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Shilpi Kushwaha received her PhD (2012) from the Maharaja Sayajirao University (MSU), Vadodara, and then worked as a Fulbright-Nehru Postdoctoral Research Fellow (PDF) at Arizona State University and as a Young Scientist (DST-YS) at the National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Pune. She is an assistant professor at the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) and a scientist at the Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI). Her current research is focused on materials (i.e., small molecules, polymers, self-assemblies, and nanomaterials) for molecular recognition, pollutant scavenging, and recovery. Ketan Patel received his PhD (2013) from MSU and later worked as a PDF at the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and as a DST-YS at CSIR-NCL, Pune. He is currently an assistant professor at AcSIR and a senior scientist at CSIR-CSMCRI. His ongoing research focuses on organic and inorganic polymeric and hybrid materials for catalysis and separation.

Nanostructured polymeric materials, functionalized with an appropriate receptor, have opened up newer possibilities for designing a reagent that shows analyte-specific recognition and efficient scavenging of an analyte that has either a detrimental influence on human physiology and environment or on its recovery for further value addition. Higher active surface area, morphological diversity, synthetic tunability for desired surface functionalization, and the ease of regeneration of a nanostructured material for further use have provided such materials with a distinct edge over conventional reagents. The use of a biodegradable polymeric backbone has an added significance owing to the recent concern over the impact of polymers on the environment. Functionalization of biodegradable sodium alginate with AENA (6.85% grafting) as the receptor functionality led to a unique open framework nanoring (NNRG) morphology with a favorable spatial orientation for specific recognition and efficient binding to uranyl ions (U) in an aqueous medium over a varied pH range. Nanoring morphology was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images. The nanoscale design maximizes the surface area for the molecular scavenger. A combination of all these features along with the reversible binding phenomenon has made NNRG a superior reagent for specific, efficient uptake of UO22+ species from an acidic (pH 3-4) solution and compares better than all existing UO22+-scavengers reported till date. This could be utilized for the recovery of uranyl species from a synthetic acidic effluent of the nuclear power. The results of the U uptake experiments reveal a maximum adsorption capacity of 268 mg of U per g of NNRG in a synthetic nuclear effluent. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies revealed a reductive complexation process and stabilization of U(IV)-species in adsorbed uranium species (U@NNRG).

In the present investigation, chitosan (CH) was supramolecularly cross-linked with thiobarbituric acid to form CT. CT was well characterized by UV, scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, Fourier transform infrared, NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction analyses, and its adsorption potential for elemental mercury (Hg0), inorganic mercury (Hg2+), and methyl mercury (CH3Hg+) was investigated. Adsorption experiments were conducted to optimize the parameters for removal of the mercury species under study, and the data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin adsorption isotherm models. CT was found to have high adsorption capacities of 1357.69, 2504.86, and 2475.38 mg/g for Hg0, Hg2+, and CH3Hg+, respectively. The adsorbent CT could be reused up to three cycles by eluting elemental mercury using 0.01 N thiourea, inorganic mercury using 0.01 N perchloric acid, and methyl mercury with 0.2 N NaCl.

In situ bioreduction of soluble hexavalent uranium U(VI) to insoluble U(IV) (as UO2 ) has been proposed as a means of preventing U migration in the groundwater. This work focuses on the bioreduction of U(VI) and precipitation of U(IV). It uses anaerobic batch reactors with Desulfovibrio vulgaris, a well-known sulfate, iron, and U(VI) reducer, growing on lactate as the electron donor, in the absence of sulfate, and with a 30-mM bicarbonate buffering. In the absence of sulfate, D. vulgaris reduced >90% of the total soluble U(VI) (1 mM) to form U(IV) solids that were characterized by X-ray diffraction and confirmed to be nano-crystalline uraninite with crystallite size 2.8 ± 0.2 nm. pH values between 6 and 10 had minimal impact on bacterial growth and end-product distribution, supporting that the mono-nuclear, and poly-nuclear forms of U(VI) were equally bioavailable as electron acceptors. Electron balances support that H2 transiently accumulated, but was ultimately oxidized via U(VI) respiration. Thus, D. vulgaris utilized H2 as the electron carrier to drive respiration of U(VI). Rapid lactate utilization and biomass growth occurred only when U(VI) respiration began to draw down the sink of H2 and relieve thermodynamic inhibition of fermentation.

