CI 2·91-14·94), and high social vulnerability (HR 2·29, 95% CI 1·56-3·36). Two predominant variants were noted during the period of observation: the Epsilon variant and the Delta variant.ConclusionsOnly select monoclonal antibody therapies significantly reduced ED visits, hospitalizations, and death due to COVID-19 during. Vaccination diminished effectiveness of Mabs. Variant data and vaccination status should be considered when assessing the benefit of novel COVID-19 treatments.

Published
2022

41. Surface detectors of the TAx4 experiment

Author

Telescope Array Collaboration, Abbasi, R. U., Abe, M., Abu-Zayyad, T., Allen, M., Arai, Y., Barcikowski, E., Belz, J. W., Bergman, D. R., Blake, S. A., Cady, R., Cheon, B. G., Chiba, J., Chikawa, M., Fujii, T., Fujisue, K., Fujita, K., Fujiwara, R., Fukushima, M., Fukushima, R., Furlich, G., Hanlon, W., Hayashi, M., Hayashida, N., Hibino, K., Higuchi, R., Honda, K., Ikeda, D., Inadomi, T., Inoue, N., Ishii, T., Ito, H., Ivanov, D., Iwakura, H., Jeong, H. M., Jeong, S., Jui, C. C. H., Kadota, K., Kakimoto, F., Kalashev, O., Kasahara, K., Kasami, S., Kawai, H., Kawakami, S., Kawana, S., Kawata, K., Kido, E., Kim, H. B., Kim, J. H., Kim, M. H., Kim, S. W., Kimura, Y., Kishigami, S., Kuzmin, V., Kuznetsov, M., Kwon, Y. J., Lee, K. H., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Lundquist, J. P., Machida, K., Matsumiya, H., Matsuyama, T., Matthews, J. N., Mayta, R., Minamino, M., Mukai, K., Myers, I., Nagataki, S., Nakai, K., Nakamura, R., Nakamura, T., Nakamura, Y., Nonaka, T., Oda, H., Ogio, S., Ohnishi, M., Ohoka, H., Oku, Y., Okuda, T., Omura, Y., Ono, M., Onogi, R., Oshima, A., Ozawa, S., Park, I. H., Pshirkov, M. S., Remington, J., Rodriguez, D. C., Rubtsov, G. I., Ryu, D., Sagawa, H., Sahara, R., Saito, Y., Sakaki, N., Sako, T., Sakurai, N., Sano, K., Sato, K., Seki, T., Sekino, K., Shah, P. D., Shibata, F., Shibata, N., Shibata, T., Shimodaira, H., Shin, B. K., Shin, H. S., Shinto, D., Smith, J. D., Sokolsky, P., Sone, N., Stokes, B. T., Stroman, T. A., Suzawa, T., Takagi, Y., Takahashi, Y., Takamura, M., Takeda, M., Takeishi, R., Taketa, A., Takita, M., Tameda, Y., Tanaka, H., Tanaka, K., Tanaka, M., Tanoue, Y., Thomas, S. B., Thomson, G. B., Tinyakov, P., Tkachev, I., Tokuno, H., Tomida, T., Troitsky, S., Tsuda, R., Tsunesada, Y., Uchihori, Y., Udo, S., Uehama, T., Urban, F., Wong, T., Yada, K., Yamamoto, M., Yamazaki, K., Yang, J., Yashiro, K., Yoshida, F., Zhezher, Y., and Zundel, Z.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

Telescope Array (TA) is the largest ultrahigh energy cosmic-ray (UHECR) observatory in the Northern Hemisphere. It explores the origin of UHECRs by measuring their energy spectrum, arrival-direction distribution, and mass composition using a surface detector (SD) array covering approximately 700 km$^2$ and fluorescence detector (FD) stations. TA has found evidence for a cluster of cosmic rays with energies greater than 57 EeV. In order to confirm this evidence with more data, it is necessary to increase the data collection rate.We have begun building an expansion of TA that we call TAx4. In this paper, we explain the motivation, design, technical features, and expected performance of the TAx4 SD. We also present TAx4's current status and examples of the data that have already been collected., Comment: 26 pages, 17 figures, submitted to Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A

Published
2021
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42. Effect of a Nurse-Led Community Health Worker Intervention on Latent Tuberculosis Medication Completion Among Homeless Adults.

