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Dysregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome results in uncontrolled inflammation, which participates in various chronic diseases. TWIK2 potassium channel mediates potassium efflux that has been reported to be an essential upstream mechanism for ATP-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Thus, TWIK2 potassium channel could be a potential drug target for NLRP3-related inflammatory diseases. In the present study we investigated the effects of known K2P channel modulators on TWIK2 channel expressed in a heterologous system. In order to increase plasma membrane expression and thus TWIK2 currents, a mutant channel with three mutations (TWIK2(I289A/L290A/Y308A)) in the C-terminus was expressed in COS-7 cells. TWIK2 currents were assessed using whole-cell voltage-clamp recording. Among 6 known K2P channel modulators tested (DCPIB, quinine, fluoxetine, ML365, ML335, and TKDC), ML365 was the most potent TWIK2 channel blocker with an IC(50) value of 4.07 ± 1.5 μM. Furthermore, ML365 selectively inhibited TWIK2 without affecting TWIK1 or THIK1 channels. We showed that ML365 (1, 5 μM) concentration-dependently inhibited ATP-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in LPS-primed murine BMDMs, whereas it did not affect nigericin-induced NLRP3, or non-canonical, AIM2 and NLRC4 inflammasomes activation. Knockdown of TWIK2 significantly impaired the inhibitory effect of ML365 on ATP-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, we demonstrated that pre-administration of ML365 (1, 10, 25 mg/kg, ip) dose-dependently ameliorated LPS-induced endotoxic shock in mice. In a preliminary pharmacokinetic study conducted in rats, ML365 showed good absolute oral bioavailability with F value of 22.49%. In conclusion, ML365 provides a structural reference for future design of selective TWIK2 channel inhibitors in treating related inflammatory diseases.

Black carbon (BC) is an important component of airborne fine particulate matter, with significant impacts on global climate change and human health. Taking Minhang District of Shanghai as the study area, a microaethalometer (MA200) and GPS were installed on the electric taxi to form a mobile observation platform to identify the spatial distribution and hot spots of atmospheric BC in urban environment. We analyzed the sources and influencing factors of BC. The results showed that the overall characteristics of the spatial distribution pattern of near surface atmospheric BC in Minhang District of Shanghai were high in the north and low in the south. The average BC concentration was (4.11±4.87) μg·m黑碳(BC)是大气细颗粒物的重要组分,对全球气候变化和人体健康有重要影响。本研究以上海市闵行区为研究区域,在电动出租车上安装MA200便携式黑碳仪和GPS定位系统组成移动观测平台,识别城市环境大气BC空间分布和热点区域,解析大气BC来源及影响因素。结果表明:上海市闵行区近地面大气BC空间分布格局总体呈现北高南低的特征,大气BC浓度平均值为(4.11±4.87) μg·m

Aim To investigate the clinical factors and factors that affect the decisions regarding storage of cryopreserved embryos obtained using assisted reproductive technology. Methods Clinical characteristics affecting the decisions regarding cryopreserved embryos were analyzed in 5724 Japanese couples who underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intra-cytoplasmic sperm insemination (ICSI) and embryo transfer over 4 years since April 2015 at our clinic. Statistical analysis was carried out using JMP software. Results The number of oocytes retrievals and embryos stored, outcomes and number of children, and age of the female patients and male partners were related to the decision-making regarding cryopreserved embryos. Childbearing and no wish for another child were the major reasons for discontinuing embryo storage. The number of oocytes retrievals and embryos in storage, age of the female patients, and sex of the child were independently associated with this decision-making in 2682 patients with a single child. Women with male children were more likely to choose discontinuation of embryo storage than those with female children. Conclusion Already having a child and not wishing for further treatment due to age along with the presence of a male child affect the decision to continue or discontinue embryo storage in Japanese patients with infertility.