A unique fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) process is found to be operational in a unilamellar lipid self-assembly in the aqueous phase. A newly synthesized naphthyl based long chain lipid derivative [N-(naphthalene-1-ylmethyl)tetradecane-1-ammonium chloride, 14NA+] forms various self-assembled architectures in the aqueous phase. Controlled changes in lipid concentration lead to a transition of the self-assemblies from micelles to vesicles to rods. In the presence of cucurbit[7]uril (CB7), 14NA+ forms a host–guest [2]pseudorotaxane complex (CB7∋14NA+) and secondary interactions lead to the formation of a lipid bilayer with hydrophobic pockets situated in between the layers. The change in the structure of 14NA+ assemblies, interaction with CB7 and formation of supramolecular assemblies of CB7∋14NA+ were examined using light scattering, spectroscopic, and microscopic techniques. Entrapment of a luminescent dye, anthracene within the hydrophobic bilayer of the supramolecular assembly CB7∋14NA+ fa...

Alternative bio-sorbents, prepared from cost effective pre-treatment of biomass have been used to remediate toxic heavy metals. Palm shell powder (PSP) and acid treated palm shell powder (APSP) provide an attractive approach for the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions and further use of the copper loaded adsorbents as catalysts. PSP was charred with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to oxidize ligno-cellulosic groups present in PSP, resulted in acid treated palm shell powder (APSP). Structure property relationship was explored with the help of sophisticated spectroscopic tools ( 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13 C NMR), X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy). Pretreatment lead to conversion of ligno-cellulosic content to more valuable and easily process-able polysaccharide content.APSP and PSP displayed a maximum adsorption capacity of 125 and 36 mg/g respectively for copper. Copper adsorption was found to be more in APSP due to presence of COOH groups which rendered the surface more hydrophilic and amenable to enhanced Cu 2+ sorption. Furthermore the adsorbents loaded with copper could be used as catalysts for oxidation of styrene. The developed adsorbents promise advantages such as low cost, high adsorption capacity, environmental friendliness as well as zero sludge.

Reagents that allows detection and monitoring of crucial biomarkers with luminescence ON response have significance in clinical diagnostics. A new coumarin derivative is reported here, which could be used for specific and efficient chemodosimetric detection of cysteine, an important biomarker. The probe is successfully used for studying the biochemical transformation of N-acetylcysteine, a commonly prescribed Cys supplement drug to Cys by aminoacylase-1 (ACY-1), an important and endogenous mammalian enzyme. The possibility of using this reagent for quantification of ACY-1 in blood serum samples is also explored. Nontoxic nature and cell membrane permeability are key features of this probe and are ideally suited for imaging intracellular Cys in normal and cancerous cell lines. Our studies have also revealed that this reagent could be utilized as a redox switch to monitor the hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress in living SW480 cell lines. Peroxide-mediated cysteine oxidation has a special significance for understanding the cellular-signaling events.

Palm shell powder (PSP) has been modified with formaldehyde (MPSP) to protonate the surface functional groups and to induce polymerization of the color imparting functionalities. The potential of MPSP for the removal of Cd2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ was studied. The process was investigated spectroscopically using FT-IR, XPS techniques and mechanistically using kinetic and sorption isotherm models to find out the mechanism involved in the sorption process. The maximum sorption capacity by MPSP was found to be 153.9, 45.3 and 60.2 mg/g for Cd2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+, respectively. EDTA was used for quantitative recovery of copper after sorption while HCl was used for Cd2+ and Hg2+. Multiple binding mechanisms involved in the sorption process, includes reduction, ion-exchange, complexation, coordination and micro-precipitation to different extents. However, spectroscopic studies revealed that ion exchange is the predominant mechanism during sorption of Cu2+ and Cd2+ while sorption of Hg2+ is accompanied by reduction mechanism.

In situ bioreduction of soluble hexavalent uranium U(VI) to insoluble U(IV) (as UO

In this study adsorbents based on palm shell powder as well as modified and activated palm shell powder were studied to analyze their behavior in sorbing U(6+) by both batch and fixed column modes. Seven different two-parameter isotherm models were applied to the experimental data to predict the sorption isotherms. The ΔG(0) values from Langmuir and thermodynamic calculations indicate physisorption as the major mechanism for adsorption of uranium. Usefulness of various kinetic models like pseudo first order, pseudo second order, intraparticle diffusion, Bangham, Elovich and Liquid film diffusion were tested. The adsorption capacities were found to be greater than 200 mg/g for all the adsorbents under study. The column data were fitted by Thomas, Yoon and Nelson as well as Wolborska models. The Thomas and Yoon and Nelson models were best to fit the breakthrough curves under the experimental conditions studied.

