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With the improvement of living standards and increased health awareness, coarse cereals have gradually gained popularity as a high-frequency food in recent years. The abundant nutrients and functional components present in coarse cereals play a crucial role in promoting dietary health and have been proven to be effective in preventing and managing various chronic diseases. Due to the hard texture of coarse cereals, which are difficult to cook, precooking treatment of coarse cereals provides convenience for individuals leading fast-paced lifestyles. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on precooked coarse cereals, and the processing methods have diversified. Nevertheless, the production process of precooked coarse cereals is susceptible to physical, chemical, and biological influences that can pose risks to food safety. Therefore, effective control of these risk factors is essential for prevention purposes. This paper introduces different processing methods of precooked coarse cereals while conducting risk analysis based on potential hazards at each stage of the processing process. Furthermore, it discusses control measures for these risk factors, which serve as theoretical references for further studies on physicochemical properties of precooked coarse cereals as well as the development of their deep processing.

Abstract Forming a fracture network through fracturing stimulation is significant to efficiently developing shale oil resources. However, the complex lithological characteristics and dense laminas of continental shale oil strongly shield fracture propagation. The concept of "cyclic fluid injection induces rock fatigue" was introduced into shale oil fracturing technology, and the cyclic pressure shock fracturing method was designed. The horizontal well fracturing simulation experiments used prepared shale rock samples from the Permian Lucaogou Formation shale oil reservoir outcrop in Jimusar Sag, Junggar Basin. Two pressurization states were obtained through constant injection and rapid release of accumulated high pressure, corresponding to conventional and pressure shock conditions. The characteristics of fracture propagation under different fracturing methods were analyzed by combining acoustic emission monitoring and injection pressure curve response. Research has found that the dense laminas with a certain original width near the wellbore significantly inhibit the vertical propagation of hydraulic fractures (HFs), and conventional constant-rate fracturing methods make it difficult to stimulate the reservoir effectively. Fatigue fracturing can increase the complexity of near-wellbore fractures, but the HFs still tend to be arrested by the laminas. The bottom hole pressure (BHP) is artificially increased to a value far exceeding the rock breakdown pressure near the wellbore by applying the cyclic pressure shock fracturing method. It can avoid the communication between micro-cracks and horizontal laminas during the BHP constant rate increase process and overcome the inhibition of weak layers on vertical propagation. Besides, the fracture height and number of activated laminas positively correlate with the number of cycles. When the shock pressure is about 30 MPa, the fracture height of the three cycles increases by 50% compared to a single shock. In addition, the shock pressure has a more significant effect on the fracture height, and the fracture height increases significantly with the increase of shock pressure. The shock pressure increased by about 57%, and the fracture height increased by 60%. High-pressure shock has a certain effect on the naturally weak surface of the far well, which may cause the slip of the weak surface to produce AE signals. This provides a new approach for improving fracture complexity and control volume in layered shale oil reservoirs with dense laminas.

Summary: The human MRGPRD protein is a member of the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (MRGPRs) that is involved in the sensing of pain, itch, and other inflammatory stimuli. As with other MRGPRs, MRGPRD is a relatively understudied receptor with few known agonists. The most potent small-molecule agonist of MRGPRD reported so far is β-alanine, with an affinity in the micromole range, which largely restricts its functional study. Here, we report two MRGPRD agonists, EP-2825 and EP-3945, that are approximately 100-fold more potent than β-alanine and determine the structures of MRGPRD-Gq in complex with EP-2825 and EP-3945, respectively. The structures reveal distinct agonist binding modes of MRGPRD and large conformational plasticity of the orthosteric pocket. Collectively, the discovery of high-affinity MRGPRD agonists and their distinct binding modes will facilitate the functional study and the structure-based design of ligands targeting this understudied receptor.

This study conducted temporary plugging and diversion fracturing (TPDF) experiments using a true triaxial fracturing simulation system within a laboratory setting that replicated a lab-based horizontal well completion with multi-cluster sand jetting perforation. The effects of temporary plugging agent (TPA) particle size, TPA concentration, single-cluster perforation number and cluster number on plugging pressure, multi-fracture diversion pattern and distribution of TPAs were investigated. A combination of TPAs with small particle sizes within the fracture and large particle sizes within the segment is conducive to increasing the plugging pressure and promoting the diversion of multi-fractures. The addition of fibers can quickly achieve ultra-high pressure, but it may lead to longitudinal fractures extending along the wellbore. The temporary plugging peak pressure increases with an increase in the concentration of the TPA, reaching a peak at a certain concentration, and further increases do not significantly improve the temporary plugging peak pressure. The breaking pressure and temporary plugging peak pressure show a decreasing trend with an increase in single-cluster perforation number. A lower number of single-cluster perforations is beneficial for increasing the breaking pressure and temporary plugging peak pressure, and it has a more significant control on the propagation of multi-cluster fractures. A lower number of clusters is not conducive to increasing the total number and complexity of artificial fractures, while a higher number of clusters makes it difficult to achieve effective plugging. The TPAs within the fracture is mainly concentrated in the complex fracture areas, especially at the intersections of fractures. Meanwhile, the TPAs within the segment are primarily distributed near the perforation cluster apertures which initiated complex fractures.

Abstract Aims Due to its low incidence, poor prognosis, and high mortality in the acute phase, the long‐term prognosis of the left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) complicated by ventricular septal rupture (VSR) has received little attention. This study focus on the long‐term prognosis of patients with LVA complicated by relatively stable VSR. Methods and results Over a decade of retrospection, 68 patients with both LVA and VSR were compared with 136 patients with LVA alone after propensity score matching. Patients with both LVA and VSR were further divided into two groups depending on whether pre‐operative intra‐aortic balloon pump (IABP) was used (23 pre‐operative IABP vs. 45 non‐pre‐operative IABP). The primary endpoint was defined as major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, a composite endpoint including mortality, myocardial infarction, revascularization, stroke, and heart failure. Patients with both LVA and VSR were generally in a worse condition upon admission compared with those with LVA alone [percentage of patients in New York Heart Association IV: 42.6% (29/68) vs. 11.0% (15/136), P

Abstract Flash Joule heating (FJH) is an emerging and profitable technology for converting inexhaustible biomass into flash graphene (FG). However, it is challenging to produce biomass FG continuously due to the lack of an integrated device. Furthermore, the high-carbon footprint induced by both excessive energy allocation for massive pyrolytic volatiles release and carbon black utilization in alternating current-FJH (AC-FJH) reaction exacerbates this challenge. Here, we create an integrated automatic system with energy requirement-oriented allocation to achieve continuous biomass FG production with a much lower carbon footprint. The programmable logic controller flexibly coordinated the FJH modular components to realize the turnover of biomass FG production. Furthermore, we propose pyrolysis-FJH nexus to achieve biomass FG production. Initially, we utilize pyrolysis to release biomass pyrolytic volatiles, and subsequently carry out the FJH reaction to focus on optimizing the FG structure. Importantly, biochar with appropriate resistance is self-sufficient to initiate the FJH reaction. Accordingly, the medium-temperature biochar-based FG production without carbon black utilization exhibited low carbon emission (1.9 g CO2-eq g−1 graphene), equivalent to a reduction of up to ~86.1% compared to biomass-based FG production. Undoubtedly, this integrated automatic system assisted by pyrolysis-FJH nexus can facilitate biomass FG into a broad spectrum of applications.

