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The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between leisure activities and an individual’s quality of life. Specifically, the study seeks to outline how engaging in leisure activities,...

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between attending arts and cultural activities and individual happiness. We classify arts and cultural activities into four categories according to their characteristics: visual arts, performing arts, movies, and sporting events. Our results show that arts and cultural activities have a positive relationship with individual happiness. More specifically, the coefficient for attending performing arts is the highest, and the fall in marginal utility of participation is the lowest for movies. In addition, the benefit from arts and cultural activities is greater in the low-income group than in the high-income group; however, visual arts activities are statistically significant in the high-income group. Through the interaction between household types and cultural activities, we find that the utility increments for performing arts and movies occur in the high-income group. Our results can provide insight for government organizations involved in the promotion of the arts and cultural activities.

This study examines the relationship between the cultural consumption pattern and an individual’s subjective well-being. We divide the consumption pattern of cultural activities by frequency, diversity, and inclusion and estimate the monetary value of the participation in culture and arts activities through the marginal rate of substitution. To reduce omitted variable bias, various factors are controlled for, such as basic demographics and satisfaction with personal relationship, class awareness, subjective income level, charitable donations and voluntary activities. The results show that the consumption of cultural activities can improve the individual’s subjective well-being, thus suggesting the use of cultural vouchers. Specifically, we find that the coefficients on frequency are positive and statistically significant, indicating that the cultural activities in Korea have a positive relationship with an individuals’ subjective well-being. Our research provides insight to the government organizations involved in the promotion of leisure policies.

This article tests whether the labor supply behavior for Korean artists holding multiple jobs is consistent with the prediction of the work-preference model suggested by Throsby. Specifically, we b...

콘텐츠산업은 고도의 기술력과 창의성을 기반으로 하여 고부가가치 산업으로 인식되고 있으며 선진국들의 경제에서도 큰 비중을 차지하고 있다. 또한 콘텐츠산업은 경제성을 넘어 인간의 라이프생활을 바꾸는 등 다양한 방면에서 중요성이 부각됨에 따라 높은 관심을 받고 있다. 본 연구는 EC에서 제공하는 국가별 산업연관표와 세계산업연관표를 바탕으로 한·미·일의 콘텐츠산업에 대한 경제적 파급효과를 비교분석하였다. 연구결과, 미국과 일본의 콘텐츠 생산에 있어 한국의 중간재투입비중은 시간이 지날수록 점차 증가하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 한국의 콘텐츠산업은 미국과 일본보다 높은 생산유발효과를 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났지만 부가가치유발효과는 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 부가가치유발효과가 낮게 나타나는 것은 수입의 비중이 높아 부가가치가 해외로 유출되는 것을 의미한다. 이와 같은 현상은 장기적인 관점에서 봤을 때 국내 콘텐츠산업의 성장을 저조하게 만드는 원인이 될 수 있으므로 생산성 유출현상을 감소시키기 위한 국내 콘텐츠산업의 기술력 향상과 인력개발에 대한 대책이 절실히 요구된다.

Using the five available waves of the Wage Structure Survey data, this study employs quantile decomposition to investigate the existence of a glass ceiling among Korean professionals. The decomposition results for all professional workers show an inverse U-shape, which implies no evidence of a glass ceiling. However, we find a monotonically increasing pattern for arts and culture professionals, indicating strong evidence of a glass ceiling on their labour market. This result implies that, as the wage quantile moves from lower to higher levels, female professionals in arts and culture jobs face significant barriers to career advancement. This analysis supports the recent assertion of UNESCO that gender equality in culture is not immune to inequalities and discrimination.

