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Piperazinium bis (4-hydroxybenzenesulphonate) (P4HBS) was studied using FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV spectra, and quantum chemical calculations. To obtain the geometry of the molecule, computational methods were used with the Gaussian'09w package and B3LYP/cc-pVTZ as the basis set. The stretching wave number of hydrogen bond donor NH2+ and hydrogen bond acceptor SO3− is red shifted due to protonation, according to vibrational analysis. Frontier molecular orbital analysis was used to confirm the molecule's molecular reactivity and kinetic stability. The electronic transition observed in the UV-visible spectrum, which was measured experimentally, was identified using TD-DFT. MEP plot, Fukui function. Natural population analysis confirm that OH groups and SO3 groups are electrophilic attack sites, while hydrogen atoms in the Piperazinium ring are nucleophilic attack sites. The Independent Gradient Model (IGM) and Hirshfeld surface analysis were used to determine the weak van der Waals and strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions, respectively. The antifungal activity against the fungus Candida albicans and Aspergillus flaves was determined by the disk diffusion technique. Through binding energy, molecular docking studies were performed to identify the effective lead compound against the C. albicans fungal pathogen. ADMET properties with improved pharmacokinetic properties were predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CASE REPORT An infiltrative lipoma was diagnosed and surgically treated in a female Jack Russell Terrier that had a history of progressive paraparesis and ataxia of several months' duration. Clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of infiltrative lipoma are described. Computed tomography performed at the level of the thoracolumbar vertebral column revealed a fat density mass within the epaxial musculature expanding towards the vertebral body of T12, associated with severe bone destruction of the spinous process and dorsal lamina and invading the vertebral canal, causing dorsal compression of the spinal cord. Histopathological analysis of biopsies indicated lipoma. Surgical excision was attempted; however, en bloc removal was not possible. Histopathological investigation confirmed the diagnosis of infiltrative lipoma and failed to reveal neoplastic infiltration of the affected bone fragments, suggesting that the osteolytic process was more likely the result of mechanical compression than the result of neoplastic infiltration. Adjunctive radiation therapy was not administered. The dog recovered uneventfully and did not show signs of recurrence over a period of 36 months. CONCLUSION Surgical treatment of an infiltrative lipoma causing vertebral bone lysis, clinical signs of myelopathy had a satisfactory outcome in a dog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the advancements in the categorization of clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM), the classification and diagnosis of its subtypes are still challenging. The aim of our study was to describe the clinicopathological features of CADM and assess the differences between amyopathic dermatomyositis (ADM) and hypomyopathic dermatomyositis (HDM)., Methods: This retrospective study included 43 patients with CADM diagnosed at our institution from 2016 to 2020. Patients were subclassed into ADM (n = 30) and HDM (n = 13) groups to assess their clinicopathological differences., Results: All included patients had characteristic cutaneous manifestations of dermatomyositis; 67.4% had myositis-associated auto-antibodies, including ANA (32.6%), RNP (14.0%), anti-Ro52 (9.3%), anti-p155/140 (7.0%), rheumatoid factor (7.0%), anti-NXP-2 (4.7%), anti-MDA5 (2.3%), and anti-Jo-1 (2.3%) antibodies. One patient had associated interstitial lung disease, and another patient had oral squamous cell carcinoma. The histopathological findings included mucin deposition (69.8%), telangiectasia (65.1%), lymphocytic infiltrate (48.8%), vacuolar interface dermatitis (46.5%), and epidermal atrophy (14.0%). Compared to patients with HDM, ADM patients were significantly less likely to have epidermal atrophy, 3.3% versus 38.5% (p = 0.006), and more likely to have mucin deposition, 80.0% versus 46.2% (p = 0.028)., Conclusion: We described the clinicopathological features of CADM and highlighted the distinctions between ADM and HDM dermatopathologic findings. This information may prove helpful in diagnosing ambiguous lesions., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Epidermal inclusion cysts (EIC) are one of the most common forms of cysts found on and/or underneath the skin. Inflamed EICs typically show signs and symptoms such as pain and erythema, mimicking cutaneous abscess. However, prior studies have demonstrated at least 20% of lesions are culture negative., Objective: To determine the rate of culture positivity in mild inflamed epidermal inclusion cysts, in particular to identify whether empiric antibiotics are warranted., Methods: In a retrospective chart review 76 cases of inflamed EIC that were mild (lacking systemic symptoms) were analyzed who presented to the department of dermatology at Mount Sinai between 2016–2019., Results: Of cultures taken from inflamed cysts, 47% resulted in no bacterial growth or growth of normal flora, 38.4% resulted in growth of aerobic bacteria with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (8%), Staphylococcus lugdunensis (5%), and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (13%) predominating, and 9.3% resulting in growth of anaerobic bacteria with Finegoldia magna, Peptostreptococcus, and Cutibacterium acnes presenting. Review of prescribed treatment regimens often involved antibiotic medication, despite a high prevalence of negative culture., Conclusions: Almost half of cases of mild inflamed EIC (lacking systemic symptoms) cultured will not grow pathogenic bacteria, therefore incision and drainage with culture and appropriate therapy is a viable therapeutic option in uncomplicated inflamed EIC lesions. In this way, over prescription of antibiotics can be minimized. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(2):199-202. doi:10.36849/JDD.5014.