A number of industries currently produce varying organic pollutant-laden waste streams, which is a serious environmental prblem owing to their potential human toxicity. Amongst all the treatments proposed, adsorption is one of the more popular methods for the removal of pollutants from wastewater. In particular, considerable work has been carried out on the use of natural materials, nonconventional adsorbents, and their modifications. These natural materials and nonconventional materials in many instances are relatively cheap, abundant in supply, or thrown away as waste and have significant potential for modification that ultimately leads to enhancement of their adsorption capabilities. The authors review and evaluate literature dedicated to the preparation of adsorbents such as activated carbon and clays and their modifications/activation by recycling different types of waste materials and also to their application in organic pollutant containing aqueous-phase treatments. It should be noted that the repo...

Palm shell-based adsorbents prepared under five different thermochemical conditions and palm shell powder have been shown to be quite effective for removal of uranium from aqueous solutions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) have been used to determine information about the speciation and binding of uranium on the adsorbents under study. Studies indicate that the uranium which is present as uranyl ion in aqueous solution is present in mixed valence states (U(IV), U(V), and U(VI)) when it is bound to the adsorbents. The mechanism of adsorption is likely to be adsorption-coupled reduction as well as complexation. Adsorption of uranium, cesium, and iron was found to be quantitative in binary as well as ternary mixtures.

Palm shell based adsorbents prepared under five different thermochemical conditions have been shown to be quite effective for removal of chromium (III and VI) from aqueous solutions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) have been used to determine information about the speciation and binding of chromium on the adsorbents under study. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies indicate that oxidation of lignin moieties takes place concurrently to Cr(VI) reduction and leads to the formation of hydroxyl and carboxyl functions. The maximum adsorption capacity for hexavalent chromium was found to be about 313 mg/g in an acidic medium using PAPSP. This is comparable to other natural substrates and ordinary adsorbents. The efficacy of the adsorbents under study to remove chromium from plating waste water has been demonstrated.

In this study palm shell powder ( Borassus Flabellifer ) has been used for mercury removal. The surface properties of palm shell powder were examined by potentiometric titrations, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Diffraction and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the possible functional groups available for mercury binding were found to be carboxyl, ether, alcoholic and amino functional groups. Interestingly it has been observed that mercury was present on PSP as Hg 0 , Hg + and Hg 2+ . Kinetic, isotherm and column modeling studies reveal that complexation, ion exchange, and electrostatic interactions play a role in mercury adsorption on palm shell powder, but the relative predominance of each of these mechanisms varies with the pH of the medium. The isotherm thermodynamic parameters indicate the adsorption of mercury to be a spontaneous, exothermic process.

A series of adsorbents were obtained from palm shell (Borassus flabellifer) powder (PSP) which is an agro-waste. PSP was carbonized using sulphuric acid (APSP). APSP was subjected to the following modification procedures: activation to different temperatures (3AAC, 6AAC, 7AAC and 9AAC); activation with steam and persulfate (SAPSP and PAPSP) at 140 °C. Further the effect of modification of PSP, APSP, SAPSP and PAPSP using formaldehyde (MPSP, MAPSP, MSAPSP and MPAPSP) was also investigated. The materials were characterized using SEM, FTIR, TGA and XRD. N2 adsorption isotherms, DR equation and BJH methods were used to characterize the pore structure of the prepared carbons. The iodine value for APSP, SAPSP and PAPSP were found to be 342.5, 199.8, 299.7 mg/g respectively. They were also found to have large pores as well as chelating functional groups indicating their potential adsorption capacity. The carbon 9AAC was found to have high BET surface area of 834 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.4474 cm3/g with predominant micro-pores. Selectivity coefficients for different mixtures containing mercury, copper, zinc and cadmium have been determined for PSP, MPSP, APSP, SAPSP, PAPSP and 9AAC. Though PSP, APSP, SAPSP, PAPSP and MPSP did not have appreciable surface area, they showed encouraging results for adsorption of heavy metals indicating the potential use of palm shell as an economic precursor in the activated carbon preparation process.

a b s t r a c t The sorption behavior of glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan (G-Chitosan) and barbital-glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan (BG-Chitosan) was investigated for the sorption of Hg(II), CH3Hg(II) and C6H5Hg(II). The pHZpc values were found to be 7.5 and 7.9 for G-Chitosan and BG-Chitosan respectively. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of adsorption under different pH (1–10), temperature (30–70