본 연구는 산업과 직업 관점에서 유리천장 현상이 우리나라 노동시장에 존재하는지를 분위회귀분해를 통하여 분석하고 그 원인을 파악하여 성별임금격차 해소를 위한 정책방안을 제시하고자 한다. 특정 산업이나 직업에 성별분리 현상이 존재할 수 있는 점을 감안하여 대분류 18개 산업과 9개 직업별로 나누어 분위회귀분해를 하였고, 또한 지역 및 학력수준 간에 비교분석을 통해 보다 세밀한 분석을 하였다. 주요결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전체근로자 대상으로 우리나라 성별임금격차는 개인특성 및 생산성의 차이보다 차별적 요소로 인해 더욱 발생함을 보였다. 임금분위별로 살펴보면 역U자 형태를 띠어 전반적으로 유리천장현상이 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 지역간 분석에서 수도권과 비수도권 모두 유리천장 현상이 발견되지 않았고, 학력수준간 분석에서는 고학력 근로자인 경우에 두 지역 모두 유리천장 현상이 보이지 않았으나 저학력 근로자의 경우에는 두 지역 모두 심한 유리천장 현상을 보였다. 특히 비수도권 저학력 근로자에게 더 심하게 나타났다. 마지막으로 산업 및 직업별 분석에 의하면, 우리나라 유리천장 현상은 고용성비가 혼합적이고 고숙련을 요구하는 산업이나 직업보다는 남성비중이 높거나 남성위주의 문화(old boy networks)가 팽배하고 저임금, 저숙련으로 여성진출이 용이한 산업이나 직업에서 심각하게 나타났다.

(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)1. INTRODUCTIONNowadays, many scholars assert that cultural industries play an increasingly important role in development and evolution of an economy. In Korea, cultural industries are recently receiving the attention as a new economic growth engine. Due to current enthusiasm for Korean television, K-pop such as Gangnam Style, so called 'Hanryu', i.e., Korean wave throughout the world, Korean cultural industries sales have increased. The exports amount in cultural industries increased by $312 million from 2012 to 2013, which is a growth rate of 6.8%, and the annual average export growth rate was 17.2% from 2009 to 2013.Figure 1. presents the average budget share of each expenditure for Korean households from 2005 to 2013. As shown in Figure 1, the expenditure shares of education, transportation, restaurants, and hotels tend to reduce or be stagnant, while the expenditure shares of health, communication, entertainment and culture tend to rise. The budget share of households for entertainment and culture has been consistently increasing from 4.7% to 5.9% and the annual average budget growth rate was 3.6% from 2005 to 2013.Although the global market size of cultural industries in Korea is the world's 8th largest with $48billion, the absolute size is far behind other developed countries (Korea Creative Content Agency 2014). Domestically, the small market size of Korean cultural industries may be the biggest obstacle to continuing market expansion, because most of the sales in cultural industries rely heavily on the domestic market. Nevertheless, along with a recent rise in exports and household expenditures in the arts and culture sector, the Korean government has crafted supporting policies on cultural industries. According to Ringstad and L0yland (2011), policy enforcement without the exact information about cultural supply and demand can lack efficiency and validity and thus do not appraise them accurately. Many overseas researchers have been focused on the demand-side studies. In Korea, even demand-side studies have not been conducted. Thus the purpose of this paper is to investigate the demand for cultural services domestically, based on Korean household survey data.Previous demand-side research for cultural industries have focused on the determinants of individual demand in specific industries; e.g. cinema, literature, media, performing arts, etc. Most of the related studies were focused on the socio-demographic characteristics and cultural capital accumulation as the determinant factors of product demand in a specific cultural industry (Ateca-Amestoy 2008; Borgonovi 2004; Montgomery and Robinson 2006; Muniz et al. 2014; Pawlowski and Breuer 2012; Seaman 2006). These studies did not consider relationships between consumption expenditure items, since they used a single equation model. Hence, these studies are somewhat inadequate to create a complete demand system in the cultural industries. In order to overcome these shortcomings, we use a QUAIDS (Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System) model which is a simultaneous demand system used in the previous studies (Lee and Lee 2012; Lee and Choi 2011; Prieto-Rodriguez 2005). However, these studies do not account for the socio-demographic factors which can have a significant impact on the household demand for cultural services. If the chosen model does not include socio-demographic characteristics in the simultaneous demand system, omitted variable bias problems can occur (Cameron and Trivedi 2005; Ringstad and L0yland 2009, 2011). Accordingly, socio-demographic features of households are included in the QUAIDS model.We used three categories of cultural services used in our analysis: SR (Sports and Recreation), CEP (Cinema, Exhibition and Performing arts), and BC (Broadcasting and Contents). With the rapid growth of new media in Korea, the proportion of broadcasting and online/mobile content has increased considerably. …