Background: Facial cysts can become large (1-5 cm) or giant (>5 cm) on the face., Objective: To describe the medical course of large and giant facial cysts in adolescents., Methods: A case series of 11 patients with large or giant facial cysts seen in an outpatient pediatric dermatology practice., Results: Seven patients underwent incision and drainage with culture of cyst contents growing Cutibacterium acnes in six, while the seventh grew Cutibacterium acnes from a frequently worn hat. All patients were treated with traditional therapeutics for cystic acne including intralesional triamcinolone (n = 9), oral antibiotics (n = 10), and isotretinoin (n = 1). Three patients who did not undergo cyst drainage had persistent symptomatology requiring cyst excision, whereas the seven patients whose cysts were drained (3 on initial management and 4 after recurrence) eventually had complete healing without need for surgery., Conclusion: Incision and drainage (I & D) and culture of cyst contents can identify cases of cysts related to Cutibacterium acnes. For some cases of large facial cysts related to Cutibacterium acne, I&D combined with conservative acne management (using standard acne guidelines) can prevent the need for surgical excision in some patients. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether this combination of therapy leads to best outcomes clinically and cosmetically., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background/objectives: Melasma is a common pigmentary disorder for which oral tranexamic acid has shown some efficacy in previous studies. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of oral tranexamic acid in combination with hydroquinone cream in the treatment of melasma., Methods: Subjects with moderate-to-severe melasma were enrolled. Group A received hydroquinone 4% cream, sunscreen and oral tranexamic acid, while Group B received hydroquinone 4% cream, sunscreen and placebo capsules for 3 months. All subjects had an additional 3-month follow-up visit on sunscreen alone. The primary outcome measure was change in modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (mMASI) score. In addition, the melanin index was measured using a mexameter., Results: Fifty subjects were enrolled, and all completed the study. There was a 55% reduction in mMASI after 3 months from mean 8.96 (SD 2.45) to 4.0 (SD 1.6) in Group A compared to 10.9% from mean 8.53 (SD 2.04) to 7.6 (SD 2.0) in Group B. Three months after oral and topical therapy was discontinued, there was a 42% decrease in mMASI compared to baseline in Group A (mean 5.1 SD 1.7) vs. 4.7% in Group B (mean 8.1 SD 2.0). No serious adverse events were observed., Conclusions: A combination of oral tranexamic acid and topical hydroquinone is more effective than hydroquinone alone in the treatment of melasma., (© 2020 The Australasian College of Dermatologists.)

The reliability of reflex-assessment is currently debatable, with current literature regarding the patellar tendon reflex (PTR) as highly reliable, while the biceps tendon reflex (BTR) is regarded to be of low reliability in the dog. Such statements are, however, based on subjective observations rather than on an empirical study. The goals of this study were three-fold: (1) the quantification of the interobserver agreement (IA) on the evaluation of the canine bicipital (BTR) and patellar tendon (PTR) reflex in healthy dogs, (2) to compare the IA of the BTR and PTR evaluation and (3) the identification of intrinsic (sex, age, fur length, weight) and extrinsic (observer´s expertise, body side) risk factors on the IA of both reflexes. The observers were subdivided into three groups based on their expected level of expertise (neurologists = highest -, practitioners = middle-and veterinary students = lowest level of expertise). For the BTR, 54 thoracic limbs were analyzed and compared to the evaluation of the PTR on 64 pelvic limbs. Each observer had to evaluate the reflex presence (RP) (present or absent) and the reflex activity (RA) using a 5-point ordinal scale. Multiple reliability coefficients were calculated. The influence of the risk factors has been calculated using a mixed regression-model. The Odds Ratio for each factor was presented. The higher the level of expertise the higher was the IA of the BTR. For RP(BTR), IA was highest for neurologists and for RA(BTR) the IA was lowest for students. The level of expertise had a significant impact on the degree of the IA in the evaluation of the bicipital tendon reflex: for the RA(BTR), practitioners had a 3.4-times (p = 0.003) and students a 7.0-times (p < 0.001) higher chance of discordance. In longhaired dogs the chance of disagreement was 2.6-times higher compared to shorthaired dogs in the evaluation of RA(BTR) (p = 0.003). Likewise, the IA of the RP(PTR) was the higher the higher the observers´ expertise was with neurologists having significantly highest values (p < 0.001). The RA(PTR) has been evaluated more consistent by practitioners and students than the RA(BTR). For practitioners this difference was significant (< 0.01). Our data suggests that neurologists assess the bicipital and patellar tendon reflex in dogs most reliably. None of the examined risk factors had a significant impact on the degree of IA in the evaluation of RP(PTR), while students had a 4.4-times higher chance of discordance when evaluating the RA(PTR) compared to the other groups. This effect was significant (p < 0.001). Neurologists can reliably assess the bicipital and patellar tendon reflex in healthy dogs. Observer´s level of expertise and the fur length of the dog affect the degree of IA of RA(BTR). The influence of the observer´s expertise is higher on the evaluation of the BTR than on the PTR., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