Pancreatic cancer has been characterized by poor prognosis, early metastasis and dissatisfactory treatment outcome. The high basal level of autophagy in tumor cells leads to chemoresistance and tumor progression. Thus, it is imminent to explore novel effective chemotherapeutic adjuvants to increase patients' survival rate. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a bioactive flavonoid obtained from the Traditional Chinese herbal medicine Glycyrrhiza glabra, and it possesses a broad range of pharmacological effects. In this study, the anti-cancer effect of ISL in pancreatic cancer treatment and the underlying mechanism are investigated.MTT assay, colony formation and EdU analysis were performed to explore the growth inhibition of ISL on pancreatic cancer cells. Apoptosis were analyzed using TUNEL and flow cytometry. The formations of autophagosomes were analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. RFP-GFP-LC3B probe was applied to detect the autophagy flux. To assess the structural interaction of ISL with p38 protein, molecular docking assays were performed. The molecular mechanism was elucidated by using western immunoblotting. Subsequently, the inhibition of ISL on tumor growth was determined in vivo using pancreatic tumor mice model.ISL inhibited pancreatic cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis, both in vitro and in vivo. ISL caused accumulation of autophagosome through blockade of late stage autophagic flux. Moreover, autophagy inducer rapamycin enhanced ISL-evoked cell growth inhibition and promoted apoptosis, while inhibition of autophagosome formation by siAtg5 attenuated ISL-induced apoptosis. It is remarkable that ISL synergistically sensitized the cytotoxic effect of gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil on pancreatic cancer cells as both drugs induced autophagy. Molecular docking analysis has indicated that ISL acted by direct targeting of p38 MAPK, which was confirmed by ISL-induced phosphorylation of p38. The autophagy flux induced by p38 inhibitor SB203580 was blocked by ISL, with further increasing toxicity of ISL in pancreatic cancer cells.The results have revealed that ISL inhibited pancreatic cancer progression by blockade of autophagy through p38 MAPK signaling.

Diosgenin is widely distributed in many plants, such as Polygonatum sibiricum, Paris polyphylla, Dioscorea oppositifolia, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Costus speciosus, Tacca chantrieri, which has good anti-tumor activity and preferable effects on preventing atherosclerosis, protecting the heart, treating diabetes, etc. This review combed through the anti-tumor mechanisms of diosgenin encompassing lung, breast, gallbladder, liver, oral cavity, stomach, bladder, bone marrow, etc. Besides, it was discovered that diosgenin mainly exerts its effect by inhibiting tumor cell migration, suppressing tumor cell proliferation and growth, and inducing cell apoptosis. However, problems like low yield and bioavailability frequently exist in natural diosgenin. This review introduced methods such as structural modification, dosage form optimization and combination medication to improve the yield and anti-tumor activity of diosgenin. Via the summary of this paper, it is expected to provide theoretical basis for the rational exploitation and utilization of diosgenin.

The angucylines are a family of aromatic polyketides featuring a tetracyclic benz[a]anthraquinone skeleton. This class of polycyclic aromatic polyketides are exclusively associated with actinomycetes and can undergo many modifications such as oxidation, ring cleavage, glycosylation and dimerization. Here we report the discovery of a new ether-linked benz[a]anthraquinone heterodimer, named mycolatone (1), from a grasshopper-derived actinomycete, Amycolatopsis sp. HCa1. The structure of mycolatone (1) was determined by comprehensive two-dimensional NMR analysis, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and biogenetic consideration. This new heterodimeric molecule is structurally derived from the dimerization of two tetracyclic angucylines, 2-hydroxy-5-O-methyltetragomycin and PD116779, through an ether bond between C-8 and C-8'. This new structural feature enrich the structural diversity of angucylines. Additionally, the surface tension activity and cytotoxic activities of 1 against human cervical cancer cell line (Hela), human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (SGC-7901) and human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (SPC-A-1) were evaluated.

Based on the ground-based observations from seven atmospheric background stations during 2009 to 2018 in monsoon Asia (including BKT station in Indonesia, LLN and WLG stations in China, RYO and YON stations in Japan, TAP station in Republic of Korea, and UUM station in Mongolia), we analyzed the temporal and spatial variation of atmospheric CH基于2009—2018年亚洲季风区7个大气本底站[印度尼西亚Bukit Kototabang(BKT)站、中国鹿林(LLN)站和瓦里关(WLG)站、日本Ryori(RYO)站和Yonagunijima(YON)站、韩国Tae-ahn Peninsula(TAP)站、蒙古Ulaan Uul(UUM)站]地面观测资料,利用谐波模型拟合和最大信息非参数探索方法,对亚洲季风区大气CH