We have investigated the adsorption behavior of two organophosphorus pesticides Monocrotophos and Chloropyrifos onto Acid-Treated Palm Shell Powder (APSP) prepared from palm shells (agro-waste). The effects of adsorbent dose, contact time, and concentration on adsorption were studied. The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were applied to the experimental equilibrium data. Monolayer adsorption capacities Qm for spectrophotometric ((52.63 and 51.098) mg·g−1 for Chloropyrifos and Monocrotophos, respectively) and for COD measurements ((14.25 and 11.57) mg·g−1 for Chloropyrifos and Monocrotophos, respectively), have been evaluated. The calculated thermodynamic parameters ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG prove that Monocrotophos adsorption on APSP was feasible, spontaneous, and exothermic under the examined conditions, while Chloropyrifos did not show any appreciable change with temperature. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models were used to describe the kinetic data and evaluati...

This study investigates the potential uses of palm shell, pretreated with sulfuric acid (APSP) for the adsorption of AOII, DSB, and AV7. The effects of different system variables like adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, and temperature were studied. Optimum pH values for all the three dyes were determined as 1.0. Equilibrium was achieved within 30 min. Langmuir I, II, III, IV and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms at different temperatures, and the langmuir model was found to agree very well with the experimental data. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 2180.05 mg/g, 1199.99 mg/g, and 243.9 mg/g for AOII, DSB, and AV7, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters such as change in free energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy (ΔS0) were also determined. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models were used to fit the experimental data. The pseudo-second-order equation was able to fit well and provide a realistic description...

Palm shell (Borassus Flabellifer), a ligno-cellulosic agrowaste is used as adsorbent for the removal of Hg(II). A series of experiments were conducted in a batch system to evaluate the effect of system variables. The optimal pH value of mercury(II) adsorption onto palm shell powder was found to be pH 3.0–7.0. The maximum uptake capacity was found 0.04425 mg/g. The pseudo second order rate equation was found to be the best fit for the kinetic data obtained. The equilibrium data were found to follow both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models with high coefficients of determination.

A series of adsorbents were prepared from palm shell powder (PSP) at different thermochemical conditions. APSP was prepared by treating PSP with H 2 SO 4 , PAPSP by further modification of APSP with K 2 S 2 O 8 at 150 °C and 9AAC by thermal activation of APSP at 900 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed similarity of functional groups in PSP, APSP and PAPSP, suggesting that functional groups are retained during chemical or physical treatment of PSP at 150 °C. A wide pH range (3–8) was found suitable for cadmium and zinc adsorption. The adsorption of Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ was found to be feasible, spontaneous, exothermic, and could be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model as well as by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 363.636 and 238.095 mg/g for Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ , respectively, using PAPSP. Desorption was achieved using HCl and EDTA for Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ , respectively.

Biomass – that is a new feather in your cap: palm shell powder was used as support for novel uranyl complexed cucurbit[5]uril oligomer to obtain a selective extractant for uranium. The key to the selectivity lies in the perfect environment of the two portals of cucurbit[5]uril for uranyl ion binding.

A novel fluorescent complex {(UO(2))(2)(CB5)}(NO(3))(4)·4HNO(3).3H(2)O (U2CB5) is obtained from cucurbit[5]uril (CB5) and uranyl nitrate under ambient temperature conditions. The crystal structure revealed that two uranyl ions are coordinated to the two open portals of CB5 giving a closed molecular capsule, which further connected through CB5 molecules to give two-dimensional frameworks. The U2CB5 complex was further investigated by NMR, FTIR and TGA techniques. The Fluorescence of uranyl ion was found to be enhanced due to complexation with cucurbituril.

Palm shell obtained from coastal part of southern India was studied for the removal for the adsorption of Hg (II) ions. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of pH, concentration of Hg (II) ions, time, temperature and adsorbent dose. Maximum removal was seen in the range pH 4.0- pH 7.0. The palm shell powder used as adsorbent was characterized for its surface area, SEM, PXRD, FTIR, ion exchange capacity, moisture content, and bulk density, soluble content in water and acid and pH. The experimental results were analyzed using Langmuir I, II, III, IV and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The batch sorption kinetics was studied for the first order reversible reaction, pseudo first order; pseudo second order reaction and the intra-particle diffusion reaction. 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