Recently the arts and cultural sector is drawing attention as a new growth engine of the Korean economy. The paper is empirically analyzed on the gender wage differentials in the arts and cultural sector and specially focused on decomposing the wage differentials between the manufacturing sector and the arts and cultural sector. Our results may be partly useful for explaining the existing phenomenon of the arts and cultural sector in Korean labor markets, for example, young, highly educated, part-time contracts, less gender discrimination, etc. The results might provide somehow the policy directions of reducing the gender wage differentials. Key Words : Cultural Industries, Cultural Occupation, Gender Wage Differentials, Wage Decomposition 본 논문은 2010년 중앙대학교 학술연구비지원에 의한 것임. * 교신저자 : 허 식(shikheo@cau.ac.kr)접수일 10년 09월 30일 수정일 10년 11월 03일 게재확정일 10년 11월 19일 1. 서 론 한 유망산업을 육성·발전시키기 위해서는 다양하고 체계적인 분석을 바탕으로 실효성 있는 정책적 제언이 마련되어야 한다. 이런 측면에서 다른 주요산업과 비교해 보면 문화산업(cultural industries)은 아직 상당히 부족한 상태이다. 그동안 문화산업에 관련된 기존 연구들은 생산, 매출, 업체수 등 상품시장 측면의 양적 연구에만 집중되어 왔고 , 문화산업의 특징상 예술성, 창의성 및 전문성을 요구하는 인력에 관한 노동시장 측면의 분석은 매우 부족하다 . 본 연구는 문화예술분야에서 나타나는 여러 가지 고용특성 중 하나인 성별임금격차(gender wage differentials)의 원인

A thin film of hafnium dioxide (HfO2) was formed on the surface of Si(100) by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using Hf(O-iPr)4 (Hf(OCH(CH3)2)4, hafnium tetrakis-iso-propoxide) as an Hf source and O2 as an oxidant. The temperature window of the process was 250–350 °C, which is about 100 °C lower than that of a process using Hf(O-tBu)4 as a source. This result was in accordance with the decomposition characteristics of the Hf precursor, as investigated by the temperature-programmed decomposition of the compound in an ultra-high vacuum and by thermogravimetric analysis in air. The thickness of a film deposited under the above conditions increased in proportion to the ALD cycles, indicating that the film-growth rate per cycle remained nearly constant during the process. The deposited film consisted of a monoclinic crystal phase included in an amorphous matrix, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The film showed an equivalent-oxide thickness (EOT) of 2.1 nm and a leakage current density of 8.9 × 10− 6 A/cm2 at − 1 V. The leakage current was three orders of magnitude lower than that of SiO2 with the same EOT.

The growth of an interlayer between TiO 2 and Si(100) during the cyclic CVD of TiO 2 is investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The interlayer, the thickness of which was estimated to be 21 A at 300°C and 26 A at 400°C, can be divided into two distinct regions, i.e., an SiO x layer, which grows during the initial four deposition cycles, and TiSiO x , which grows in the subsequent four and ten deposition cycles. A TiO 2 layer then grows during the following deposition cycles (> 10 cycles), but a sharp boundary is observed between TiO 2 and the interlayer. Based on the HRTEM images, the two layers are seen to be distinct and not mixed. SiO x , which is formed on Si(100) during the initial four deposition cycles, promotes the decomposition of the Ti precursor, so the Ti concentration in the interlayer that is formed after the initial four cycles increases at a higher rate than that in the layer formed during the initial cycles. In this study, the thickness of the interlayer could be kept to less than 14 A by reducing the amounts of O 2 used in each cycle.

