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Major depressive disorder (MDD) as a psychiatric illness negatively affects the behavior and daily life of the patients.Therefore, the early MDD diagnosis can help to cure the patients more efficiently and prevent adverse effects, although its unclear manifestations make the early diagnosis challenging. Nowadays, many studies have proposed automatic early MDD diagnosis methods based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. This study also presents an automated EEG-based MDD diagnosis framework based on Dictionary learning (DL) approaches and functional connectivity features. Firstly, a feature space of MDD and healthy control (HC) participants were constructed via functional connectivity features.Next, DL-based classification approaches such as Label Consistent K-SVD (LC-KSVD) and Correlation-based Label Consistent K-SVD (CLC-KSVD) methods, were utilized to perform the classification task. A public dataset was used, consisting of EEG signals from 34 MDD patients and 30 HC subjects, to evaluate the proposed method. To validate the proposed method, 10-fold cross-validation technique with 100 iterations was employed, providing accuracy (AC), sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), F1-score (F1), and false discovery rate (FDR) performance metrics. The results show that LC-KSVD2 and CLC-KSVD2 performed efficiently in classifying MDD and HC cases. The best classification performance was obtained by the LCKSVD2 method, with average AC of 99.0%, SE of 98.9%, SP of 99.2%, F1 of 99.0%, and FDR of 0.8%. According to the results, the proposed method provides an accurate performance and, therefore, it can be developed into a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) tool for automatic MDD diagnosis.

Background: Nowadays, some treatments such as neurofeedback and Vitamin D Supplementation are of great importance in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To determine the efficacy of the combined treatment, the present trial was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of each one of them with combined neurofeedback and vitamin D supplementation in the reduction of ADHD symptom in children suffering from this disorder. Methods: In this study from March 2020 to June 2020, we enrolled a total of 120 patients (6-15 years old) who were referred to the Mehr psychiatric hospital (affiliated to Lorestan University of Medical Sciences). Patients were then randomly categorized into three experimental groups and one control group. The first, the second, and the third experimental groups consumed vitamin D pearl, neurofeedback combined with vitamin D, and neurofeedback for 12 weeks, respectively. The control group was given no treatment. Vitamin D serum level was evaluated at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks in all participants. For data collection, the Parent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS-IV) was applied. The obtained information was analyzed using repeated measure variance analysis. Results: The mean scores were significantly different across the groups. Repeated measure variance analysis showed that the mean score was lower in the combined group in comparison with the other three groups (P

Background: It has long been suspected that exposure to stress is a major factor that can increase the risk of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and exacerbate it, as a stress-related disorder. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic-adrenal-medullar (SAM) system to acute social stress. Methods: A total of 46 MS patients and 23 age-sex-matched healthy controls were recruited in the study. The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) was used to induce acute psychosocial stress. We measured salivary cortisol (SC) to evaluate the HPA axis. In addition, electrocardiography (ECG) was recorded to evaluate the SAM system based on the linear and non-linear features of Heart Rate Variation (HRV). Then, SC and HRV were measured before and after the stress exposure. We also used the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) and Emotional Visual Analog Scale (EVAS) to conduct the psychometric assessment and evaluate the perceived stress level, respectively. Results: The mean age of the MS group was 35.38 ± 15 years, with a mean disease duration of 7.4 ± 60. Besides, the HC group's mean age was 35.8 ± 9 years. There were no significant differences in demographic features and DASS scores between the two groups. In response to TSST, both MS and healthy individuals showed a significant increase in the SC levels and EVAS scores, as well as changes in the HRV indices. Notably, significant differences were also found between the two groups regarding the basic and post-stress SC levels, EVAS score, and HRV indices. Unlike the HC group, the SC level returned to its baseline after recovery in the MS group, and the sympathetic tone was more sensitive. Conclusions: Our results indicated that both MS and healthy individuals respond to acute stress regarding neuroendocrine assessment; however, patients with multiple sclerosis show some impairments in this response.

Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent mental illness that is diagnosed through questionnaire-based approaches; however, these methods may not lead to an accurate diagnosis. In this regard, many studies have focused on using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and machine learning techniques to diagnose MDD. New method This paper proposes a machine learning framework for MDD diagnosis, which uses different types of EEG-derived features. The features are extracted using statistical, spectral, wavelet, functional connectivity, and nonlinear analysis methods. The sequential backward feature selection (SBFS) algorithm is also employed to perform feature selection. Various classifier models are utilized to select the best one for the proposed framework. Results The proposed method is validated with a public EEG dataset, including the EEG data of 34 MDD patients and 30 healthy subjects. The evaluation of the proposed framework is conducted using 10-fold cross-validation, providing the metrics such as accuracy (AC), sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), F1-score (F1), and false discovery rate (FDR). The best performance of the proposed method has provided an average AC of 99%, SE of 98.4%, SP of 99.6%, F1 of 98.9%, and FDR of 0.4% using the support vector machine with RBF kernel (RBFSVM) classifier. Comparison with existing methods The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms other approaches for MDD classification based on EEG signals. Conclusions According to the obtained results, a highly accurate MDD diagnosis would be provided using the proposed method, while it can be utilized to develop a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) tool for clinical purposes.

Stress is one of the most significant health problems in the 21st century, and should be dealt with due to the costs of primary and secondary cares of stress-associated psychological and psychiatric problems. In this study, the brain network states exposed to stress were monitored based on electroencephalography (EEG) measures extracted by complex network analysis. To this regard, 23 healthy male participants aged 18–28 were exposed to a stress test. EEG data and salivary cortisol level were recorded for three different conditions including before, right after, and 20 min after exposure to stress. Then, synchronization likelihood (SL) was calculated for the set of EEG data to construct complex networks, which are scale reduced datasets acquired from multi-channel signals. These networks with weighted connectivity matrices were constructed based on original EEG data and also by using four different waves of the recorded signals including δ, θ, α, and β. In addition to these networks with weighted connectivity, networks with binary connectivity matrices were also derived using threshold T. For each constructed network, four measures including transitivity, modularity, characteristic path length, and global efficiency were calculated. To select the sensitive optimal features from the set of the calculated measures, compensation distance evaluation technique (CDET) was applied. Finally, multi-class support vector machine (SVM) was trained in order to classify the brain network states. The results of testing the SVM models showed that the features based on the original EEG, α and β waves have got better performances in monitoring the brain network states.

Inhibitory GABAergic and excitatory glutamatergic neurons from multiple brain areas, send fibers to the hippocampal CA1 region. NMDA receptors have been identified as important compoents of the brain system underlying memory formation, which that through an increase in glutamate-mediated neurotransmission. Ketamine and other NMDA receptor antagonists produce deficits in cognitive tasks, including both spatial and non-spatial memory. In the current study, we tested whether the activation or inhibition of GABAA receptors in CA1 hippocampal of mice has an impact on ketamine (NMDA antagonist) induced spatial and non-spatial novelty detection deficits. Adult male mice weighing between 25–30 g were used. The open-field method was used to evaluate spatial and non-spatial memory information. Data obtained from the present study revealed that an intra-CA1 injection with a sub-threshold dose the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (0.0625 µg mouse) disrupted spatial memory but restored non-spatial memory induced by lower and higher doses of ketamine (0.05 and 0.01 mg/kg) respectively. Meanwhile, the co-administration of the intra-CA1 injection with a sub-threshold dose of muscimol (GABAA receptor agonist at 0.25 µg/mouse) and a lower dose of ketamine could only impair the ability of non-spatial change detection but could not alter spatial novelty. In conclusion, ketamine (which contributes to the impairment of memory trace stored in the hippocampus) may be generated from GABAA receptors of CA1 neurons and their blockade could prevent these effects.

Prostate cancer (CaP) imposes a great health burden on men, while its incidence has significantly increased in recent years. The screening program for CaP is still controversial and recent large trials have failed to present a significant reduction in prostate-specific mortality and all-cause mortality. An entire body of data obtained from worldwide studies conducted on CaP screening is required to better evaluate health policy decisions and patient decision-making. In current review, the clinical efficacy of screening programs on CaP was discussed in numerous parts of the world, such as in the US, Europe, and Asia, to provide an updated screening recommendation. Finally, we discuss about CaP screening status in Iran and update the screening recommendation in Iran. World J Oncol. 2018;9(1):5-12 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/wjon1082w