To study the effects of total ginsenosides (TG) extract from Panax ginseng on neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and differentiation and their underlying mechanisms.The migration of NSCs after treatment with various concentrations of TG extract (50, 100, or 200 µ g/mL) were monitored. The proliferation of NSCs was examined by a combination of cell counting kit-8 and neurosphere assays. NSC differentiation mediated by TG extract was evaluated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining to monitor the expression of nestin and microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2). The GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway in TG-treated NSCs was examined by Western blot assay. The NSCs with constitutively active GSK-3β mutant were made by adenovirus-mediated gene transfection, then the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs mediated by TG were further verified.TG treatment significantly enhanced NSC migration (P0.01 or P0.05) and increased the proliferation of NSCs (P0.01 or P0.05). TG mediation also significantly upregulated MAP2 expression but downregulated nestin expression (P0.01 or P0.05). TG extract also significantly induced GSK-3β phosphorylation at Ser9, leading to GSK-3β inactivation and, consequently, the activation of the GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway (P0.01 or P0.05). In addition, constitutive activation of GSK-3β in NSCs by the transfection of GSK-3β S9A mutant was found to significantly suppress TG-mediated NSC proliferation and differentiation (P0.01 or P0.05).TG promoted NSC proliferation and neuronal differentiation by inactivating GSK-3β.

2-Deoxyglucose (2DG) is a non-metabolizable glucose analog currently in clinical trials to determine its efficacy in enhancing the therapeutic effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy of several types of cancers. It is thought to preferentially kill cancer cells by inhibiting glycolysis because cancer cells are more dependent on glycolysis for their energy needs than normal cells. However, we found that the toxicity of 2DG in cancer cells is mediated by the enzymatic activities of AKR1B1 and/or AKR1B10 (AKR1Bs), which are often overexpressed in cancer cells. Our results show that 2DG kills cancer cells because, in the process of being reduced by AKR1Bs, depletion of their cofactor NADPH leads to the depletion of glutathione (GSH) and cell death. Furthermore, we showed that compounds that are better substrates for AKR1Bs than 2DG are more effective than 2DG in killing cancer cells that overexpressed these 2 enzymes. As cancer cells can be induced to overexpress AKR1Bs, the anticancer mechanism we identified can be applied to treat a large variety of cancers. This should greatly facilitate the development of novel anticancer drugs.

Objective To study the safety and efficacy of standard channel establishment using a visual puncture system in the treatment of renal calculi without hydronephrosis. Methods We retrospectively analyzed data from 46 patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy via a standard channel assisted by a visual puncture system, including number of punctures, duration of procedure, hemoglobin level after surgery, calculi clearance rate, and postoperative complications. Results Sixty-nine channels were established, including a single channel in 26 cases, double channel in 17 cases, and three channels in 3 cases. The mean number of punctures was 1.50, mean time to establish the standard channel was 2.6 minutes, and duration of surgery was 31.3 minutes. No significant change in hemoglobin was observed after surgery. Forty-three patients had no residual calculi and three had small residual calculi on the day after surgery, representing a first-phase clearance rate of 93.48% (43/46). No significant complications were observed. Conclusions Hemorrhage during operation can be significantly reduced by establishing a standard channel using a visual puncture system. Moreover, the number of standard channels can be reduced and the incidence of complications lowered using this approach, which should be adopted widely for the treatment of renal calculi without hydronephrosis.

Oleanolic acid (OA), one of the bioactive ingredients in ginseng, has been reported to have neuroprotective activities. However, the effects and its mechanism on neural stem cell (NSC) induction are not entirely clear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of OA on promoting the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). Migration and proliferation were investigated by using neural-specific markers, neurosphere assay, and Cell Counting Kit-8, respectively. We found OA remarkably promoted neural migration and proliferation of NSCs in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Differentiation was analyzed by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining, which found MAP2 expression was remarkably increased, whereas Nestin was dramatically decreased. In addition, OA increased phosphorylation of GSK3β at Ser9 and expression of active forms of β-catenin. Furthermore, NSCs with constitutively active GSK3β (S9A) significantly suppressed the OA-induced proliferation and neural differentiation. These results showed that OA could stimulate NSC proliferation and neural differentiation in vitro via suppressing the activity of GSK3β. Our findings may have significant implications for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Renal endometriosis is a rare disease for which the mechanisms of pathogenesis are still unclear. As such, early diagnosis and an appropriate treatment are often delayed because of the tendency to be misdiagnosed as a renal tumor. In October 2013 we performed a radical nephrectomy for a 37-year-old woman with renal endometriosis who was preoperatively misdiagnosed as having a right renal tumor. Avoiding the misdiagnosis of renal endometriosis requires a detailed case history, especially regarding whether the cyclicity of lumbodorsal pain and hematuria correlates with patients' menstrual cycles. Imaging examinations are commonly helpful for localization, whereas relieving symptoms with drugs to create a hypoestrogenic state is useful for clinical diagnosis. However, a final diagnosis for renal endometriosis still must depend on histopathologic examination.