Strontium titanate (Sr x Ti y O z ) thin films were prepared by a chemical vapor deposition method using gaseous compounds, obtained by vaporizing a solid mixture of Sr(dpm)2 and Ti(O-iPr)2(dpm)2 in one step, as the metal sources. The compositions of the films changed in proportion to the ratio of the precursors in the solid mixture, which is contrary to the case of films obtained from a mixture of individual precursor vapors. In the latter case, the film composition was not proportional to the mixing ratio of the precursors. The strontium titanate concentration in the film was changed by the deposition temperature even when the Sr/Ti ratio of the feed was fixed, i.e., the Sr/Ti ratio in the film decreased at high temperatures. An SrTiO3 film, with an Sr/Ti ratio of 1/1, was obtained at 450 ‡C by using vapors from a solid mixture containing the metal precursors at a Sr/Ti of 1/1. The temperature, 450 ‡C in this case, was lower than that for producing the same film composition by a liquid injection method, 550 ‡C. The decomposition of the Ti and Sr precursors included in the solid mixture and possible reactions between them at elevated temperatures were investigated by thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and mass spectrometry. When the solid mixture was heated, the Sr-O bond, that connected Sr to the dpm ligand, was dissociated at temperatures lower than 100 ‡C and the isopropoxide ligand of the Ti precursor was dissociated from the Ti atom at temperatures below 150 ‡C. At 162 ‡C, Ti(O-iPr)2(dpm)2 melted, forming an oligomer by reaction with surrounding Ti and Sr precursors. This reaction was confirmed by the presence of a mass peak at m/e=585, corresponding to a hetero-metallic compound containing Sr and Ti. The hetero-metallic compound vaporized at temperatures below 200 ‡C and eventually participated in the formation of a SrTiO3 film.

The equilibrium concentrations of the chemical species in a Ba-Sr-Ti-C-H-O system, corresponding to a liquid source chemical vapor deposition (LSCVD) process used in the preparation of barium strontium titanium oxide (BST) films, were determined by thermodynamic calculations. Ba(dipivaloylmethanato)2, Sr(dipivaloylmethanato)2, and Ti(tetra-isopropoxide) were assumed as the metal sources, and tetrahydrofuran (THF) and O2 as the solvent and oxidant, respectively. An increase in the amounts of THF, a major source of graphite production, significantly increases the equilibrium concentrations of metal oxides and carbonates in the system. On the other hand, an increase in the O2 content decreases the graphite content and increases the amount of carbonates. Based on these results, the conditions for an LSCVD process that produces minimum amounts of carbon impurities in a BST film were identified as a function of the process temperature and the O2/THF ratio. The results of the equilibrium calculations are in reasonable agreement with experimental data, which indicates that the results can be used as a basis for identifying LSCVD conditions needed to prepare BST films with defined compositions.

This paper examines how a link between efficiency wages and price indexation can arise in a simple nominal wage contracting model. We show that, the more elastic the worker¡¯s effort is with respect to real wages, the looser the optimal linkage of nominal wages is to the price level. This is simply because, as the worker¡¯s effort becomes more sensitive to real wages, the output-stabilizing indexing scheme has to make nominal wages less dependent on the price level, thereby delegating firms more flexibility for adjusting the output level. As long as efficiency wages as an incentive device work well in the economy, our result may help explain the recent decline in the share of U.S. union contracts adjusting to a cost of living index.