Lignin valorisation into chemicals and fuels is of great importance in addressing energy challenges and advancing biorefining in a sustainable manner. In this study, on the basis of the high microwave absorption performance of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a series of copper-oxide-loaded CNT catalysts (CuO/CNT) were developed to facilitate the oxidative depolymerization of lignin under microwave heating. This catalyst can promote the activation of hydrogen peroxide and air, effectively generating a range of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Through the application of electron paramagnetic resonance techniques, these ROS generated under different oxidation conditions were detected to elucidate the oxidation mechanism. The results demonstrate that the •OH and O2•− play a crucial role in the formation of aldehyde and ketone products through the cleavage of lignin Cβ-O and Cα-Cβ bonds. We further evaluated the catalytic performance of the CuO/CNT catalysts with three typical lignin feedstocks to determine their applicability for lignin biorefinery. The bio-enzymatic lignin produced a 13.9% monophenol yield at 200 °C for 20 min under microwave heating, which was higher than the 7% yield via hydrothermal heating conversion. The selectivity of G-/H-/S-type products was slightly affected, while lignin substrate had a noticeable effect on the selective production. Overall, this study explored the structural characteristics of CuO/CNT catalysts and their implications for lignin conversion and offered an efficient oxidation approach that holds promise for sustainable biorefining practices.

The bio-based solvent dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrene) is a green and sustainable alternative to petroleum-based dipolar aprotic solvents. Cyrene can be prepared from cellulose in a simple two-step process and can be produced in a variety of yields. Cyrene is compatible with a large number of reactions in the chemical industry and can be applied in organic chemistry, biocatalysis, materials chemistry, graphene and lignin processing, etc. It is also green, non-mutagenic and non-toxic, which makes it very promising for applications. In this paper, we have also screened all articles related to Cyrene on the Web of Science and visualised them through Cite Space.

This paper establishes a 3D multi-well pad fracturing numerical model coupled with fracture propagation and proppant migration based on the displacement discontinuity method and Eulerian-Eulerian frameworks, and the fracture propagation and proppant distribution during multi-well fracturing are investigated by taking the actual multi-well pad parameters as an example. Fracture initiation and propagation during multi-well pad fracturing are jointly affected by a variety of stress interference mechanisms such as inter-cluster, inter-stage, and inter-well, and the fracture extension is unbalanced among clusters, asymmetric on both wings, and dipping at heels. Due to the significant influence of fracture morphology and width on the migration capacity of proppant in the fracture, proppant is mainly placed in the area near the wellbore with large fracture width, while a high-concentration sandwash may easily occur in the area with narrow fracture width as a result of quick bridging. On the whole, the proppant placement range is limited. Increasing the well-spacing can reduce the stress interference of adjacent wells and promote the uniform distribution of fractures and proppant on both wings. The maximum stimulated reservoir volume or multi-fracture uniform propagation can be achieved by optimizing the well spacing. Although reducing the perforation-cluster spacing also can improve the stimulated reservoir area, a too low cluster spacing is not conducive to effectively increasing the propped fracture area. Since increasing the stage time lag is beneficial to reduce inter-stage stress interference, zipper fracturing produces more uniform fracture propagation and proppant distribution.

Abstract This paper explores the mechanisms of biochar that facilitate direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) among syntrophic microorganisms leading to improved anaerobic digestion. Properties such as specific surface area (SSA), cation exchange capacity (CEC), presence of functional groups (FG), and electrical conductivity (EC) were found favorable for increased methane production, reduction of lag phase, and adsorption of inhibitors. It is revealed that these properties can be modified and are greatly affected by the synthesizing temperature, biomass types, and residence time. Additionally, suitable biochar concentration has to be observed since dosage beyond the optimal range can create inhibitions. High organic loading rate (OLR), pH shocks, quick accumulation and relatively low degradation of VFAs, and the presence of heavy metals and toxins are the major inhibitors identified. Summaries of microbial community analysis show fermentative bacteria and methanogens that are known to participate in DIET. These are Methanosaeta, Methanobacterium, Methanospirillum, and Methanosarcina for the archaeal community; whereas, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Synergistetes, Spirochetes, and Bacteroidetes are relatively for bacterial analyses. However, the number of defined cocultures promoting DIET is very limited, and there is still a large percentage of unknown bacteria that are believed to support DIET. Moreover, the instantaneous growth of participating microorganisms has to be validated throughout the process. Graphical abstract

The disposal and treatment of antibiotic residues is a recognized challenge due to the huge production, high moisture content, high processing costs, and residual antibiotics, which caused environmental pollution. Antibiotic residues contained valuable components and could be recycled. Using a one-step controllable pyrolysis technique in a tubular furnace, biochar (OSOBs) was produced without the preliminary carbonization step, which was innovative and time- and cost-saving compared to traditional methods. The main aim of this study was to explore the adsorption and removal efficiency of tetracycline (TC) in water using porous biochar prepared from oxytetracycline fermentation residues in one step. A series of characterizations were conducted on the prepared biochar materials, and the effects of biochar dosage, initial tetracycline concentration, reaction time, and reaction temperature on the adsorption capacity were studied. The experimental results showed that at 298 K, the maximum adsorption capacity of OSOB-3-700 calculated by the Langmuir model reached 1096.871 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics fitting results indicated that the adsorption of tetracycline on biochar was more consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which was a chemical adsorption. The adsorption isotherm fitting results showed that the Langmuir model better described the adsorption process of tetracycline on biochar, indicating that tetracycline was adsorbed in a monolayer on specific homogeneous active sites through chemical adsorption, consistent with the kinetic conclusions. The adsorption process occurred on the surface of the biochar containing rich active sites, and the chemical actions such as electron exchange promoted the adsorption process.

How to address the destruction of the porous structure caused by elemental doping in biochar derived from biomass is still challenging. In this work, the in-situ nitrogen-doped porous carbons (ABPCs) were synthesized for supercapacitor electrode applications through pre-carbonization and activation processes using nitrogen-rich pigskin and broccoli. Detailed characterization of ABPCs revealed that the best simple ABPC-4 exhibited a super high specific surface area (3030.2–3147.0 m2 g−1) and plentiful nitrogen (1.35–2.38 wt%) and oxygen content (10.08–15.35 wt%), which provided more active sites and improved the conductivity and electrochemical activity of the material. Remarkably, ABPC-4 showed an outstanding specific capacitance of 473.03 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. After 10,000 cycles, its capacitance retention decreased by only 4.92% at a current density of 10 A g−1 in 6 M KOH. The assembled symmetric supercapacitor ABPC-4//ABPC-4 achieved a power density of 161.85 W kg−1 at the maximum energy density of 17.51 Wh kg−1 and maintained an energy density of 6.71 Wh kg−1 when the power density increased to 3221.13 W kg−1. This study provides a mixed doping approach to achieve multi-element doping, offering a promising way to apply supercapacitors using mixed biomass.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) receive wide attention owing to their high specific surface area, porosity, and structural designability. In this paper, ZC-Ru and ZC-Cu electrodes loaded with monatomic Ru and Cu doped with nitrogen were prepared by pyrolysis, ion impregnation, and carbonization process using ZIF-8 synthesized by static precipitation as a precursor. ZC-Cu has a high specific surface area of 859.78 m2 g−1 and abundant heteroatoms O (10.04%) and N (13.9%), showing the specific capacitance of 222.21 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 in three-electrode system, and low equivalent series resistance (Rct: 0.13 Ω), indicating excellent energy storage capacity and electrical conductivity. After 10,000 cycles at 1 A g−1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte, it still has an outstanding capacitance retention of 99.42%. Notably, symmetric supercapacitors ZC-Cu//ZC-Cu achieved the maximum power density and energy density of 485.12 W·kg−1 and 1.61 Wh·kg−1, respectively, positioning ZC-Cu among the forefront of previously known MOF-based electrode materials. This work demonstrates the enormous potential of ZC-Cu in the supercapacitor industry and provides a facile approach to the treatment of transition metal.