Paeonol is one of main medicinal ingredients of Cortex Moutan. Paeonol has the functions of sedative, hypnosis, anti-bacterial, antibiosis, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, reducing blood pressure and so on. Paeonol has extensive biological activities and has broad prospects of exploitation and utilization. This paper reviews the latest progress of its pharmacology.

The biocompatibility of the austenitic stainless steel with different nitrogen contents was studied, The MTT(3-(4,5-Dimethylthi azol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetra zolium bromide) assay, platelet adhesion and hemolysis rate test were used to examine the cytotoxicity. The cell compatibility of materials was investigated by cell adhesion test. Hemolysis rate test and platelet adhesion were used to examine the blood compatibility. The cell toxicity test showed that the nickel free austenitic stainless steel materials of different nitrogen content and the control group of titanium alloy materials had no significant side effects for vascular endothelial cells. The cell adhesion test showed that the cell number of vascular endothelial in the austenitic stainless steel was more than the titanium alloy materials, and the cells grow in good condition. The hemolysis rate was lower than 5%, and the influence of platelet was not significant, and pyrogen test results can be considered that such material extracts heat checking compliance with safety regulations.

In order to make sure the reasonable roadway layout in lower seam of close coal mining group coordination in Lijiahao coal mine, firstly, applying the theoretical analysis and geological radar detection to get the influence depth of mining from the up coal seam 2-2 to the floor is about 20m, the results show that the thickness of complete strata is about 15m, then determining to use the outward alternate entries in lower seam roadway by using theoretical analysis. At last, determining the distance of outward alternate entries is 12-14m by using FLAC3D numerical simulation software to simulate the change of stress and displacement in roof floor and two sides of roadway.

In this paper, we apply a variant of the famous Mountain Pass Lemmas of Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz and Ambrosetti-Coti Zelati with (PSC)c type condition of Palais-Smale-Cerami to study the existence of new periodic solutions with a prescribed energy for symmetrical singular second order Hamiltonian conservative systems with weak force type potentials.

To understand the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in 27 counties (cities, districts) that reached the criteria of schistosomiasis infection controlled in Anhui Province.According to the requirement of The National Assessment Scheme of Schistosomiasis, 81 administrative villages where the schistosomiasis epidemic situation was relatively heaver in above-mentioned 27 counties (1 village per town, 3 towns per county) were sampled and investigated.From 2012 to 2014, 81 villages were investigated, and 34,293 residents received the serum examinations, and 1,086 were positive with a positive rate of 3.17% (0.65%-9.58%), and the positives received stool examinations and the average stool positive rate was 0.37% (0-4.0%). The calculated prevalence of human infection was 0.01%. A total of 3 057 domestic animals were investigated including 438 cattle, 2,550 sheep, and 69 other animals, and no infections were detected. A total of 11,261 living Oncomelania hupensis snails were collected and detected, but no schistosome infected snails were found. Before this investigation, no infected snails were detected for more than 2 years [average 2.3 (2-6) years], and no acute schistosome infection cases were found for more than 2 years [average 4.9 (2-9) years].The infection rates of schistosomiasis in residents and domestic animals are relatively low, and no schistosome infected snails are found in the regions.

An on-line system which based on acoustic resonance employed digital signal processer (DSP) as its core device for eggshell crack detection. The system consists of the IR trigger for detecting the egg’s coming, the motor drive for driving the DC motor, the signal conditioning circuit for signal amplification and filter and DSP for control and signal processing. Based on the analysis of response signal of eggshell which excited with a light mechanical, four featured descriptors were exacted for discriminating intact and cracked eggs. By using the on-line system for detection of cracked eggs, the identification rates of intact eggs and cracked eggs were 93.75% and 96.25%, respectively. This system can detect 5 eggs within one second, it completely meet the needs of on-line detection.