We have investigated the thermal decomposition behavior of Ba(DPM)2 using thermogravimetry (TG), mass spectrometry (MS), ultraviolet (UV) absorption and in-situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. FTIR has been used particularly for direct monitoring of the bond dissociation order in the metal complex by thermal treatment in either N2 or O2. TG analysis shows that the ambient gas has a significant effect on the weight loss patterns of Ba(DPM)2. The chemical bonds of Ba(DPM)2 begin to decompose at low temperatures below 50 °C and are sequentially dissociated when the temperature is raised. The C-C(CH3)3 and the Ba-O bonds are decomposed most easily at low temperatures, followed by the C-H bond, but the stable C-C and C-O bonds do not dissociate until the total complex is gasified. The decomposition sequence of the chemical bonds in Ba(DPM)2 is similar to that of Sr(DPM)2 but differs from that of Ti(O-iPr)2(DPM)2 which is decomposed in the sequence of C(CH3)3 > C-H and C-O > Ti-O. The major difference in the decomposition sequence between Ba and Ti complexes can be seen to derive from the intrinsic character of the individual metal-oxygen bond as observed by UV spectroscopy.

We have investigated the degradation mechanism of Ba(DPM)2, which has been stored in a desiccator for extended periods using thermogravimetry, FTIR and mass spectroscopy TG analysis shows that the aged sample loses the initial weight significantly at relatively low temperatures, the rate of weight loss decreases above 380 °C, and large amounts of residue remain at 550 °C FTIR and mass spectroscopy show that Ba(DPM)2 is easily attacked by CO2 and H2O in air, which results in the dissociation of chemical bonds between the Ba ion and the ligand at low temperatures This eventually enhances the oligomerization of Ba(DPM)2 and the formation of carbonates that exhibit low volatility and unstable thermal properties

The thermal decomposition behavior of Ti(O-iPr) 2 (DPM) 2 has been studied using thermogravimetry and infrared and mass spectroscopy. Particularly, dissociation of the chemical bonds in the complex ligand have been monitored from the IR spectra of the complex while the sample was heated. Ti(O-iPr) 2 (DPM) 2 is relatively stable, shows no weight loss at 150°C. and degrades only slightly after storage for a year. The thermogravimetric pattern of the complex is unaffected by ambient gases. The chemical bonds in the complex ligand dissociate sequentially at elevated temperatures. The C-C(CH 3 ) 3 bond dissociates most easily, then the C-O bond and the C-C bond. The O-Ti-O bond is stable up to the gasification temperature of the complex. Removal of the bulky tert-butyl group from the ligand and dissociation of the C-O bond to allow the ligand ring to open reduce the steric hindrance by the ligands, which eventually leads to the oligomerization of the complex. The complex oligomerizes at 110°C as confirmed by mass spectroscopy.

The root cause and an approach to lifetime expectation of bi-modal distribution in Cu/low-k interconnect have been elucidated through experimental and simulation results. The early mode with short failure time and voids at via bottom interface, could be explained by pre-existing voids and large current density resulting from gouging via bottom profile. A high compressive SiCN making Cu/SiCN interface near via into tensile stress causes void nucleation in its specified sites, which indicate the late mode. And component lifetime can be predicted using the data obtained only from early failure, because of the same in activation energy and acceleration factor. This comprehension for bi-modal behavior is helpful in EM reliability of technology node beyond 45 nm.

This paper studies a model of long-term contracts in which the choice of the ne-gotiation pattern is endogenized and the nominal wage rate is tied to a share of the contracting sector's total revenue. It is shown that a revenue-indexing contract under certain circumstances may favor a pattern of short-term and synchronized negotia-tions to enhance macroeconomic performance in the sense of lowering output and employment fluctuations. Therefore, this finding suggests that Japan and Korea us-ing a form of revenue-indexing contracts might go through annual and synchronized wage settlements in the spring time, so called Shunto.