Author

Nyamathi, Adeline, Salem, Benissa E, Shin, Sanghyuk S, Jones, Adrianna A, Garfin, Dana R, Yadav, Kartik, Chang, Alicia H, White, Kathryn, and Morisky, Donald

Subjects
Humans, Isoniazid, Pilot Projects, Nurse's Role, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Middle Aged, California, Female, Male, Patient Education as Topic, Medication Adherence, Latent Tuberculosis, Community Health Workers, Practice Patterns, Nurses', Ill-Housed Persons, Homelessness, Health Services, Tuberculosis, Depression, Clinical Research, Rare Diseases, Mental Health, Infectious Diseases, Behavioral and Social Science, Prevention, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, Mental health, Good Health and Well Being, Homeless Persons, LTBI medication, nurse-led community health worker, vulnerable population, Nursing
Abstract

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) disproportionately affects marginalized and impoverished homeless adults. Although active TB can be prevented by treating latent TB infection (LTBI), individual factors, such as high prevalence of depression and anxiety, drug and alcohol use, and unstable housing, lead to poor LTBI treatment adherence and completion among homeless adults.ObjectivesWe hypothesized that the delivery of a tailored nurse-led, community health worker (RN/CHW) program across the LTBI continuum of care (e.g., screening, diagnosis, and treatment) that delivers 3HP treatment (3HP: rifapentine plus isoniazid) for homeless adults (e.g., sheltered and unsheltered) and is tailored to their health and social service needs will overcome existing treatment completion barriers. We also hypothesized that mental health symptoms (e.g., depression and anxiety), drug use score, and problematic alcohol use will decline over time among clients receiving this treatment.MethodsWe assessed the effect of delivering a theoretically guided, RN/CHW-based, single-arm study among eligible LTBI-positive homeless adults (N = 50) on completion of a weekly, directly observed, 12-dose 3HP LTBI treatment in Central City East (Skid Row). Completing 3HP treatment was compared to the only known historical, clinic-based control that obtained 65% completion among homeless adults. Secondary outcomes included drug and alcohol use, depression, and anxiety.ResultsThe RN/CHW program achieved a 91.8% 3HP treatment completion rate among homeless adults. Younger homeless adults (

Published
2021

43. Vulvar cancer in Botswana in women with and without HIV infection: patterns of treatment and survival outcomes

Author

MacDuffie, Emily, Sakamuri, Sruthi, Luckett, Rebecca, Wang, Qiao, Bvochara-Nsingo, Memory, Monare, Barati, Bazzett-Matabele, Lisa, Moloi, Thabo, Ralefala, Tlotlo, Ramogola-Masire, Doreen, Shin, Sanghyuk S, Zetola, Nicola M, and Grover, Surbhi

Subjects
Reproductive Medicine, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Infectious Diseases, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Prevention, HIV/AIDS, Cancer, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Clinical Research, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Antiviral Agents, Botswana, Case-Control Studies, Coinfection, Female, HIV Infections, Humans, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Middle Aged, Papillomavirus Infections, Prospective Studies, Vulvar Neoplasms, vulvar neoplasms, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Clinical sciences, Oncology and carcinogenesis
Abstract

