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Understanding climate-driven impacts on the multivariate global wind-wave climate is paramount to effective offshore/coastal climate adaptation planning. However, the use of single-method ensembles and variations arising from different methodologies has resulted in unquantified uncertainty amongst existing global wave climate projections. Here, assessing the first coherent, community-driven, multi-method ensemble of global wave climate projections, we demonstrate widespread ocean regions with robust changes in annual mean significant wave height and mean wave period of 5–15% and shifts in mean wave direction of 5–15°, under a high-emission scenario. Approximately 50% of the world’s coastline is at risk from wave climate change, with ~40% revealing robust changes in at least two variables. Furthermore, we find that uncertainty in current projections is dominated by climate model-driven uncertainty, and that single-method modelling studies are unable to capture up to ~50% of the total associated uncertainty.

In this paper, in the interests of international debate, we introduce a Japan version of the GeoCapabilities project. In Japan, the current revision of the National Curriculum indicates that Geography will again become a compulsory subject in senior high schools. However, some unfavourable situations for the new compulsory subject still remain: such as the continuing shortage of geography specialist teachers. The GeoCapabilities approach can respond in new way to the situations facing Japanese geography education. The Japanese GeoCapabilities team was established in 2016, including teacher educators and teachers. Teachers themselves cooperate with teacher educators to create vignettes that involve "powerful disciplinary knowledge" (PDK). The project encourages teachers to embrace their role as the curriculum makers.

Live imaging of experimental animals is now possible thanks to recent technological advances that overcome the limitations of conventional histological analysis. In contrast to conventional histological microscopy techniques, this intravital approach can reveal previously unknown morphogenetic and functional processes in live tissues. In addition, this approach can capture real-time information on these processes, compared with conventional histological microscopy and other techniques that only provide snapshots in time. We used multi-photon laser-scanning microscopy (MPLSM) for in vivo real-time imaging of intra-abdominal organs, and investigated the intravital microscopic changes in various disease-model mice, referred to as ‘dynamic pathology’. For example, we used this technology to examine bacterial translocation in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, thrombus formation in laser-induced endothelial injury, neutrophil extracellular traps, the dynamics of circulating free DNA in a model of DSS-induced colitis, and to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the development and blood flow dynamics of the small intestinal microcirculation in a mouse model of necrotizing enterocolitis. This mini review summarizes the in vivo observation methods that we have developed to observe the dynamic pathology in various disease-model mice using MPLSM.

Coastal flood damage is primarily the result of extreme sea levels. Climate change is expected to drive an increase in these extremes. While proper estimation of changes in storm surges is essential to estimate changes in extreme sea levels, there remains low confidence in future trends of surge contribution to extreme sea levels. Alerting local populations of imminent extreme sea levels is also critical to protecting coastal populations. Both predicting and projecting extreme sea levels require reliable numerical prediction systems. The SurgeMIP (surge model intercomparison) community has been established to tackle such challenges. Efforts to intercompare storm surge prediction systems and coordinate the community's prediction and projection efforts are introduced. An overview of past and recent advances in storm surge science such as physical processes to consider and the recent development of global forecasting systems are briefly introduced. Selected historical events and drivers behind fast increasing service and knowledge requirements for emergency response to adaptation considerations are also discussed. The community's initial plans and recent progress are introduced. These include the establishment of an intercomparison project, the identification of research and development gaps, and the introduction of efforts to coordinate projections that span multiple climate scenarios.

There is no consensus as to how the extreme metamorphic conditions required to form granulites are attained, or how these rocks relate to crustal growth and differentiation processes. Studying young granulites offers two advantages: the tectonic setting is likely to be well constrained, and the ambiguities that result from overprinting by younger metamorphic events are potentially avoided. We report the first ion microprobe U-Pb (zircon) ages for orthopyroxene-bearing granulites, tonalites, and gabbros of the Cenozoic Hidaka metamorphic belt (Hokkaido, Japan) to clarify the magmatic-metamorphic connection in this area. The data support a two-stage evolution for this terrane, which is attributed to episodes of supra-subduction zone magmatism (late Eocene) and back-arc extension (early Miocene). We relate granulite facies metamorphism and garnet-orthopyroxene tonalite generation to mafic magma under-accretion and lithosphere thinning due to the opening of the Japan Sea at 19 Ma. The Hidaka granulites are thus among the youngest exposed granulites on Earth, and manifest the thermal response to continental growth. Keywords: Granulite, zircon, U-Pb dating, Hidaka metamorphic belt.

The effect of the Fe doping and the [110] poling on the optical and the photorefractive properties of the PZN-PT is investigated. The photorefractive properties were investigated by two-beam coupling experiments at a wavelength of 488 nm.