Chronic hyperglycemia causes oxidative stress in the liver and enhances the hepatic vulnerability to oxidative damage in diabetes mellitus. Since an excellent antioxidative stress property of fullerene C60 nanoparticles has been demonstrated in a wide range of in vitro and in vivo studies, we examined the effect of fullerene C60 nanoparticles on the oxidative stress markers in the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 8 for each group): normal, treated normal, diabetic, and treated diabetic groups. The rats were made diabetic by a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). Treated (normal and diabetic) rats received orally fullerene C60 nanoparticles (1 mg/kg/day) by a gavage tube for 8 weeks. At termination of the study, the oxidative stress parameters were determined in liver tissues, including malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as the content of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH). Treatment with fullerene C60 did not change blood glucose of normal and diabetic rats. Diabetes increased MDA levels and CAT activity but decreased GSH content in the liver. Fullerene C60 administration significantly decreased MDA levels and increased the activities of CAT and SOD as well as ameliorated the histopathological changes in the liver of diabetic rats. Taken together, the results of the present study indicated that fullerene C60 nanoparticles could decrease oxidative stress injury in the liver of diabetic rats likely through potentiation of the hepatic antioxidant capacity.

ObjectiveOxidative stress in diabetic mellitus is a consequence of oxidative stress, which plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic tissue damage. Receptors for advanced glycation end products and for oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDL) have critical contribution in oxidative tissue damage. The present study investigated whether anti-diabetic effects of Crocin via modulation of mRNA expression of RAGE and LOX-1 receptors in diabetic rats.MethodsIn the current study, high-fat cholesterol (HFC) and streptozotocin (40 mg/kg) used to induce type II diabetes. Experimental groups as follows: (Group 1: control); (Group 2: control treatment [Crocin]); (Group 3: DM [STZ]); (Group 4: DM treatment [STZ + Crocin]); (Group 5; DM + HFC [STZ + HFC]); (Group 6; DM + HFC treatment [STZ + HFC + Crocin]). Crocin (20 mg/kg/day, i.p.) administered in treatment groups for 60 days. Serum glucose and cholesterol levels evaluated on days 5, 30 and 60 after induction of DM. Pancreatic tissue from all group removed on day 60 for histological and RT-PCR analysis.ResultsApplication of Crocin significantly decreased serum cholesterol levels on day 60 after induction of DM in diabetic + HFC rats. Moreover, Crocin significantly decreased serum glucose levels on days 30 and 60 both in diabetic and diabetic + HFC rats. Crocin partially prevented the atrophic effects of STZ on both exocrine and endocrine parts of pancreas. Additionally, Crocin significantly decreased LOX-1 and RAGE mRNA expression OF pancreas in diabetic rats.ConclusionThe current study suggested that Crocin suppressed atrophic change of the pancreas by decrease of LOX-1 and RAGE mRNA expression in diabetic rats.

The aim of the present study was to examine the causal relationships between psychological and social factors, being independent variables and body image dissatisfaction plus symptoms of eating disorders as dependent variables through the mediation of social comparison and thin-ideal internalization. To conduct the study, 477 high-school students from Tehran were recruited by method of cluster sampling. Next, they filled out Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES), Physical Appearance Comparison Scale (PACS), Self-Concept Clarity Scale (SCCS), Appearance Perfectionism Scale (APS), Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) and Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-4). In the end, collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings showed that the assumed model perfectly fitted the data after modification and as a result, all the path-coefficients of latent variables (except for the path between self-esteem and thin-ideal internalization) were statistically significant (p

Background: Eating and body image disorders are 2 of the most debilitating clinical problems among female adolescents and young females. One of the strongest factors contributing to body dissatisfaction and eating pathology is social comparison. Objectives: The current study aimed at determining the relationship between perfectionism, self-concept clarity, and self-esteem and the share of prediction of each in social comparison. Methods: The current cross sectional study included all female high school students in Tehran in the 2014 - 2015 academic year. Of these, 477 females were selected by multistage cluster sampling. Results: The results of the correlation matrix was indicative of a significant negative relationship between self-esteem and selfconcept clarity with social comparison (P < 0.000). There was a significant positive relationship between perfectionism and social comparison (P < 0.000). The results of stepwise regression revealed that self-concept clarity predicted 17 of social comparison variance. By including the variables of perfectionism and self-esteem, the coefficients of determination increased significantly up to 24 and 26, respectively. Self-esteem and self-concept clarity were significant negative predictors (P < 0.000), while perfectionism was a significant positive predictor (P< 0.000) of social comparison. Beta coefficients indicated thatamongthe predictive variables, self-concept clarity, and self-esteem were able to predict social comparison more than perfectionism(beta = -0.28, beta = 0.27, and beta = -0.18, respectively). Conclusions: Targeting individual differences that make people vulnerable to social comparison not only contributes to understanding the development of eating problems and body image, but also has implications for prevention and treatment.