ObjectivesVulvar cancer is a rare gynecological malignancy. However, the incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated vulvar disease is increasing, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of HPV-associated vulvar cancer. We evaluated treatment patterns and survival outcomes in a cohort of vulvar cancer patients in Botswana. The primary objective of this study was to determine overall survival and the impact of treatment modality, stage, and HIV status on overall survival.MethodsWomen with vulvar cancer who presented to oncology care in Botswana from January 2015 through August 2019 were prospectively enrolled in this observational cohort study. Demographics, clinical characteristics, treatment, and survival data were collected. Factors associated with survival including age, HIV status, stage, and treatment were evaluated.ResultsOur cohort included 120 women with vulvar cancer. Median age was 42 (IQR 38-47) years. The majority of patients were living with HIV (89%, n=107) that was well-controlled on antiretroviral treatment. Among women with HIV, 54.2% (n=58) were early stage (FIGO stage I/II). In those without HIV, 46.2% (n=6) were early stage (stage I/II). Of the 95 (79%) patients who received treatment, 20.8% (n=25) received surgery, 67.5% (n=81) received radiation therapy, and 24.2% (n=29) received chemotherapy, either alone or in combination. Median follow-up time of all patients was 24.7 (IQR 14.2-39.1) months and 2- year overall survival for all patients was 74%. Multivariate analysis demonstrated improved survival for those who received surgery (HR 0.26; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.86) and poor survival was associated with advanced stage (HR 2.56; 95% CI 1.30 to 5.02). Survival was not associated with HIV status.ConclusionsThe majority of women with vulvar cancer in Botswana are young and living with HIV infection. Just under half of patients present with advanced stage, which was associated with worse survival. Improved survival was seen for those who received surgery.

Published
2021

44. Engaging the Community in Designing a Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Program for Adults Experiencing Homelessness

Author

Nyamathi, Adeline M, Wall, Sarah Akure, Yadav, Kartik, Shin, Sanghyuk S, Chang, Alicia, Arce, Nicholas, Cuellar, Helena, Fernando, Shannon, White, Kathryn, Gelberg, Lillian, and Salem, Benissa E

Subjects
Health Services and Systems, Social Work, Health Sciences, Human Society, Clinical Research, Liver Disease, Homelessness, Behavioral and Social Science, Infectious Diseases, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis, Hepatitis - C, Hepatitis, Digestive Diseases, Health Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Health Services, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Community Health Workers, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C, Ill-Housed Persons, Humans, Motivation, Hepatitis C Virus, homeless adults, designing an HCV treatment program in Los Angeles for homeless adults, qualitative community-based participatory design, Medical and Health Sciences, Studies in Human Society, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Nursing, Health sciences, Human society
Abstract

Despite the availability of cure for hepatitis C virus (HCV), people experiencing homelessness (PEH) are challenged with initiating and completing HCV treatment. The design of culturally sensitive HCV treatment programs is lacking. The objective was to employ community-based participatory research methods to understand perceptions of HCV-positive PEH, and providers, on the design and delivery of a culturally sensitive, nurse-led community health worker (RN/CHW) HCV initiation and completion program. Four focus group sessions were conducted with HCV-positive PEH (n = 30) as well as homeless service providers (HSP; n = 7) in Skid Row, Los Angeles. An iterative, thematic approach provided the themes of essentials of successful participant engagement and retention: Role of nurse-Led CHW in promoting: (a) tangible and emotional support; (b) cognitive and behavioral support; and (c) financial and structural resources. The goal of this study is to provide the groundwork for future research of HCV program design to support HCV cure among homeless populations.

Published
2021

47. Relationships of temperature and biodiversity with stability of natural aquatic food webs

Author

Qinghua Zhao, Paul J. Van den Brink, Chi Xu, Shaopeng Wang, Adam T. Clark, Canan Karakoç, George Sugihara, Claire E. Widdicombe, Angus Atkinson, Shin-ichiro S. Matsuzaki, Ryuichiro Shinohara, Shuiqing He, Yingying. X. G. Wang, and Frederik De Laender

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract Temperature and biodiversity changes occur in concert, but their joint effects on ecological stability of natural food webs are unknown. Here, we assess these relationships in 19 planktonic food webs. We estimate stability as structural stability (using the volume contraction rate) and temporal stability (using the temporal variation of species abundances). Warmer temperatures were associated with lower structural and temporal stability, while biodiversity had no consistent effects on either stability property. While species richness was associated with lower structural stability and higher temporal stability, Simpson diversity was associated with higher temporal stability. The responses of structural stability were linked to disproportionate contributions from two trophic groups (predators and consumers), while the responses of temporal stability were linked both to synchrony of all species within the food web and distinctive contributions from three trophic groups (predators, consumers, and producers). Our results suggest that, in natural ecosystems, warmer temperatures can erode ecosystem stability, while biodiversity changes may not have consistent effects.

