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Background: Trypanosoma cruzi and HIV coinfection can evolve with depression of cellular immunity and increased parasitemia. We applied quantitative PCR (qPCR) as a marker for preemptive antiparasitic treatment to avoid fatal Chagas disease reactivation and analyzed the outcome of treated cases. Methodology: This mixed cross-sectional and longitudinal study included 171 Chagas disease patients, 60 coinfected with HIV. Of these 60 patients, ten showed Chagas disease reactivation, confirmed by parasites identified in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or tissues, 12 exhibited high parasitemia without reactivation, and 38 had low parasitemia and no reactivation. Results: We showed, for the first time, the success of the timely introduction of benznidazole in the non-reactivated group with high levels of parasitemia detected by qPCR and the absence of parasites in reactivated cases with at least 58 days of benznidazole. All HIV+ patients with or without reactivation had a 4.0–5.1 higher chance of having parasitemia than HIV seronegative cases. A positive correlation was found between parasites and viral loads. Remarkably, treated T. cruzi/HIV-coinfected patients had 77.3% conversion from positive to negative parasitemia compared to 19.1% of untreated patients. Additionally, untreated patients showed ~13.6 times higher Odds Ratio of having positive parasitemia in the follow-up period compared with treated patients. Treated and untreated patients showed no differences regarding the evolution of Chagas disease. The main factors associated with all-cause mortality were higher parasitemia, lower CD4 counts/μL, higher viral load, and absence of antiretroviral therapy. Conclusion: We recommend qPCR prospective monitoring of T. cruzi parasitemia in HIV+ coinfected patients and point out the value of pre-emptive therapy for those with high parasitemia. In parallel, early antiretroviral therapy introduction is advisable, aiming at viral load control, immune response restoration, and increasing survival. We also suggest an early antiparasitic treatment for all coinfected patients, followed by effectiveness analysis alongside antiretroviral therapy. Author summary: Chagas disease, present on all continents, in HIV-infected patients with cellular immunodeficiency may lead to the multiplication of T. cruzi. Reactivation of Chagas disease is life-threatening, occurring in immunosuppressed patients and diagnosed by parasite detection in blood or tissues. Here, we employed the quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) to detect the increase of parasite copies in the blood and other biological fluids. Twelve HIV-coinfected patients with increased parasitemia without reactivation and ten patients with Chagas disease reactivation were selected for antiparasitic treatment and compared with 38 HIV-coinfected untreated patients with low parasitemia. Antiparasitic treatment changed positive parasitemia to negative in 77.3% of treated patients, with or without reactivation, whereas 19% of untreated cases changed from positive to negative parasitemia, after 92 and 76 months of follow-up, respectively. Two patients with reactivation died before ten days of treatment, suggesting that the diagnosis and treatment were quite late. We recommend parasitemia monitoring by qPCR and point out the value of antiparasitic treatment to coinfected T. cruzi/HIV patients with high levels of parasites in the blood, alongside early antiretroviral introduction. We also suggest early antiparasitic treatment for all coinfected patients and the analysis of the role of benznidazole in the reduction of parasitemia and control of Chagas disease evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chagas disease, endemic in Latin America and spreading globally due to emigration, has a significant health burden, particularly in relation to chagasic heart failure (HF). Chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCM) is characterized by chronic inflammatory myocardial disease. This study aimed to identify inflammatory parameters and biomarkers that could aid in the management of patients with chagasic HF. Methods and findings: A cohort study was conducted at a tertiary cardiology single-center over a mean follow-up period of 2.4 years. The study included patients with HF secondary to CCM enrolled between October 2013 and July 2017. Various clinical parameters, echocardiography findings, parasitemia status, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and troponin T (TnT) levels, and inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, adiponectin, and IFN-γ) were assessed. The study encompassed a cohort of 103 patients, with a median age of 53 years and 70% being male. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 28%, with 40% of patients classified as NYHA II functional class. The median BNP level was 291 pg/ml. The observed mortality rate during the study period was 38.8%. Predictors of lower survival were identified as elevated levels of BNP, TnT, reduced LVEF, and increased adiponectin (thresholds: BNP > 309 pg/ml, TnT > 27.5 ng/ml, LVEF < 25.5%, adiponectin > 38 μg/mL). Notably, there was no evidence indicating a relationship between parasitemia and the inflammatory parameters with lower survival in these patients, including INF-γ, IL-6, IL-10, IL12-(p70), and IL17a. Conclusion: Despite the presence of a chronic inflammatory process, the evaluated inflammatory biomarkers in this cohort were not predictive of survival in patients with chagasic HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, reduced LVEF, elevated BNP, adiponectin levels, and troponin T were identified as predictors of lower survival in these patients. Author summary: Chagas disease, affecting approximately 7 million individuals worldwide, leads to worse outcomes in patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCM) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) compared to other etiologies. The chronic inflammatory process associated with Chagas disease is thought to contribute to these adverse outcomes. Inflammatory biomarkers such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and angiotensin II are released due to hemodynamic stress in HF and are considered indicators of inflammation. The role of T. cruzi parasitemia in the progression of chagasic cardiomyopathy remains controversial. Additionally, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and cardiac troponin are essential biomarkers for assessing mechanical stress and myocardial injury, respectively, due to their prognostic value. However, studies correlating inflammatory biomarkers with prognosis in patients with CCM have yielded conflicting results. In this study, inflammatory biomarkers were not found to be predictors of survival in patients with HFrEF of chagasic etiology. Instead, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), elevated BNP, and TnT levels were identified as strong predictors of lower survival. This suggests that in patients with advanced chagasic heart failure, the role of inflammatory markers in predicting survival may be limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embora tenham ocorrido aprimoramentos no diagnóstico parasitológico da doença de Chagas crônica, a baixa sensibilidade dos exames indiretos é uma limitação para sua aplicação ao diagnóstico e controle pós-terapêutico. A reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) tem seu emprego restrito na rotina diagnóstica pela necessidade de infra-estrutura adequada, facilidade de contaminação e custo elevado. Paralelamente, a variabilidade de resultados pela PCR observados em diferentes regiões do Brasil suscita questões relativas à sua aplicação ao diagnóstico. Sua alta especificidade aponta para sua aplicação como método confirmatório no diagnóstico de pacientes com provas sorológicas duvidosas e como método auxiliar no controle pós-terapêutico da doença crônica em comparação às técnicas sorológicas e parasitológicas. O objetivo do trabalho foi discutir e comparar a aplicação dos métodos moleculares e parasitológicos indiretos no diagnóstico e controle pós-terapêutico da doença de Chagas crônica, com base na literatura publicada no período de 1954-2001.

We investigated the in vitro effects of two Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigens on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) from patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). MoDCs from patients with active or treated PCM and non-PCM subjects were generated, stimulated with TNF-α, and P. brasiliensis antigens, 43 kDa glycoprotein (gp43) and cell-free antigen (CFA), and analyzed by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Our data revealed that patients with PCM had a high frequency of HLA-DR+ cells, but the treated group had more CD86+ cells with increased IL-12p40. Patients with active PCM had more CD80+ moDCs, and as a novel finding, large amounts of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (CCL18) in the supernatants from their in vitro moDC cultures. Both gp43- and CFA-stimulated moDCs from the patients with PCM successfully reverted the in vitro antigen-specific anergy, inducing a proliferative response. However, CFA-stimulated moDCs led to higher lymphoproliferation, with increased IFN-γ and TNF-α in the cells from the patients with active PCM compared with gp43. These original results combined with constant IL-10 and increased IL-12p40 levels suggest that a more complex antigen, such as CFA, may be a better inducer of the protective Th1 immune response than purified gp43 is, and a suitable target for future studies on anti-P. brasiliensis dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the global COVID-19 pandemic advances, it increasingly impacts those vulnerable populations who already bear a heavy burden of neglected tropical disease. Chagas disease (CD), a neglected parasitic infection, is of particular concern because of its potential to cause cardiac, gastrointestinal, and other complications which could increase susceptibility to COVID-19. The over one million people worldwide with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy require special consideration because of COVID-19's potential impact on the heart, yet the pandemic also affects treatment provision to people with acute or chronic indeterminate CD. In this document, a follow-up to the WHF-IASC Roadmap on CD, we assess the implications of coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of CD. Based on the limited evidence available, we provide preliminary guidance for testing, treatment, and management of patients affected by both diseases, while highlighting emerging healthcare access challenges and future research needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]