The purpose of present research was to investigate the prediction of alcohol oriented perceived educational styles. In a descriptive correlative study, 182 students studying in the University of Tehran were selected in the academic year of 2009 – 2010 using multistage cluster sampling to complete the questionnaires of perception of parental scale; POPS,(Grolink, 1997) and Risk Behaviors Questionnaire of the National Youth Organization of USA (2007). The data were analyzed using multiple regression and Pierson correlation method. The results show that there is a meaningful negative relation between the warmth of father and alcohol consumption. The best variables forecasting alcohol consumption is the warmth of father and involvement with mother, and 86% percent of the variance regarding alcohol consumption is explained by the warmth of father and involvement with mother.

The purpose of present research was to investigate the prediction of drug abuse oriented perceived educational styles.In a descriptive correlative study, 182 students studying in the University of Tehran were selected in the academic year of 2009 –2010 using multistage cluster sampling to complete the questionnaires of perception of parental scale; POPS, (Grolink, 1997) and Risk Behaviors Questionnaire of the National Youth Organization of USA (2007). The data were analyzed using multiple regression and Pierson correlation method. The results show that there is a meaningful negative relation between the warmth of father , support of mother and Drug Abuse and 86% percent of the variance regarding alcohol consumption is explained by the warmth of father and support of mother.

The purpose of the present research was to investigate relationship between dimensions of personality (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness & conscientiousness and sexual desire in females and males, sample includes 140 teachers (70 females & 70 males) that have been chosen via cluster multistage sampling method. Assessment instruments were the Five Factor Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992) and the Hulbert Index of Sexual Desire (1992). Data was analyzed by using independent t- test, Pearson correlation coefficient and Stepwise multiple regression, Finding demonstrated that there is significant relationship between sexual desire, extraversion, neuroticism and agreeableness in females and males. Sexual Desire had negative correlation with neuroticism, a positive correlation with extraversion. Stepwise regression analysis showed that only extraversion and neuroticism in two steps could explain 26% of variance, five factor model, sexual desire

The purpose of the present research was to investigate psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire on S.M.S usage types, which deals with the motivation, content and frequency of S.M.S communications carried out by Iranian teenagers. sample includes 585 teenagers, between 15 to 19 years that have been chosen via disposal sampling method a sample of 585 teenagers, between 15 to 19 years of age. Data was analyzed by using factorial analysis, kronbach alpha coefficient and the analysis of internal conformity. It was shown through factorial analysis that the first part of the questionnaire contain 4 factors. These are: eeconomical motivation, common motivation, sending information for assurance and avoid of face-to-face relationship. The second part of the questionnaire contains 3 factors which include uncommon content, gibe content and impersonal information content.according to the kronbach alpha, both parts give a validity of 0.58 to 0.85 to the questionnaire as well as an internal conformity of 0.73 to 0.83.

The purpose of the present research was to investigate the relationship between dimensions of short message service using and perceived social support in sample of university student. The sample group was included 287 students (210girls, 77 boys) that have been chosen via multistage random sampling method, and were studied. All participants were asked to complete the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS; Fleming, Baum, Gisriel and Gatchel, 1982) and Type of S.M.S using Assessment Questionnaire (TSAQ; Shayad, 2009). Data was analyzed by using canonical correlation. The result of the first canonical correlation showed that increase in economical motivation, sending information for assurance and decrease in uncommon content, improved perceived social support from family, friends, classmates, and general. The result of the second canonical correlation showed that decrease in common and gracious motivation as well as increase in uncommon content will decrease perceived social support from family and peers. Moreover the result of Pearson correlation coefficient of the third canonical correlation showed that increase in sending information for assurance, economical and common and gracious motivation, improved perceived social support from friends.