Recalcitrance and the inherent heterogeneity of lignin structure are the major bottlenecks to impede the popularization of lignin-based chemicals production processes. Recent works suggested a promising pathway for lignin depolymerization and lignin-derived bio-oil upgrading via an electrochemical biorefinery (a process in which lignin valorization is performed via electrochemical oxidation or reduction). This review presents the progress on chemicals synthesis and bio-oil upgrading from lignin by an electrochemical biorefinery, relating to the lignin biosynthesis pathway, reaction pathway of lignin electrochemical conversion, inner-sphere and outer-sphere electron transfer mechanism, basic kinetics and thermodynamics in electrochemistry, and the recent embodiments analysis with the emphasis on the respective feature and limitation for lignin electrochemical oxidative and reductive conversion. Lastly, the challenge and perspective associated with lignin electrochemical biorefinery are discussed. Present-day results indicate that more work should be performed to promote efficiency, selectivity, and stability in pursuing a lignin electrochemical biorefinery. One of the most promising developing directions appears to be integrating various types of lignin electrochemical conversion strategies and other existing or evolving lignin valorization technologies. This review aims to provide more references and discussion on the development for lignin electrochemical biorefinery.

To investigate the impacts of water/supercritical CO2-rock interaction on the micro-mechanical properties of shale, a series of high-temperature and high-pressure immersion experiments were performed on the calcareous laminated shale samples mined from the lower submember of the third member of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in the Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. After that, grid nanoindentation tests were conducted to analyze the influence of immersion time, pressure, and temperature on micro-mechanical parameters. Experimental results show that the damage of shale caused by the water/supercritical CO2-rock interaction was mainly featured by the generation of induced fractures in the clay-rich laminae. In the case of soaking with supercritical CO2, the aperture of induced fracture was smaller. Due to the existence of induced fractures, the statistical averages of elastic modulus and hardness both decreased. Meanwhile, compaction and stress-induced tensile fractures could be observed around the laminae. Generally, the longer the soaking time, the higher the soaking pressure and temperature, the more significant the degradation of micro-mechanical parameters is. Compared with water-rock interaction, the supercritical CO2-rock interaction caused a lower degree of mechanical damage on the shale surface. Thus, supercritical CO2 can be used as a fracturing fluid to prevent the surface softening of induced fractures in shale reservoirs.

Abstract Iron-based catalysts are promising candidates for advanced oxidation process-based wastewater remediation. However, the preparation of these materials often involves complex and energy intensive syntheses. Further, due to the inherent limitations of the preparation conditions, it is challenging to realise the full potential of the catalyst. Herein, we develop an iron-based nanomaterial catalyst via soft carbon assisted flash joule heating (FJH). FJH involves rapid temperature increase, electric shock, and cooling, the process simultaneously transforms a low-grade iron mineral (FeS) and soft carbon into an electron rich nano Fe0/FeS heterostructure embedded in thin-bedded graphene. The process is energy efficient and consumes 34 times less energy than conventional pyrolysis. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the electron delocalization of the FJH-derived heterostructure improves its binding ability with peroxydisulfate via bidentate binuclear model, thereby enhancing ·OH yield for organics mineralization. The Fe-based nanomaterial catalyst exhibits strong catalytic performance over a wide pH range. Similar catalysts can be prepared using other commonly available iron precursors. Finally, we also present a strategy for continuous and automated production of the iron-based nanomaterial catalysts.

By introducing the coupling flow expressions of main fracture-matrix, secondary fracture-matrix and main fracture-secondary fracture into the traditional main fracture material balance equation, the “main fracture—secondary fracture—matrix” leak-off coupling flow model is established. The pressure-dependent fracture width equation and the wellbore injection volume equation are coupled to solve the pressure-rate continuity problem. The simulation and calculation of the bottomhole pressure drop and fracture network closure after the pump stopping in slickwater volumetric fracturing treatment are realized. The research results show that the log-log curve of pump-stopping bottomhole pressure drop derivative presents five characteristic slope segments, reflecting four dominant stages, i.e. inter-fracture crossflow, fracture network leak-off, fracture network closure and residual leak-off, after pump shutdown. At the initial time of pump shutdown for volumetric fracturing treatment of horizontal well, the crossflow between main and secondary fractures is obvious, and then the leak-off becomes dominant. The leak-off of main and secondary fractures shows a non-uniform decreasing trend. Specifically, the leak-off of main fractures is slow, while that of secondary fractures is fast; the fracture network as a whole presents the leak-off law of fast first, then slow, until close to zero. The influence of fracture network conductivity on the shape of pressure decline curve is relatively weaker than that of fracture network size. The fracture network conductivity is positively correlated with leak-off volume and fracture closure. The secondary fracture size is positively correlated with leakoff volume and closure of the secondary fracture, but negatively correlated with closure of the main fracture. Field data validation proves that the proposed model and simulation results can effectively reflect the closure characteristics of the fracture network, and the interpretation results are reliable and can reflect the non-uniform stimulation performance of each fracturing stage of an actual horizontal well.

Highlights The environmental risks of hydrochar on soils need to be clarified before mass engineering application. The influence of soil microbes needs to be investigated to illustrate the impact of hydrochar on greenhouse gas emissions. More research needs to be conducted to reveal the economic benefits of hydrochar and the coupling with anaerobic digestion.

Abstract Nonreciprocal devices, such as isolators, are of great importance for optical communication and optical information processing. To bypass the limitation of a strong magnetic field imposed by the traditional Faraday magneto-optic effect, many alternative mechanisms have been proposed to demonstrate magnetic-free nonreciprocity. However, limited by the drive-induced noise, the noiseless isolator capable of working in the quantum regime has yet to be realized in the experiment. Here, we show a noiseless all-optical isolator with genuine single photons in hot atoms. We experimentally study this mechanism using an open V-type level scheme and demonstrate a low insertion loss of 0.6 dB and high isolation of 30.3 dB with bandwidth up to hundreds of megahertz. Furthermore, the nonreciprocal direction can be truly reversed only by tuning the frequency of the pump laser with the same setup. Our scheme relies on widely used optical technology and is thus universal and robust.