The decomposition of titanium diisopropoxide dipivaloylmethanato [Ti(O-iPr) 2 (dpm) 2 : dpm = bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato), C 11 H 19 O 2 ], a Ti precursor used in metallorganic chemical vapor deposition or in atomic layer deposition processes for producing Ti-containing films, was studied in a high vacuum chamber, maintained at a pressure of 1 X 10 -10 Torr, using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The species present on the substrate surface at different temperatures in the TPD experiments were monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The isopropoxy ligand is dissociated from the Ti precursor, producing acetone and isopropanol by disproportionation at 400 K and only acetone at temperatures higher than 470 K. The dissociation of the isopropoxy ligand is complete at 500 K. The dpm ligand is dissociated to give propylene and propanal at all temperatures above 470 K and the dissociation is complete at about 700 K. The XPS results indicate that titanium oxide is formed on the substrate surface at temperatures above 600 K. The other surface component is carbon, which largely originates from the t-butyl group. The formation of titanium oxide was confirmed by a separate film-deposition experiment at relatively high pressures, ∼10 Torr, using the same Ti precursor. That is, a film deposited on Pt at high pressures showed an XPS peak for the Ti 2p state, representing titanium oxide, as the major peak when the Ti precursor was decomposed at temperatures higher than 500 K, the temperature range for dissociation of the dpm ligand.

The thermal decomposition of gaseous Ti(O–iPr)2(dpm)2 [O–iPr = isopropoxide, dpm = bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptadionate)], diluted with either argon or air, was investigated using infrared (IR) and mass spectrometry. The activation energies associated with the dissociation of individual bonds constituting the compound were estimated based on IR data obtained when the compound was heated at different rates. Ti(O–iPr)2(dpm)2 was decomposed even during vaporization, which occurred at temperatures near 180°C. In an argon environment, the Ti–O bond connecting the central Ti atom with the O–iPr ligand and the C–C(CH3)3 bond of the dpm ligand were dissociated at low temperatures, and the C–O bond of the dpm ligand was dissociated at higher temperatures. At temperatures below 300°C, the skeleton of the dpm ligand was preserved, even though the latter had lost the C(CH3)3 group and was bound to Ti only by one end. The dpm skeleton was decomposed at temperatures higher than 300°C due to the dissociation of C–O and C–C bonds. When the compound was decomposed in air, the sequence for the dissociation was similar to that observed in argon, except that the C–C bond of the dpm ligand was dissociated at lower temperatures than in argon and, accordingly, the dpm skeleton was decomposed at temperatures as low as 250°C. In either case of the two environments, the Ti–O bond connecting Ti to the dpm skeleton was the most stable and its dissociation eventually contributed to the formation of TiO2.

The mechanisms of the thermal decomposition of Sr(dpm) 2 , Sr(dpm) 2 -triglyme, and Sr(dpm) 2 -tetraglyme, where Sr(dpm) 2 is bis(dipivaloylmethanato)strontium, were examined using thermogravimetric analysis, mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The chemical bonds in the Sr compounds are sequentially decomposed as the compounds are heated. That is, glyme adducts are decomposed at temperatures below 200°C, and the Sr-O and the C-C(CH 3 ) 3 bonds are dissociated at higher temperatures, whereas the C-O and the C-C bonds remain stable at temperatures up to 400°C. Glyme adducts in the Sr compounds weaken the Sr-O bond between the central Sr atom and the dpm ligand, and, as a result, the Sr-O bond in Sr(dpm) 2 -glymes is dissociated at lower temperatures than the bond in Sr(dpm) 2 . However, Sr(dpm) 2 -glymes are more effectively protected from degradation, thus yielding smaller amounts of residues at elevated temperatures than Sr(dpm) 2 . The FTIR results suggest that a fraction of the dissociated glyme species remains bonded to the Sr compound such that the bonded species suppresses the flexibility of the dpm ligand and consequently, access of other molecules to the central Sr atom. Sr(dpm) 2 -triglyme is stabilized by glyme adducts more effectively than Sr(dpm) 2 -tetraglyme, which is thought to originate from different numbers of oxygen atoms coordinated with the Sr atom between the two compounds.