The purpose of the present research was to investigation of relation between attachment and perceived social support with life satisfaction in college students. The statistical community of this study was include all male and female students in Shahid beheshty University, who were enrolled in the2009-2010 academic year.The sample group were included 293 college student that have been chosen via multistage random sampling method, and were studied. assessment instruments were the, perceived social support scale (Fleming and et al,1982), Adult Attachment Questionnaire (AAQ) and life satisfaction(L.S). Data was analyzed by using structural equations model. Results indicated that the direct effect of attachment and perceived social support on life satisfaction was positive significant and direct effect of attachment on perceived social support is positive significant. Furthermore results showed indirect effect of attachment on life satisfaction was positive significant and total effect of perceived social support and attachment on life satisfaction was significant.

The purpose of the present research was to determine the effects of personality (type A&B) and the environment (virtual and face–to–face) over the speed of decision making. 106 students (71 girls and 35 boys) participated in this project. The participants initially an severed the Bortner personality type A&B questionnaires. 106 people in type A and type B were equally selected and divided in three personality groups of A (40 people) B (32 people) and a combination of AB (35 people) and then were replaced in two virtual and face –to –face environment. The examiners in each environment in a group of 2 people made decisions to reach a decision by the researcher were registered. Result of T test, one – way analysis of covariance and Enter regression analysis revealed that the environment and the personality can predict the changes in relation to the speed in making decisions. Also, there was not a significant difference in the speed of decisions making between the individuals with, A,B personality type.

The purpose of present research was to investigate the Prediction of suicide oriented perceived educational styles. In a descriptive correlative study, 182 students studying in the University of Tehran were selected in the academic year of 2009 – 2010 using multistage cluster sampling to complete the questionnaires of perception of parental scale; POPS,(Grolink, 1997) and Risk Behaviors Questionnaire of the National Youth Organization of USA (2007). The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and Stepwise regression method. The results show that there is significant relationship between suicide behaviors and micro scales of parent good friendship,while the good relationship of mother is optimal predictive variable for suicide actions,therefore a range of 0.083% of variances which connected to suicide actions inferred by good relationship of mother.

The purpose of the present research was to comparison of content, motivation and frequency of S.M.S Messages sent by boys versus girls. 288 high school students (125 girls and 138 boys) aged 14 to 18 participated in the study that have been chosen via cluster multistage sampling method and completed Type of SMS using Assessment Questionnaire (TSAQ; Shayad, 2010). Data was analyzed by using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANOVA). The results showed that there was a significant difference between boys and girls with regard to motivation, content and frequency of S.M.S messages. Girls send S.M.S more frequently than boys. In fact they send an average of 39 S.M.S a day versus 15 S.M.S sent of the average by a high school boy. Girls seek reassuring information while boys try to sending information for assurance and avoid of face-to-face relationship when they have recourse to S.M.S Boys also send more S.M.S with uncommon content, gibe content and impersonal information.

The purpose of the present research was to investigation of the relationship between religiosity and demography factors with narcotics abuse in university student. The statistical community of this study was including all male and female students in Tehran University, who were enrolled in the 1388-89 academic year. The sample group was included 182 college student that have been chosen via multistage random sampling method. Assessment instruments were the «Religiosity Scale, Bastami & Bahrami Ehsan, 2009 & «Risk Behaviors Questionnaire » (2007) ». Data was analyzed by using Pearson correlation coefficient and Stepwise multiple regression. Finding demonstrated that religiosity had a negative correlation with narcotics abuse .Stepwise regression analysis showed that gender and religiosity in two steps, could explain 0/146 and 0/088 of variance in alcohol and narcotic substances. In addition Stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that gender, religiosity and marriage could explain0/144 of variance to smoke.

The purpose of the present research was to investigation of relation between attachment style and motive, content and number of using S.M.S. statistical community of this research was all the students of Shahid Beheshty University. sample includes 295 students that have been chosen multistage random sampling method and completed Type of SMS using Assessment Questionnaire (TSAQ; Shayad, 2010) and Adult Attachment Questionnaire e (AAQ). Data was analyzed by using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANOVA) and the chi square test. The results showed that there is no significant relationship between motivation and content number of using S.M.S and attachment style. however, result demonstrated that there is significant relationship between a subject's frequency of S.M.S communications and his/ her attachment style. Those who sought safe bonds use S.M.S most frequently while those who sought to avoid attachment use it the least. On the whole, people who felt more secure use S.M.S more frequently than those who felt less secure.