The increased use of ultraviolet (UV) nail lamps in recent years has generated safety concerns of this device. A UV nail lamp is a source of artificial UVA radiation, often used to dry, harden, and cure the nails at home and in the salon. UVA radiation is known to be mutagenic and can cause damage to the DNA, resulting in cutaneous malignancy. Currently, there are only a few studies that have evaluated UV nail lamp irradiation and its potential carcinogenic risk. We review the literature on UV nail lamps, its safety, effect on nails and hands, and the potential role in increasing the risk of cutaneous malignancy. Based on available data, the carcinogenic risk is low; nonetheless, the use of a broad spectrum sunscreen with SPF >30 before UV nail lamp exposure is recommended., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam monotherapy in dogs with structural epilepsy. Retrospective case series. Nineteen client-owned dogs with structural epilepsy. Seizure frequencies after initiation of treatment were used to evaluate the efficacy of levetiracetam monotherapy. Seizure control was considered good if no seizures occurred within three months of starting treatment or poor if seizures returned within one month of starting treatment. Tolerability was evaluated by considering the occurrence and severity of any reported side effects. Ten of the 19 dogs were considered to have a good response to treatment with 7 achieving complete seizure freedom. Nine dogs were considered to have poor response to treatment. There was a statistically significant reduction in the percentage of patients experiencing cluster seizures from 68.4% to 15.8% (p=0.002). Side effects were noted in 8 of the 19 dogs but were considered mild in all cases. Follow-up times ranged from 12 days to 426 days. When used in conjunction with other appropriate therapies, levetiracetam may be an efficacious option for monotherapy in dogs with structural epilepsy. Its tolerability makes it a suitable option for use in a wide variety of patients., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© British Veterinary Association (unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

This report describes, for the first time in small animal literature, the spontaneous resorption of herniated Hansen type I intervertebral disc material in the cervical spine of a chondrodystrophic dog over a 4-month period, documented by magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical signs (cervical hyperpathia) responded to conservative treatment during the same period.

Objective: To report temporal lobe surgery for a cavernous hemangioma in a dog and outcome., Study Design: Clinical report., Animals: Dog (n = 1)., Methods: Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to identify a temporal lobe mass in 9-year-old, male neutered Labrador Retriever that had a 12 hour history of seizures. An approach to the temporal lobe allowed preservation of the zygomatic arch and mass removal., Results: The mass was confirmed as a cavernous hemangioma on histopathology. Repeat MR imaging at 13 months showed no recurrence of gross structural disease; however, the dog's anti-epileptic medication was administered for adequate seizure control., Conclusion: Temporal lobe surgery can be performed in the dog's for the management of temporal lobe mass lesions., (© Copyright 2014 by The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.)

A 3-year-old Labrador retriever was presented with acute onset seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an intra-axial mass affecting the right temporal lobe of the brain. Surgical resection and histopathological findings were most consistent with a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. After initial recovery, deterioration 3 months post surgery prompted euthanasia. Post-mortem revealed a mass protruding from the ventral surface of the temporal lobe, encroaching upon the optic chiasm and invading the brain. Histopathology findings were again consistent with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. Although rare, this tumor should be included as a possible differential diagnosis for intra-axial brain masses in dogs., (© 2013 Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound.)