Abstract Background Preoperative carbohydrates (CHO) supplement has been widely investigated in nondiabetic patients undergoing a variety of surgeries. It has been proved that preoperative CHO could alleviate postoperative insulin resistance (IR) and improve patients’ well-being in nondiabetic patients. However, it remains controversial whether preoperative CHO could yield similar effects in diabetic patients. Till now, seldom has the administration of preoperative CHO been investigated in diabetic patients and there are limited studies reporting IR and postoperative recovery of diabetic patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods and analysis We present a prospective, single-center, single-blind, randomized, no-treatment controlled trial of preoperative CHO on diabetic patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB). A total of 62 patients will be enrolled and randomized to either Group CHO or Group control (CTRL). Patients in Group CHO will consume CHO fluid containing 50 g carbohydrates orally the evening before surgery (20:00–24:00) while their counterparts in Group CTRL will be fasted after 20:00 the evening before surgery. The primary endpoint is postoperative IR assessed via homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). The secondary endpoints are postoperative levels of potential mediators relating to IR including inflammatory factors and stress reaction characterized by serum cortisol. Exploratory endpoints are in-hospital clinical endpoints. Continuous variables will be compared by Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables will be compared with χ 2 test or Fisher’s exact test. All tests in the present study are two-tailed and P

Highlights Biochar produced at 750 °C-60 min had the highest capacity to enhance AD of FW. Surface oxygen-containing functional groups and graphitization degree affected the capacity of biochar to promote AD. Biochar resulted in different microbial community formation.

Small-scale true triaxial sand fracturing experiments are conducted on thin interbedded shale samples made from cores of Permian Lucaogou Formation shale oil reservoir in Jimsar sag, Junggar Basin, NW China. Combined with high-precision CT scanning digital core model reconstruction technology, hydraulic fracture geometry and proppant distribution in thin interbedded shale oil reservoirs are studied. The research shows that: In thin interbedded shale oil reservoir, the interlayer difference of rock mechanics and the interlayer interface near the wellbore cannot restrain the growth of fracture height effectively, but has a significant impact on the fracture width distribution in the fracture height direction. Hydraulic fractures in these reservoirs tend to penetrate into the adjacent layer in “step-like” form, but have a smaller width at the interface deflection, which hinders the transport of proppant in vertical direction, resulting in a poor effect of layer-crossing growth. In shale layers with dense laminae, hydraulic fractures tend to form “丰” or “井” shapes. If the perforated interval is large in rock strength and high in breakdown pressure, the main fracture is fully developed initially, large in width, and supported by enough sand. In contrast, if the perforated interval is low in strength and rich in laminae, the fracturing fluid filtration loss is large, the breakdown pressure is low, the main fracture will not open wide initially, and likely to have sand plugging. Proppant is mainly concentrated in the main hydraulic fractures with large width near the perforated layer, activated laminae, branch fractures and fractures in adjacent layers contain only a small amount of (or zero) proppant. The proppant is placed in a limited range on the whole. The limit width of fracture that proppant can enter is about 2.7 times the proppant particle size.

Abstract Background Increasing rates of childhood obesity worldwide are a serious threat to the health of school-aged children. Unhealthy behavioral habits are modifiable factors in the control of childhood obesity, and personal and family factors are key influencing factors of behavioral habits in school-aged children. This study assessed the relationship between overweight/obesity, energy balance-related behaviors (EBRB), and their influencing factors in school-aged children. Methods This cross-sectional survey included 4412 primary school-aged (10–12 years) students who underwent body tests and were selected through stratified sampling in the Northeast, North, Northwest, and Southwest regions of China from March to July 2021. Independent sample t test was used to compare differences between behaviors and influencing factors of energy balance among overweight/obesity and normal weight students. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the influence of EBRB on body shape. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the influence of personal and family factors on EBRB effects. Results Compared with normal-weight students, number of breakfasts consumed per week by overweight/obese students was significantly lower (p

Unconventional reservoirs have become the main alternative for increasing oil and gas reserves around the world. Owing to their ultralow permeability properties and special pore structure, hydraulic fracturing technology is necessary to realize the efficient development and economic management of unconventional resources. To maximize the production capacity of wells, several fracture parameters, including fracture number, length, width, conductivity, and spacing, need to be optimized effectively. The optimization of hydraulic fracture parameters in shale gas reservoirs generally demands intensive computations owing to the necessity of numerous physicalmodel simulations. This study proposes a machine learning (ML)–assisted global optimization framework to rapidly obtain optimal fracture parameters. We employed three supervised ML models, including the radialbasis function, K-nearest neighbor, and multilayer perceptron, to emulate the relationship between fracture parameters and shale gas productivity for multistage fractured horizontal wells. Firstly, several forward shale gas simulations with embedded discrete fracture models generate training samples. Then, the samples are divided into training and testing samples to train these ML models and optimize network hyper parameters, respectively. Finally, the trained ML models are combined with an intelligent differential evolution algorithm to optimize the fracture parameters. This novel method has been applied to a naturally fractured reservoir model based on the real-field Barnett shale formation. The obtained results are compared with those of conventional optimizations with high-fidelity models. The results confirm the superiority of the proposed method owing to its very low computational cost. The use of ML modeling technology and an intelligent optimization algorithm could greatly contribute to simulation optimization and design, prompting progress in the intelligent development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs in China.

Abstract Background Gyrovirus homsa1 (GyH1) (also known as Gyrovirus 3, GyV3) is a non-enveloped, small, single-stranded DNA virus, which was first identified in children with acute diarrhea, and was subsequently detected in marketed chickens, broilers with transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP), and mammals. GyH1 is a pathogenic virus in chickens, causing aplastic anemia, immunosuppression, and multisystem damage. However, the seroepidemiology of GyH1 infection in chickens remains unclear. Here, we investigated the seroprevalence of GyH1 in chickens by ELISA to reveal the endemic status of GyH1 in China. Results An indirect ELISA with high sensitivity and specificity was developed for investigation of seroepidemiology of GyH1 in chickens in China. The seropositive rate of GyH1 ranged from 0.6% to 7.7% in thirteen provinces, and ranged from 4.1% to 8.1% in eight species chickens. The seropositive rate of GyH1 in broiler breeders was significantly higher than that of in layers. There was a negative correlation between seropositive rate and age of chickens. The highest and lowest seropositive rate were present in chickens at 30–60 days and over 180 days, respectively. Conclusions The seroepidemiological investigation results demonstrated that natural GyH1 infection is widespread in chickens in China. Different species showed different susceptibility for GyH1. Aged chickens showed obvious age-resistance to GyH1. GyH1 has shown a high risk to the poultry industry and should be highly concerned.