Although the number of human infections decreased, human prevalence increased from 4.9% in 1995 to 5.1% in 2004., Results from the third nationwide cluster sampling survey on the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the People’s Republic of China, conducted by the Ministry of Health in 2004, are presented. A stratified cluster random sampling technique was used, and 239 villages were selected in 7 provinces where Schistosoma japonicum remains endemic. A total of 250,987 residents 6–65 years of age were included in the survey. Estimated prevalence rates in the provinces of Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Jiangsu were 4.2%, 3.8%, 3.1%, 2.2%, 1.7%, 0.9%, and 0.3%, respectively. The highest prevalence rates were in the lake and marshland region (3.8%) and the lowest rates were in the plain region with waterway networks (0.06%). Extrapolation to all residents in schistosome-endemic areas indicated 726,112 infections. This indicates a reduction of 16.1% compared with a nationwide survey conducted in 1995. However, human infection rates increased by 3.9% in settings where transmission is ongoing.

To analyze the changes of schistosomiasis endemic situation in Anui Province from 2004 to 2014, so as to provide the evidence for formulating "The thirteenth five year" schistosomiasis control plan.The information for schistosomiasis control and the data of the endemic surveillance of schistosomiasis were collected and analyzed for the changes of schistosomiasis endemic situation in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2014.The Oncomelania hupensis snail areas presented on a rising trend, and reached to the largest area with about 3.1 billon m2in 2011. However, the snail areas decreased from 2012, and reduced by 10.55% in 2012 compared with the areas in 2011, and reduced to the lowest level in 2014 in recent 10 years. The density of living snails presented a fluctuation situation from 2004 to 2008, and on a decreasing trend from 2008, and the density of living snails was below 1 snail/0.l i2 after 2011. The infection rate of snails remained stagnant state from 2004 to 2011, and decreased rapidly in 2012, and no schistosome infected snails were found in 2013 and 2014. The schistosome infection rate of residents decreased gradually, and the number of acute schistosomiasis was under 50 cases with scattered distribution after 2006, and no acute cases occurred in 2013 and 2014. The infection rate of livestock was above 1% from 2004 to 2011, and reduced to 0.55% in 2012, and it was the first time that the infection rate of livestock was lower than that of residents in the same year in 2014. The progress for achieving the goal of schistosomiasis transmission control accelerated after 2011, and the number of counties that reached the standard of schistosomiasis transmission controlled from 2012 to 2014 was 4, 9 and 14 and the number of townships was 33, 76 and 32, respectively.Schistosomiasis control has achieved remarkable effectiveness in Anhui Province, but there still exists hard work to consolidate the achievement and reach schistosomiasis transmission interrupted.

To understand the variation rules of schistosomiasis endemic situation before and after schistosomiasis transmission controlled or interrupted, so as to provide the evidence for the consolidation of control achievements.In Anhui Province, 3 counties reaching the criteria of schistosomiasis transmission controlled or interrupted were selected and their historical endemic data were collected and analyzed statistically from 10 years before the schistosomiasis transmission controlled to 2008.In Tianchang City, the Oncomelania hupensis snail area was 3.54 hm2 in a part of the lake marshland in the year reaching the criteria of transmission controlled (1998), and no snails were found in the year of transmission interrupted (2008). No stool-test-positive resident was detected except there were 58 acute schistosomiasis cases in 1993, and the sero-test-positive rate of local residents remained at low levels (0-1.55%). In Taihu County, the snail area was 0.84 hm2 accounting for 0.06% of its historical accumulative snail areas in the year of transmission controlled (1971) , and no snails were found three years before the transmission interrupted (1983). However, the schistosomiasis endemic rebounded 12 years later (1995), there was an outbreak of acute schistosome infections (73 cases), and the snail area increased again to 133.7 hm2 accounting for 2.91% of historical accumulative snail areas. After that, the snail area kept on rising and the infection rates of residents and bovine remained higher than 1%. In Guangde County, the snail area was 32.4 hm2 accounting for 1.90% of its historical accumulative snail areas in the year of transmission controlled (1995). After that, the snail area increased progressively, and the schistosomiasis endemic rebounded and there were acute schistosome infections 5 years later. The Spearman tests showed that the sero-test-positive rate (Tianchang City) and the stool-test-positive rates of residents and bovine (Taihu County) had positive correlations with the snail areas (r = 0.582, 0.401, 0.596, all P0.05).The snail status is a key for the consolidation of schistosomiasis transmission controlled and interrupted. Therefore, a valid surveillance system of snail situation should be established as quickly as possible.