Objectives: With the use of YouTube™, this study provides results on both the demographics and public perception for a sample of videos of canine epilepsy., Methods: A random sample of 150 videos was collected, the uploader description was recorded, and viewers' comments were coded according to their emotional and informational content., Results: More comments were found to be sympathetic than derogatory, and there were more information-providing than information-seeking comments. The number of sympathetic comments was found to correlate positively with the number of derogatory comments, and the number of information-providing comments correlated positively with the number of information-seeking comments., Conclusion: These findings shed light on the variation in perceptions of seizures in dogs, which are interestingly more sympathetic towards dogs with epilepsy than towards humans with epilepsy. This highlights the potential future use of YouTube in investigating public views as well as in informing and educating., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To report challenges and complications associated with surgical intracranial epidermoid cyst removal from the fourth ventricle of a dog., Study Design: Clinical report., Animal: Labrador retriever (7 years old) with focal seizures., Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an oval lesion in the fourth ventricle. This lesion was heterogeneously hyperintense on T2-weighted and fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) images and hypointense on T1-weighted images. Dilatation of the ventricular system was present. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) was placed and the fourth ventricle was approached by suboccipital craniectomy. An oval, white mass was identified in the fourth ventricle. Subtotal removal of the mass was performed., Results: On the day after surgery, neurologic deterioration was observed. The dog had severe cerebellar and brainstem dysfunction. Histopathologic examination of the removed tissue revealed an epidermoid cyst. The dog experienced gradual neurologic improvement; however, neurologic deterioration beginning at 6 months resulted in euthanasia 8 months after surgery. On necropsy, epidermoid cyst tissue was identified in the fourth ventricle., Conclusion: Surgical removal of an intracranial epidermoid cyst may be complicated by adhesions between the cyst capsule and surrounding neurovascular structures, causing postoperative morbidity and eventual recurrence of clinical signs. These observations should be taken into account when considering surgical removal of an intracranial epidermoid cyst., (© Copyright 2012 by The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.)

Practical Relevance: Weakness is a relatively common clinical presentation in feline medicine and can be caused by primary neuromuscular disease or by diseases of other body systems affecting the neuromuscular system secondarily. Successful work-up relies on a thorough clinical and neurological examination, and logical problem solving, based on an understanding of the underlying neuroanatomical and pathophysiological mechanisms., Clinical Challenges: Feline neuromuscular diseases can be a diagnostic challenge. On initial inspection, the presenting signs can mimic disorders of other body systems, particularly cardiovascular, pulmonary and orthopaedic disease, or may be confused with systemic illnesses. Additionally, because many different pathologies of the feline neuromuscular system converge to a similar clinical phenotype, further diagnostic steps such as electrodiagnostics, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and muscle and nerve biopsies must be considered even after neuromuscular dysfunction has been identified., Audience: This review provides a framework for the clinical approach to the weak cat and gives a practical summary of neuromuscular diseases for the general practitioner and specialist alike., Evidence Base: Many diseases affecting the feline neuromuscular system have been well described in the veterinary literature, mostly based on retrospective case reports and series. The evidence base for the treatment of feline neuromuscular diseases remains very limited., (Copyright © 2011 ISFM and AAFP. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To report use of ventriculoperitoneal shunt in dogs for management of hydrocephalus for which no cause could be identified., Study Design: Case series., Animals: Dogs with hydrocephalus (n=12)., Methods: Medical records (June 2003-June 2009) were reviewed to determine preoperative clinical findings, initial postoperative, and long-term outcome. Additional follow-up information was obtained from owners and referring veterinarians., Results: All dogs had signs of forebrain dysfunction, 7 had vestibular signs and 3 had signs of spinal pain. Postoperative complications included pain (n=4), undershunting because of shunt kinking (n=1) and seizures (n=1). Initial improvement occurred in all dogs and was sustained in 9 dogs, 1 of which required revision surgery., Conclusions: Sustained clinical improvement can be achieved in hydrocephalus with no active underlying cause by use of ventriculoperitoneal shunting., (© Copyright 2011 by The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.)

Objectives: The aim of the study was to demonstrate behavioral changes with the development of epilepsy in dogs, a species proposed as a naturally occurring animal model for human epilepsy., Methods: Owners of dogs diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy (n=80) completed a modified, previously-validated behavioral and seizure questionnaire. Principal axis factor analysis identified behavioral factors, the scores for which were compared before and after the development of epilepsy., Results: Drug-naïve dogs showed an increase in the behavior factors Fear/Anxiety, Defensive Aggression, and Abnormal Perception. In dogs receiving antiepileptic medication, there were still increases in Fear/Anxiety and Abnormal Perception, but no longer in Defensive Aggression. Additional increases were observed in Abnormal Reactivity, Attachment Disorder, Demented Behavior, and Apathetic Behavior. Pharmacoresistant dogs had larger increases in Controlling Aggression, Abnormal Perception, and Demented Behavior than drug responders., Conclusion: Our data suggest that dogs, like humans and rodents, exhibit neurobehavioral comorbidities with the development of epilepsy., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Diaphragmatic defects in cats are common and most frequently occur as a result of trauma. Congenital diaphragmatic defects include peritoneopericardial hernias, hiatal hernias and, infrequently, true diaphragmatic, or pleuroperitoneal, hernias. Only three reports of feline pleuroperitoneal hernias could be found in the veterinary literature. All of these cats presented for evaluation of respiratory distress and two were managed successfully with surgery. This report describes the incidental diagnosis and successfully surgical treatment of a pleuroperitoneal hernia in a cat. It highlights the fact that pleuroperitoneal hernias may not always be symptomatic and that they may not be as rare as previously considered.