To solve the problem that the production of Mahu conglomerate reservoir is not up to expectation after the multi-cluster plus temporary plugging fracturing technology is applied in horizontal wells, stages 2–6 in the test well MaHW6285 are selected to carry out erosion tests with different pumping parameters. The downhole video imaging technology is used to monitor the degree of perforations erosion, and then the fracture initiation and proppant distribution of each cluster are analyzed. The results showed that proppant entered 76.7% of the perforations. The proppant was mainly distributed in a few perforation clusters, and the amount of proppant entered in most of the clusters was limited. The proppant distribution in Stage 4 was relatively uniform, and the fracture initiation of each cluster in the stage is more uniform. The proppant distribution in stages 2, 3, 5, and 6 was significantly uneven, and the uniform degree of fracture initiation in each cluster is low. More than 70% of the proppant dose in the stage entered clusters near the heel end, so the addition of diverters did not promote the uniform initiation of hydraulic fractures. There was a positive correlation between the amount of proppant added and the degree of perforations erosion, and the degree of perforations erosion ranged from 15% to 352%, with an average value of 74.5%, which was far higher than the statistical results of shale reservoir tests in North America. The use of 180° phase perforation (horizontal direction) can reduce the “Phase Bias” of perforations erosion, promote uniform perforations erosion and fluid inflow. The research results provide the basis for optimizing the pumping procedure, reducing the perforation erosion and improving the success rate of diversion.

A forward model for optical fiber strain was established based on a planar 3D multi-fracture model. Then the forward method calculating distributed fiber strain induced by multi-fracture growth was proposed. Based on this method, fiber strain evolution during fracturing of the horizontal well was numerically simulated. Fiber strain evolution induced by fracture growth can be divided into three stages: strain increasing, shrinkage convergence, and straight-line convergence, whereas the evolution of fiber strain rate has four stages: strain rate increasing, shrinkage convergence, straight-line convergence, and strain rate reversal after pumping stops. Fiber strain does not flip after pumping stop, while the strain rate flips after pumping stop so that strain rate can reflect injection dynamics. The time when the fracture extends to the fiber and inter-well pressure channeling can be identified by the straight-line convergence band of distributed fiber strain or strain rate, and the non-uniform growth of multiple fractures can be evaluated by using the instants of fractures reaching the fiber monitoring well. When the horizontal section of the fiber monitoring well is within the height range of a hydraulic fracture, the instant of the fracture reaching the fiber can be identified; otherwise, the converging band is not apparent. In multi-stage fracturing, under the influence of stress shadow from previous fracturing stages, the tensile region of fiber strain may not appear, but the fiber strain rate can effectively show the fracture growth behavior in each stage. The evolution law of fiber strain rate in single-stage fracturing can be applied to multi-stage fracturing.

The research of quantum noise in the interaction of laser and atoms plays a critical role in quantum optical experiments. The measurement of quantum noise is mainly based on the balanced homodyne detection method. Here, we reported a balanced homodyne detector with low noise, high gain, and high common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) at the wavelength of 795 nm. By optimizing the selection of components and printed circuit board (PCB) layout, a minimum electronic noise of −96.7 dBm is obtained. Over the range of 1 MHz to 5 MHz, we get a flat CMRR above 59 dB and a linear gain regime, which can enable a shot noise measurement with the laser power of $100~\mu \text{w}$ . The developed detector can be used in quantum coherent experiments with a weak probe laser of power down to tens of microwatts.

Biomass valorization plays a significant role in the production of biofuels and various value-added biochemicals, in addition to lowering greenhouse gas emissions. In terms of biorefining methods, hydrothermal (HT) and biological techniques have demonstrated the capability of valorizing biomass raw materials to yield value added end-products. An inter-disciplinary bio-economical approach is capable of optimizing biomass’s total potential in terms of environmental perspective and circular bioeconomy standpoint. The aim of this review is to provide an in-depth overview of combinatorial HT and biological techniques to maximize biomass value, which includes biological valorization following HT pretreatment and HT valorization of lignocellulosic substrates emanating from biocatalytic hydrolysis/anaerobic digestion and/or pretreated food waste for the ultimate yield of biogas/biochar and biocrude. In this study, we discuss recent advances regarding HT and biological treatment conditions, synergies between the two technologies, and optimal performance. Additionally, energy balances and economic feasibility assessments of alternative integrated solutions reported in previous studies are compared. Furthermore, we conclude by discussing the challenges and opportunities involved in integrating HT and biologicals methods toward complete biomass utilization.

True tri-axial sanding fracturing experiments are carried out on conglomerate samples from the Permian Wuerhe Formation of Mahu sag, Junggar Basin, to study hydraulic fracture propagation geometry and quartz sand transport in matrix-supported fine conglomerate and grain-supported medium conglomerate. The effect of rough fracture surface on conductivity is analyzed using the 3D-printing technology to reconstruct the rough surface formed in the fractured conglomerate. The hydraulic fractures formed in the matrix-supported fine conglomerate are fairly straight, and only more tortuous when encountering large gravels at local parts; thus, proppants can get into the fractures easily with transport distance about 70%–90% of the fracture length. By contrast, in the grain-supported medium conglomerate, hydraulic fractures tend to bypass the gravels to propagate in tortuous paths and frequently change in width; therefore, proppants are difficult to transport in these fractures and only move less than 30% of the fracture length. As the matrix-supported fine conglomerate has high matrix content and low hardness, proppants embed in the fracture surface severely. In contrast, the grain-supported medium conglomerate has higher gravel content and hardness, so the quartz sand is crushed more severely. Under the high proppant concentration of 5 kg/m2, when the closure stress is increased (above 60 MPa), fractures formed in both matrix-supported fine conglomerate and grain-supported medium conglomerate decrease in width significantly, and drop 88% and 92% in conductivity respectively compared with the case under the low closure stress of 20 MPa. The field tests prove that under high closure stress above 60 MPa, using a high proportion of fine proppants with high concentration allow the proppant to move further in the fracture; meanwhile proppant places more uniformly in the rough fracture, resulting in a higher fracture conductivity and an improved well performance.

Since the production regime of shut-in after fracturing is generally adopted for wells in shale oil reservoir, a shut-in pressure drop model coupling wellbore-fracture network-reservoir oil-water two-phase flow has been proposed. The model takes into account the effects of wellbore afterflow, fracture network channeling, and matrix imbibition and oil exchange after stop of pumping. The simulated log-log curve of pressure-drop derivative by the model presents W-shape, reflecting the oil-water displacement law between wellbore, fracture network and matrix, and is divided into eight main control flow stages according to the soaking time. In the initial stage of pressure drop, the afterflow dominates; in the early stage, the pressure drop is controlled by the cross-flow and leakoff of the fracture system, and the fractures close gradually; in the middle stage of pressure drop, matrix imbibition and oil exchange take dominance, and the fracturing fluid loss basically balances with oil replaced from matrix; the late stage of pressure drop is the reservoir boundary control stage, and the leakoff rate of fracturing-fluid and oil exchange rate decrease synchronously till zero. Finally, the fracture network parameters such as half-length of main fracture, main fracture conductivity and secondary fracture density were inversed by fitting the pressure drop data of five wells in Jimsar shale oil reservoir, and the water imbibition volume of matrix and the oil replacement volume in fracture were calculated by this model. The study results provide a theoretical basis for comprehensively evaluating the fracturing effect of shale oil horizontal wells and understanding the oil-water exchange law of shale reservoir after fracturing.