Published
2023
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48. Observations of the Origin of Downward Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes

Author

Belz, J. W., Krehbiel, P. R., Remington, J., Stanley, M. A., Abbasi, R. U., LeVon, R., Rison, W., Rodeheffer, D., Collaboration, the Telescope Array Scientific, Abu-Zayyad, T., Allen, M., Barcikowski, E., Bergman, D. R., Blake, S. A., Byrne, M., Cady, R., Cheon, B. G., Chikawa, M., di Matteo, A., Fujii, T., Fujita, K., Fujiwara, R., Fukushima, M., Furlich, G., Hanlon, W., Hayashi, M., Hayashi, Y., Hayashida, N., Hibino, K., Honda, K., Ikeda, D., Inadomi, T., Inoue, N., Ishii, T., Ito, H., Ivanov, D., Iwakura, H., Jeong, H. M., Jeong, S., Jui, C. C. H., Kadota, K., Kakimoto, F., Kalashev, O., Kasahara, K., Kasami, S., Kawai, H., Kawakami, S., Kawata, K., Kido, E., Kim, H. B., Kim, J. H., Kuzmin, V., Kuznetsov, M., Kwon, Y. J., Lee, K. H., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Lundquist, J. P., Machida, K., Matsumiya, H., Matthews, J. N., Matuyama, T., Mayta, R., Minamino, M., Mukai, K., Myers, I., Nagataki, S., Nakai, K., Nakamura, R., Nakamura, T., Nakamura, Y., Nonaka, T., Oda, H., Ogio, S., Ohnishi, M., Ohoka, H., Oku, Y., Okuda, T., Omura, Y., Ono, M., Oshima, A., Ozawa, S., Park, I. H., Potts, M., Pshirkov, M. S., Rodriguez, D. C., Rubtsov, G., Ryu, D., Sagawa, H., Sahara, R., Saito, K., Saito, Y., Sakaki, N., Sako, T., Sakurai, N., Sano, K., Seki, T., Sekino, K., Shibata, F., Shibata, T., Shimodaira, H., Shin, B. K., Shin, H. S., Smith, J. D., Sokolsky, P., Sone, N., Stokes, B. T., Stroman, T. A., Takagi, Y., Takahashi, Y., Takeda, M., Takeishi, R., Taketa, A., Takita, M., Tameda, Y., Tanaka, K., Tanaka, M., Tanoue, Y., Thomas, S. B., Thomson, G. B., Tinyakov, P., Tkachev, I., Tokuno, H., Tomida, T., Troitsky, S., Tsunesada, Y., Uchihori, Y., Udo, S., Uehama, T., Urban, F., Wallace, M., Wong, T., Yamamoto, M., Yamaoka, H., Yamazaki, K., Yashiro, K., Yosei, M., Yoshii, H., Zhezher, Y., and Zundel, Z.

Subjects
Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

In this paper we report the first close, high-resolution observations of downward-directed terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) detected by the large-area Telescope Array cosmic ray observatory, obtained in conjunction with broadband VHF interferometer and fast electric field change measurements of the parent discharge. The results show that the TGFs occur during strong initial breakdown pulses (IBPs) in the first few milliseconds of negative cloud-to-ground and low-altitude intracloud flashes, and that the IBPs are produced by a newly-identified streamer-based discharge process called fast negative breakdown. The observations indicate the relativistic runaway electron avalanches (RREAs) responsible for producing the TGFs are initiated by embedded spark-like transient conducting events (TCEs) within the fast streamer system, and potentially also by individual fast streamers themselves. The TCEs are inferred to be the cause of impulsive sub-pulses that are characteristic features of classic IBP sferics. Additional development of the avalanches would be facilitated by the enhanced electric field ahead of the advancing front of the fast negative breakdown. In addition to showing the nature of IBPs and their enigmatic sub-pulses, the observations also provide a possible explanation for the unsolved question of how the streamer to leader transition occurs during the initial negative breakdown, namely as a result of strong currents flowing in the final stage of successive IBPs, extending backward through both the IBP itself and the negative streamer breakdown preceding the IBP., Comment: Typo fixed and reference added. Manuscript is 36 pages. Supplemental Information is 42 pages. This paper is to be published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. Online data repository: Open Science Framework DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/Z3XDA

