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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) results from upper airway remodeling, which has been suggested to alter sensory and motor neuron function due to hypoxia or snore vibration. This study investigated whether OSA was associated with the risk of flavor disorder (FD).Seven thousand and eight hundred sixty-five patients with OSA and 7865 propensity score-matched controls without OSA were enrolled between 1999 and 2013 through a nationwide cohort study. The propensity score matching was based on age, sex, comorbidities including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, ankylosing spondylitis, and Charlson comorbidity index, and co-medications during the study period, including statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of incident FD following OSA was derived using a Cox proportional hazard model. A log-rank test was used to evaluate the time-dependent effect of OSA on FD. Age, sex, comorbidities, and co-medications were stratified to identify subgroups susceptible to OSA-associated FD.Patients with OSA were at a significantly great risk of FD (aHR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.08-3.38), which was time-dependent (log-rank test p = 0.013). Likewise, patients with hyperlipidemia were at a significant great risk of FD (aHR = 2.99, 95% CI = 1.33-6.69). Subgroup analysis revealed that female patients with OSA were at higher risks of FD (aHR = 2.39, 95%CI = 1.05-5.47).Patients with OSA were at significantly great risk of incident FD during the 15-year follow-up period, especially in female patients with OSA.Timely interventions for OSA may prevent OSA-associated FD.

The self-attenuation of a patient’s body is an important factor in nuclear medicine for designing radiation shielding. Taiwanese reference man (TRM) and Taiwanese reference woman (TRW) were constructed to simulate the body dose rate constant and the effective body absorption factor for 18F-FDG, 131I-NaI and 99mTc-MIBI using the Monte Carlo technique. For TRM, the maximum body dose rate constants for 18F-FDG, 131I-NaI and 99mTc-MIBI were 1.26 × 10−1, 4.89 × 10−2 and 1.76 × 10−2 mSv-m2/GBq-h, respectively, at heights of 110, 110 and 100 cm. For TRW, the results were 1.23 × 10−1, 4.75 × 10−2 and 1.68 × 10−2 mSv-m2/GBq-h at heights of 100, 100 and 90 cm. The effective body absorption factors were 32.6, 36.7 and 46.2% for TRM and 34.2, 38.5 and 48.6% for TRW. Regional reference phantoms along with the derived body dose rate constant and effective body absorption factor should be used for determining regulatory secondary standards in nuclear medicine.

Reference phantoms are widely applied to evaluate the radiation dose for external exposure. However, the frequently used reference phantoms are based on Caucasians. Dose estimation for Asians using a Caucasian phantom can result in significant errors. This study recruited 40 volunteers whose body sizes are close to the average Taiwanese population. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to obtain the organ volume for construction of the Taiwanese reference man (TRM) and Taiwanese reference woman (TRW). The dose conversion coefficients (DCC) resulting from photo beams in anterior-posterior, posterior-anterior, right-lateral, left-lateral, and isotropic irradiation geometries were estimated. In the anterior-posterior geometry, the mean DCC differences among organs between the TRM and ORNL phantom at 0.1, 1, and 10 MeV were 7.3%, 5.8%, and 5.2%, respectively. For the TRW, the mean differences from the ORNL phantom at the three energies were 10.6%, 7.4%, and 8.3%. The DCCs of the Taiwanese reference phantoms and the ORNL phantom presented similar trends in other geometries. The torso size of the phantom and the mass and geometric location of the organ have a significant influence on the DCC. The Taiwanese reference phantoms can be used to establish dose guidelines and regulations for radiation protection from external exposure.

In the internal dose evaluation, the specific absorbed fraction (SAF) and S-value are calculated from the reference phantom based on Caucasian data. The differences in height and weight between Caucasian and Asian may lead to inaccurate dose estimation. In this study, we developed the Taiwanese reference phantoms. 40 volunteers were recruited. Magnetic resonance images (MRI) were obtained, and the contours of 15 organs were drawn. The Taiwanese reference man (TRM) and Taiwanese reference woman (TRW) were constructed. For the SAF calculation, the differences in the self-absorption SAF (self-SAF) between the TRM, TRW, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) adult phantom were less than 10% when the difference in organ mass was less than 20%. The average SAF from liver to pancreas of TRM was 38% larger than that of the ORNL adult phantom, and the result of TRW was 2.02 times higher than that of the ORNL adult phantom. For the S-value calculation, the ratios of TRW and ORNL adult phantom ranged from 0.91 to 1.57, and the ratios of TRM and ORNL adult phantom ranged from 1.04 to 2.29. The SAF and S-value results were dominantly affected by the height, weight, organ mass, and geometric relationship between organs. By using the TRM and TRW, the accuracy of internal dose evaluation can be increased for radiation protection and nuclear medicine.

Throughout the seventeen years since the founding of the People's Republic, a sharp and bitter struggle between two classes and between two policy lines has persisted on the educational front, as it has on the economic and political fronts. Chairman Mao formulated for the proletariat a revolutionary road for socialist education. On the other hand, the leading power-holder in the party who follows a capitalist road [Liu Shao-chi] has stubbornly - and with the great powers of the state and the party at his disposal - pursued a long and wide road of counterrevolutionary revisionism in the field of education. These are two fundamentally opposing roads. Whereas the former is designed to serve and safeguard the interest of proletarian dictatorship, the latter is designed to bring about a restoration of capitalism. Whereas the former is designed to cultivate the successors to take over the proletarian revolution, the latter is aimed at the preservation of the landlord and bourgeois classes.