A significant health risk is associated with chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination in soils and groundwater. Microbial reductive dechlorination, one of the major pathways of chlorinated hydrocarbon degradation, has been extensively studied in anaerobic subsurface environments. The current study presents a comprehensive review and advancement related to the enhanced in-situ reductive dechlorination of chloroethenes, polychlorinated biphenyls, and chloroethenes in the recent past. Reductive dechlorination is an important pathway for dechlorination in an anaerobic environment performed by a wide group of fermentative, methanogenic, iron, and sulfate-reducing microbial populations for complete degradation of chloroethenes. Presently, the most widely used biotic remediation technologies are based on functional anaerobic bacteria. Although this technology can be used in treating hazardous contaminants yet, the problem surfaces when natural electron acceptors such as nitrates, sulphates, and bicarbonates compete with the target contaminants for electrons. Therefore, in order to accurately evaluate the effectiveness of this technology under natural hydro-chemical conditions, a thorough mechanistic overview of electron competition and electron selectivity is critical to understanding the mechanisms governing these phenomena. This review aims to provide an overview of functional microbes in eliciting in-situ biostimulation or bioaugmentation strategies that can be implemented in future research studies pertaining to this domain.

Reductive dechlorination is a core pathway of chlorination in an anaerobic environment, which can be carried out by fermentative, methanogenic, iron and sulfate-reducing microorganisms. The present review showed the different metabolic ways of microbes with the emphasis on the anaerobic microbial dechlorination (including chemical, biological and nanotechnology-based strategies), that have been employed to mitigate the chlorinated pollutants. Chemical and nanomaterial science has made substantial advancement in several aspects of dechlorination over the past two decades, providing information about the process and the outcome of the reaction. However, these chemical processes are expensive to start with and pose ecological hazards. So, extensive research has been done to come up with eco-friendly biological alternatives). Under anaerobic conditions, dehalorespiring bacteria are capable of dechlorinating chloroethenes by mediating a stepwise replacement of chlorine with hydrogen resulting in the sequential conversion of perchloroethylene (PCE) to trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroethylene (DCE) isomers, vinyl chloride (VC), and finally, ethane. Among many dehalorespiring bacterial isolates, only a few strains of the genus Dehalococcoides completely converted the chloroethenes to nontoxic ethane. In the paper we will, therefore, focus on this Dehalococcoides spp. Several factors influence the dechlorination activity between different dehalogenating bacteria. The vcrA and bvcA genes dechlorinate VC into ethene, which are essential for complete dechlorination. These pathways offer understanding of potential bioremediation of chlorinated aliphatic or aromatic compounds by Dehalococcoides with the likelihood of highly effective bioremediation.

The conversion of nitrogen–oxygen-rich biomass wastes into heteroatomic co-doped nanostructured carbons used as energy storage materials has received widespread attention. In this study, an in situ nitrogen–oxygen co-doped porous carbon was prepared for supercapacitor applications via a two-step method of pre-carbonization and pyrolytic activation using mixed egg yolk/white and rice waste. The optimal sample (YPAC-1) was found to have a 3D honeycomb structure composed of abundant micropores and mesopores with a high specific surface area of 1572.1 m2 g−1, which provided abundant storage space and a wide transport path for electrolyte ions. Notably, the specific capacitance of the constructed three-electrode system was as high as 446.22 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 and remained above 50% at 10 A g−1. The capacitance retention was 82.26% after up to 10,000 cycles. The symmetrical capacitor based on YPAC-1 with a two-electrode structure exhibited an energy density of 8.3 Wh kg−1 when the power density was 136 W kg−1. These results indicate that porous carbon materials prepared from mixed protein and carbohydrate waste have promising applications in the field of supercapacitors.

Sustainable and high-performance energy storage materials are crucial to address global energy and environmental challenges. In this study, Spirulina platensis was used as the carbon and nitrogen source, and Spirulina-based nanoporous biochar (SNPB) was synthesized through chemical activation using KOH as the activating agent in N2 atmosphere. SNPB-800-4 was characterized by N2 adsorption–desorption and XPS, showing a high specific surface area (2923.7 m2 g−1) and abundant heteroatomic oxygen (13.78%) and nitrogen (2.55%). SNPB-800-4 demonstrated an exceptional capacitance of 348 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 and a remarkable capacitance retention of 94.14% after 10,000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g−1 in 6 M KOH. Notably, symmetric supercapacitors SNPB-800-4//SNPB-800-4 achieved the maximum energy and power densities of 17.99 Wh kg−1 and 162.48 W kg−1, respectively, at a current density of 0.5 A g−1, and still maintained 2.66 Wh kg−1 when the power density was increased to 9685.08 W kg−1 at a current density of 30 A g−1. This work provides an easily scalable and straightforward way to convert waste algae biomass into in situ N, O-dually doped biochar for ultra-high-power supercapacitors.

Background: Iron deficiency (ID) is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies affecting public health. Studies show that ID affects the prognosis of patients with heart disease, including heart failure, coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. However, there is limited information regarding the impact of ID on patients undergoing cardiac surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of preoperative ID on the prognosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: In the Glycemic control using mobile-based intervention in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass to promote self-management (GUIDEME) study, patients with T2DM undergoing CABG were prospectively recruited. In this study, only those patients with preoperative iron metabolism results were enrolled. Patients were grouped based on the presence of preoperative ID. The primary endpoint was defined as the significant improvement of follow-up ejection fraction (EF) compared to postoperative levels (classified according to the 75th percentile of the change, and defined as an improvement of greater than or equal to 5%). Univariable logistic regression was performed to explore the potential confounders, followed by multiple adjustment. Results: A total of 302 patients were enrolled. No deaths were observed during the study period. A higher incidence of the primary endpoint was observed in the ID group (25.4% vs 12.9%, p = 0.015). The postoperative and follow-up EF were similar beween the two groups. In the regression analysis, ID was noticed to be a strong predictor against the significant improvement of EF in both univariable (odds ratio [OR]: 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.22–0.86, p = 0.017) and multivariable (OR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.24–0.98, p = 0.043) logistic regression. In the subgroup analysis, ID was a predictor of significant improvement of EF in age ≤60 years, male, EF ≤60%, and on-pump CABG patients. Conclusions: In T2DM patients undergoing CABG, ID might negatively affect the early recovery of left ventricular systolic function in terms of recovery of EF 3–6 months after surgery, especially in patients age ≤60 years, males, EF ≤60% and in those undergoing on-pump CABG.

Abstract Gyrovirus 3 (GyV3), the third novel emerging species of the genus Gyrovirus of the Anelloviridae family, has been described in multiple hosts. Epidemiologically, there are suggestions that GyV3 is associated with diarrhea/proventriculitis, however, no direct causal evidence exists between GyV3 infection and specific clinical diseases. Herein, we infected special pathogen-free (SPF) chickens with GyV3, and then assessed the pathogenicity and tissue tropism. The results revealed that GyV3 induced persistent infection characterized by diarrhea, aplastic anemia, immunosuppression, and persistent systemic lymphocytic inflammation. Clinically, the infected chickens presented ruffled feathers, diarrhea, anemia, and weight loss. Aplastic anemia was characterized by progressive depletion of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow, immunosuppression was associated with atrophy of the thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricious, progressive lymphocytic inflammations were characterized by proventriculitis, adrenalitis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, nephritis, and bronchitis. Viral loads of GyV3 in tissues exhibited “M”, “N”, “W” or “V” type dynamic changes. The highest level of viral loads was reported in bone marrow at 7dpi, followed by the adrenal gland at 2 dpi, the sciatic nerve at 7 dpi, and bile at 35 dpi. The bone marrow and kidney demonstrate the strongest immunostaining of GyV3-VP1 antigen and were suggested as the target tissues of GyV3. Collectively, GyV3 is an immunosuppressive pathogenic virus that targets the bone marrow and kidney in chickens. Exploring the pathogenicity and tissue tropism of GyV3 will guide the basic understanding of the biology of GyV3 and its pathogenesis in chickens.