Published
2020
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49. Search for Large-scale Anisotropy on Arrival Directions of Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Rays Observed with the Telescope Array Experiment

Author

Telescope Array Collaboration, Abbasi, R. U., Abe, M., Abu-Zayyad, T., Allen, M., Azuma, R., Barcikowski, E., Belz, J. W., Bergman, D. R., Blake, S. A., Cady, R., Cheon, B. G., Chiba, J., Chikawa, M., di Matteo, A., Fujii, T., Fujisue, K., Fujita, K., Fujiwara, R., Fukushima, M., Furlich, G., Hanlon, W., Hayashi, M., Hayashida, N., Hibino, K., Higuchi, R., Honda, K., Ikeda, D., Inadomi, T., Inoue, N., Ishii, T., Ishimori, R., Ito, H., Ivanov, D., Iwakura, H., Jeong, H. M., Jeong, S., Jui, C. C. H., Kadota, K., Kakimoto, F., Kalashev, O., Kasahara, K., Kasami, S., Kawai, H., Kawakami, S., Kawana, S., Kawata, K., Kido, E., Kim, H. B., Kim, J. H., Kim, M. H., Kim, S. W., Kishigami, S., Kuzmin, V., Kuznetsov, M., Kwon, Y. J., Lee, K. H., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Lundquist, J. P., Machida, K., Matsumiya, H., Matsuyama, T., Matthews, J. N., Mayta, R., Minamino, M., Mukai, K., Myers, I., Nagataki, S., Nakai, K., Nakamura, R., Nakamura, T., Nakamura, Y., Nonaka, T., Oda, H., Ogio, S., Ohnishi, M., Ohoka, H., Oku, Y., Okuda, T., Omura, Y., Ono, M., Onogi, R., Oshima, A., Ozawa, S., Park, I. H., Pshirkov, M. S., Remington, J., Rodriguez, D. C., Rubtsov, G., Ryu, D., Sagawa, H., Sahara, R., Saito, Y., Sakaki, N., Sako, T., Sakurai, N., Sano, K., Seki, T., Sekino, K., Shah, P. D., Shibata, F., Shibata, T., Shimodaira, H., Shin, B. K., Shin, H. S., Smith, J. D., Sokolsky, P., Sone, N., Stokes, B. T., Stroman, T. A., Suzawa, T., Takagi, Y., Takahashi, Y., Takamura, M., Takeda, M., Takeishi, R., Taketa, A., Takita, M., Tameda, Y., Tanaka, H., Tanaka, K., Tanaka, M., Tanoue, Y., Thomas, S. B., Thomson, G. B., Tinyakov, P., Tkachev, I., Tokuno, H., Tomida, T., Troitsky, S., Tsunesada, Y., Uchihori, Y., Udo, S., Uehama, T., Urban, F., Wong, T., Yada, K., Yamamoto, M., Yamazaki, K., Yang, J., Yashiro, K., Yosei, M., Zhezher, Y., and Zundel, Z.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

Motivated by the detection of a significant dipole structure in the arrival directions of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays above 8 EeV reported by the Pierre Auger Observatory (Auger), we search for a large-scale anisotropy using data collected with the surface detector array of the Telescope Array Experiment (TA). With 11 years of TA data, a dipole structure in a projection of the right ascension is fitted with an amplitude of 3.3+- 1.9% and a phase of 131 +- 33 degrees. The corresponding 99% confidence-level upper limit on the amplitude is 7.3%. At the current level of statistics, the fitted result is compatible with both an isotropic distribution and the dipole structure reported by Auger., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, Proofed title. Added journal reference and DOI

Published
2020
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50. Measurement of the Proton-Air Cross Section with Telescope Array's Black Rock Mesa and Long Ridge Fluorescence Detectors, and Surface Array in Hybrid Mode