In the acid fracturing of naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs, excessive acid leak off is the main factor limiting fracture propagation and live acid penetration distance. To reduce acid leakage and enhance the stimulation effect, ceramsite loss control agents have been widely applied in acid fracturing. However, the leak off reduction behavior of ceramsite has not yet been systematically investigated. Therefore, a conventional core-flooding acidizing system with a hollowed-out Hastelloy cylinder was used to perform a series of acid leak off experiments. Experimental results show that 1. the smaller the size of the ceramsite, the better the filtration reduction effect; 2. the higher the injection rate, the greater the acid carrying capacity, which is conducive to the loss of the control agent entering the fracture and acid-etched grooves; and 3. under laboratory conditions, the optimal ceramsite dosage is 4 g. This study deepens the understanding of acid leak off in carbonate reservoirs and provides fundamental information for field acid fracturing design.

China has pledged to achieve carbon neutrality in 2060. Here the authors find a promising option to abate 1.0 Gt CO2-eq yr− 1 of carbon emissions at a marginal cost of $69 (t CO2-eq)−1 by retrofitting 222 GW of coal power plants to co-fire with biomass and upgrading to CCS operation across 2836 counties in China.

Carbon materials, including hydrochar, can promote methane production from anaerobic digestion, and many previous studies have investigated the mechanism by analyzing changes in the microbial community. Based on the fact that the major functional microorganisms have varied in different studies, in order to investigate the effect of inocula on the final microbial composition and to compare the promotion effects of hydrochar on different microorganisms, this study introduced inocula from three distinct sources to anaerobic sequential batch reactors and analyzed the microbial community using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Hydrochar showed significant promotion effects for all three of the inocula, by increasing microbial activity at high acid concentrations and/or by reducing butyrate accumulation. The dominant microorganisms in all reactors were Clostridium and Methanosarcina, and hydrochar increased the proportion of acetoclastic methanogens. The bacteria which were promoted by hydrochar (e.g., Aminicenantales, Anaerolineaceae and SBR1031 in anaerobic granular sludge and sludge digestate, as well as Lachnospiraceae in food waste digestate) only accounted for around 10%. The bacteria found to be involved in DIET in earlier studies were lacking in this study. It was speculated that hydrochar acted as an electron intermediate and supported microbial aggregation, while the possibility that hydrochar promoted DIET cannot be ruled out.

Gyrovirus homsa1 (GyH1) is an emerging pathogenic single–stranded circular DNA virus that leads to immunosuppression, aplastic anemia, and multisystem damage in chickens. However, the prevalence of GyH1 infection in chickens and wild birds remains unknown. Here, we developed a double–antibody sandwich enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (DAS–ELISA) to investigate GyH1 infection in 8 chicken species and 25 wild bird species. A total of 2258 serum samples from chickens (n = 2192) in 15 provinces, and wild birds (n = 66) in Jinan Wildlife Hospital were collected from 2017 to 2021 in China. The GyH1–positive rates in chickens and wild birds were 9.3% (203/2192) and 22.7% (15/66), respectively. GyH1 was present in all flocks in 15 provinces. From 2017 to 2021, the positive rate ranged from 7.93% (18/227) to 10.67% (56/525), and the highest positive rate was present in 2019. Upon chicken age, the highest positive rate (25.5%) was present in young chickens (14–35 days old). Moreover, the GyH1–positive rate in broiler breeders (12.6%, 21/167) was significantly higher than that in layer chickens (8.9%, 14/157). This study shows that GyH1 has spread in chicken flocks and wild birds, and the higher GyH1–positive rate in wild birds indicates the risk of spillover from wild birds to chickens. Our study expanded the GyH1 epidemiological aspects and provided a theoretical basis for GyH1 prevention.

Phenolic compounds, which are difficultly degraded, are one of the main toxic threats faced in the anaerobic digestion (AD) process. It has previously been reported that hydrochar/pyrochar produced by the hydrothermal liquefaction/pyrolysis of biomass can enhance AD by promoting direct interspecific electron transfer (DIET). The present study investigated the effects of different hydrochars and pyrochars on the anaerobic degradation of phenol and provided deep insights into the related micro-organisms at the species level through genome-centric metagenomic analysis. Compared with the control experiment, the addition of hydrochar and pyrochar shortened the lag time. However, hydrochar created a large increase in the maximum methane production rate (Rm) (79.1%) compared to the control experiments, while the addition of pyrochar decreased Rm. Metagenomic analysis showed that the addition of carbon materials affected the relative abundance of genes in the phenol anaerobic degradation pathway, as well as the species and relative abundance of phenol degrading micro-organisms. The relative abundance of key genes for phenol degradation, such as bsdB, bamB, oah, etc., under the action of hydrochar was higher than those under the action of pyrochar. In addition, hydrochar-enriched phenol degradation-related bacteria (Syntrophus aciditrophicus, etc.) and methanogen (Methanothrix soehngenii, etc.). These micro-organisms might improve the phenol degradation efficiency by promoting DIET. Therefore, hydrochar had a more significant effect in promoting anaerobic degradation of phenol.

Deep learning has better detection efficiency than typical methods in photoelectric target detection. However, classical CNNs on GPU frameworks consume too much computing power and memory resources. We propose a multi-stream inference-optimized TensorRT (MSIOT) method to solve this problem effectively. MSIOT uses knowledge distillation to effectively reduce the number of model parameters by layer guidance between CNNs and lightweight networks. Moreover, we use the TensorRT and multi-stream mode to reduce the number of model computations. MSIOT again increases inference speed by 9.3% based on the 4.3–7.2× acceleration of TensorRT. The experimental results show that the model’s mean average accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score after distillation can reach up to 94.20%, 93.16%, 95.4%, and 94.27%, respectively. It is of great significance for designing a real-time photoelectric target detection system.

BackgroundmRNA vaccines are a novel technology that provide a potential strategy for cancer treatment. However, few studies exist that are focused on the application and development of mRNA vaccines in bladder cancer (BLCA). Therefore, this study filtered candidate antigens and specific mRNA-suitable populations in BLCA via comprehensive multi-omics analysis.MethodsClinical information, follow-up information, and gene expression profiles were obtained from the TCGA and GEO databases. Somatic mutation and DNA copy number variation of BLCA were visualized by cBioPortal. Significant survival genes were analyzed by GEPIA2. TIMER was used to evaluate the connection between candidate antigens and infiltration of antigen-presenting cells. Consensus clustering analysis was performed to identify immune subtypes using the ConsensusClusterPlus package. The Monocle package was used to visualize the immune landscapes of each BLCA patient. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify key genes for mRNA vaccines.ResultsAP2S1, P3H4, and RAC3 were identified as candidate tumor-specific antigens for BLCA. Three immune subtypes were classified based on immune-related gene expression profiles. Patients with the BCS2 subtype were characterized as immune “cold” and exhibited upregulation of immunogenic cell death modulators, whereas patients with BCS1 and BCS3 were immune “hot” and had upregulation of immune checkpoints. Interestingly, patients with the BCS2 subtype had a better prognosis than other subtypes. The immune landscapes of each patient were visualized and revealed the heterogeneity within the BCS1 subtype. Finally, 13 key immune genes were identified.ConclusionsAP2S1, P3H4, and RAC3 were identified as candidate tumor-specific antigens, and patients with the BCS2 and BCS1A subtypes were identified as candidate populations for mRNA vaccines. In summary, this study provides novel insights and a theoretical basis for mRNA vaccine development in BLCA and other malignancies.

To overcome the energy demand and environmental issues by applying ecofriendly techniques to produce green energy are getting high attentions in these days. Lignocellulosic materials are the most abundant resource of biomass on earth and these materials have become vital for anaerobic digestion. However, the structure of lignocellulosic materials is difficult to degrade during anaerobic digestion. Physical, thermal, chemical and thermochemical techniques have been widely used for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials, which might facilitate the degradation of pretreated lignocellulosic materials during anaerobic digestion. Further, in recent years many updated and advanced techniques have also been developed for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials. Therefore, this study systematically summaries the novel techniques and chemicals used for physical, thermal, chemical and thermochemical pretreatments of lignocellulosic materials for the enhancement of anaerobic digestion. In addition, the mechanism, applications, advantages and disadvantages and challenges of each type of the pretreatment have also been identified. Finally, this study will provide new ideas for the development of new pretreatment techniques.

Efficient development of deep tight reservoirs in the southern margin of the Junggar Basin requires stimulation technology, and effective propped hydraulic fractures are the key to successful stimulation. To optimize the proppant selected for reservoir stimulation, the important parameters of proppant selection were determined through the proppant conductivity evaluation experimental study and field test, considering the influences of high temperature and high closure pressure. The results show that closure pressure, temperature, and sand concentration have a great influence on the conductivity of the proppant pack. The conductivity of the proppant pack decreases by about 10% at high temperatures, which is because the high temperature will rupture more proppant and thus reduce proppant pack permeability. In the long term, the Scenario B placement pattern can maintain high conductivity, and the long-term conductivity is increased by 6–26% compared with the Scenario C placement pattern. Furthermore, increasing the proppant placement concentration is conducive to the long-term conductivity of the fracture. During the operation of the test well, the treatment pressure was stable, and the fractures were effectively propped. No proppant flowing back occurred in the test production after the fracturing treatment, which achieved the purpose of the evaluation well, provided support for the large-scale development of subsequent development wells, and ensured orderly development.

To investigate the impact of CO2 on rocks during the whole period of CO2 pre-pad energized fracturing operation for thin interbedded shale reservoir, including fracturing and well shut-in, a series of laboratory triaxial fracturing experiments and CO2 soaking experiments were conducted on thin interbedded shale (from Jimsar formations). In these experiments, combined with computed tomography (CT), the effect of fracturing fluid, horizontal principal stress difference, vertical principal stress, and natural fractures on fracture morphology were studied respectively. And based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiments, the dissolution of minerals and the changes of pore structure before and after CO2 soaking were analyzed. The results of the fracturing experiment show that the bedding planes are easy to be opened by low viscosity of CO2 and the longitudinal fractures intersect with bedding planes to build a complex fracture network. During CO2 fracturing of thin interbedded shale, the horizontal principal stress difference is no longer a crucial factor to form a complex fracture network, but the vertical stress and natural fractures play important roles. And the soaking experiments indicate that the main dissolved mineral is carbonate whose dissolution ratio can reach 45.2% after soaking for 5 days, leading to the expansion of original pores or the exposure of new pores.

We aimed to compare the early, mid-term, and long-term mortality between on-pump vs. off-pump redo coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). We conducted a systematic search for studies comparing clinical outcomes of patients who underwent on-pump vs. off-pump redo CABG. We pooled the relevant studies quantitatively to compare the early (perioperative period, whether in hospital or within 30 days after discharge), mid-term (≥1 year and 50%) between studies. Otherwise, a fixed-effect model was utilized. After systematic literature searching, 22 studies incorporating 5,197 individuals (3,215 in the on-pump group and 1,982 in the off-pump group) were identified. A pooled analysis demonstrated that compared with off-pump redo CABG, on-pump redo CABG was associated with higher early mortality (OR 2.11, 95%CI: 1.54–2.89, P < 0.00001). However, no significant difference was noted in mid-term mortality (OR 1.12, 95%CI: 0.57–2.22, P = 0.74) and long-term mortality (OR 1.12, 95%CI: 0.41–3.02, P = 0.83) between the two groups. In addition, the complete revascularization rate was higher in the on-pump group than the off-pump group (OR 2.61, 95%CI: 1.22–5.60, P = 0.01). In conclusion, the off-pump technique is a safe and efficient alternative to the on-pump technique, with early survival advantage and similar long-term mortality to the on-pump technique in the setting of redo CABG, especially in high-risk patients.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42021244721.

Ball-sealer in-stage diversion in horizontal wells is a key technique to realize the uniform stimulation of fractured sections in tight oil and gas reservoirs. So far, however, there are fewer research results on the propagation morphologies of multi-cluster fractures after the implementation of different ball-sealer in-stage diversion processes during the fracturing treatment, which results in less theoretical support for the preparation of field ball-sealer in-stage diversion process and measures and impacts its application effects in the fracturing field. To deal with this situation, this paper established a fully coupled “wellbore–perforation–fracture propagation” model of horizontal wells on the basis of the boundary element method. Then, a method for calculating the allocation of ball sealers was proposed. Finally, the number of ball sealers, diversion time and number of diversions during the intra-stage temporary plugging and diversion under the condition of initial heterogeneous stress field and their effects on the propagation of multi-cluster fractures were simulated. And the following research results were obtained. First, the flow restriction of perforation friction can counterbalance the intake difference caused by the induced stress interference so that the friction difference applied on the fluid flow in each fracture cluster is reduced. Second, when the effect of the heterogeneous distribution of the initial stress field is taken into consideration, the liquid intake of each fracture cluster changes greatly and even ineffective perforation clusters without liquid incoming appear in the high-stress region. And after the ball is injected, new fractures are initiated from the ineffective perforation clusters. Third, when the initial minimum horizontal principal stress difference (Δσh) is higher than 3 MPa, it is beneficial to reduce the non-uniform propagation of each fracture cluster by increasing the number of ball sealers appropriately in the middle stage of the construction (over half of the total perforations of each stage) or carrying out temporary plugging in the early–middle stage (including ball injection in batches in the early–middle stage). Fourth, when Δσh is lower than 2 MPa, it is necessary to reduce the number of ball sealers or inject balls in the middle–late stage, or the non-uniform propagation of each fracture cluster will be aggravated.