Author

Abbasi, R. U., Abe, M., Abu-Zayyad, T., Allen, M., Azuma, R., Barcikowski, E., Belz, J. W., Bergman, D. R., Blake, S. A., Cady, R., Cheon, B. G., Chiba, J., Chikawa, M., di Matteo, A., Fujii, T., Fujisue, K., Fujita, K., Fujiwara, R., Fukushima, M., Furlich, G., Hanlon, W., Hayashi, M., Hayashida, N., Hibino, K., Higuchi, R., Honda, K., Ikeda, D., Inadomi, T., Inoue, N., Ishii, T., Ishimori, R., Ito, H., Ivanov, D., Iwakura, H., Jeong, H. M., Jeong, S., Jui, C. C. H., Kadota, K., Kakimoto, F., Kalashev, O., Kasahara, K., Kasami, S., Kawai, H., Kawakami, S., Kawana, S., Kawata, K., Kido, E., Kim, H. B., Kim, J. H., Kim, M. H., Kim, S. W., Kishigami, S., Kuzmin, V., Kuznetsov, M., Kwon, Y. J., Lee, K. H., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Lundquist, J. P., Machida, K., Matsumiya, H., Matsuyama, T., Matthews, J. N., Mayta, R., Minamino, M., Mukai, K., Myers, I., Nagataki, S., Nakai, K., Nakamura, R., Nakamura, T., Nakamura, Y., Nonaka, T., Oda, H., Ogio, S., Ohnishi, M., Ohoka, H., Oku, Y., Okuda, T., Omura, Y., Ono, M., Onogi, R., Oshima, A., Ozawa, S., Park, I. H., Pshirkov, M. S., Remington, J., Rodriguez, D. C., Rubtsov, G., Ryu, D., Sagawa, H., Sahara, R., Saito, Y., Sakaki, N., Sako, T., Sakurai, N., Sano, K., Seki, T., Sekino, K., Shah, P. D., Shibata, F., Shibata, T., Shimodaira, H., Shin, B. K., Shin, H. S., Smith, J. D., Sokolsky, P., Sone, N., Stokes, B. T., Stroman, T. A., Suzawa, T., Takagi, Y., Takahashi, Y., Takamura, M., Takeda, M., Takeishi, R., Taketa, A., Takita, M., Tameda, Y., Tanaka, H., Tanaka, K., Tanaka, M., Tanoue, Y., Thomas, S. B., Thomson, G. B., Tinyakov, P., Tkachev, I., Tokuno, H., Tomida, T., Troitsky, S., Tsunesada, Y., Uchihori, Y., Udo, S., Uehama, T., Urban, F., Wong, T., Yada, K., Yamamoto, M., Yamazaki, K., Yang, J., Yashiro, K., Yosei, M., Zhezher, Y., and Zundel, Z.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

Ultra high energy cosmic rays provide the highest known energy source in the universe to measure proton cross sections. Though conditions for collecting such data are less controlled than an accelerator environment, current generation cosmic ray observatories have large enough exposures to collect significant statistics for a reliable measurement for energies above what can be attained in the lab. Cosmic ray measurements of cross section use atmospheric calorimetry to measure depth of air shower maximum ($X_{\mathrm{max}}$), which is related to the primary particle's energy and mass. The tail of the $X_{\mathrm{max}}$ distribution is assumed to be dominated by showers generated by protons, allowing measurement of the inelastic proton-air cross section. In this work the proton-air inelastic cross section measurement, $\sigma^{\mathrm{inel}}_{\mathrm{p-air}}$, using data observed by Telescope Array's Black Rock Mesa and Long Ridge fluorescence detectors and surface detector array in hybrid mode is presented. $\sigma^{\mathrm{inel}}_{\mathrm{p-air}}$ is observed to be $520.1 \pm 35.8$[Stat.] $^{+25.0}_{-40}$[Sys.]~mb at $\sqrt{s} = 73$ TeV. The total proton-proton cross section is subsequently inferred from Glauber formalism and is found to be $\sigma^{\mathrm{tot}}_{\mathrm{pp}} = 139.4 ^{+23.4}_{-21.3}$ [Stat.]$ ^{+15.0}_{-24.0}$[Sys.]~mb.

Published
2020
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