To explore the risk factors of cerebral schistosomiasis japonica.A total of 37 confirmed cases, diagnosed during 1999-2004 in Anhui Province, were involved in the study as case group. Three controls for each case were selected from the general population either without schistosomiasis, with chronic schistosomiasis or with acute schistosomiasis. The relevant risk factors on the disease were analyzed.Four factors with labour intensity, physical, economical and nutritional conditions before illness between case group and normal control group, 7 factors including epilepsy history, hypersensitivity, intensity and times of infection between case group and acute schistosomiasis control group, 10 factors including intensity of infection, times of infection and treatment between case group and chronic schistosomiasis control group, all showed statistical significance (p0.05) . Five factors showed statistical significance (p0.05) between case group and the 3 control groups.The intensity of schistosome infection and treatment history are the main risk factors for cerebral schistosomiasis, and the physical and psychosocial conditions of the patients show some effect on the disease.

The characteristics of spatial-temporal distribution on infected snails were analyzed at the village level in Anhui province, 2006-2012.Data on the distribution of infected snails from 2006 to 2012 in Anhui province was collected. Spatial database was established by ArcGIS 9.3. Retrospective spatial-temporal cluster analysis was done by SaTScan 9.1.1 at the village level.Eight areas with increased risk and distributed along the upstream to downstream of Yangtze and connecting branch rivers, were found having infected snails, from 2006 through 2012, including one area in 2006, five in 2006-2008, one in 2007-2009 and one in 2009-2011, respectively. Proportion on the number of areas with infected snails decreased from 6.2% in 2006 to 0.5% in 2012.The spatial-temporal distribution of infected snail was not random but there appeared significant clusters. The trend seemed to be declining in Anhui province, between 2006 and 2012. Areas being detected as snails positive were important for the schistosomiasis control program to be carried out in Anhui province.

To establish the measures of schistosomiasis field survey and evaluate the efficacy of their application according to the content of indexes of rapid assessment system to high transmission risks in schistosomiasis endemic areas of lake regions.In 2012, based on the analysis of Oncomelania hupensis snail situation, and schistosomiasis epidemic data of human and cattle from 2008-2010, 60 villages from Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi and Anhui provinces were selected and investigated, and the content of the investigation included the field feces, snail status, and epidemic situation of human and cattle. The systemic sampling was applied for snail investigation; the feces collected from snail investigation field were examined by the hatching test (3 bottles for 1 sample). A cluster random sampling was carried out with more than 300 people in each village. By using the hatching test (3 bottles for 1 sample) , the human stool examination was carried out for the identification of the infected persons who were positive in the immunity test screening. The hatching test was applied for cattle of all the villages (3 bottles for 1 sample).A total of 65 field feces spots were surveyed in 60 villages, field feces were found in 78.46% (51/65) of spots, and the positive rate of field feces was 1.07% (9/842). There were 73.33% (44,160)of villages with cattle, and the largest amount cattle with 329 was found in Wufeng Village, Jiangxi Province. The cattle infection rate was 1.5 1% (4,913,242) in 3242 investigated cattle. The highest cattle infection rate was 4% in Tongxin Village, Jiangxi Province. The population of 47 099 was surveyed, the infection rate was 0.77% (364/47 099), and the highest was 4.37% in Xumuchang Village, Hunan Province. The infection rate was 0 in 43.33% (26/60) of villages. No acute schistosomiasis cases were reported in all the villages in 2011 and 2012. Totally, 77 snail spots in 60 villages were investigated, and 51 spots were marshland and 26 spots were ditches. The schistosome-infected snails were detected in 5.88% (3/51 )of the marshland spots and the living snails were found in 80.39%(41/51) of the spots. The highest density of living snails was 3.20/0.1 m2 in Xumuchang Village, Hunan Province. The average density of infected snails was 0.00045/0.1 m2 (4/8942). The infected snail spots were distributed in Liujiadi Village and Liuhe Village of Hubei Province, and Jiangkou Village of Anhui Province. No infected snails were detected in 26 ditches spots. The living snails were detected in 53.85% (14/26) of the ditches spots. The highest average density of living snails was 3.76/0.1 m2 in Huakou Village, Hubei Province.The measures of field survey for rapid assessment system of high transmission risks in schistosomiasis endemic areas of lake regions are established and applied with scientific, impersonal and rapid characteristics.

In this paper, we prove that the Lagrangian solutions to the three-body problem minimize the action function.

To explore the application of space-time scan statistics in the early warning of distribution of schistosome infected Oncomelania hupensis snails.The data of distribution of infected snails in Anhui Province from 2006 to 2012 were collected, and a spatial database was established by ArcGIS 9.3. The prospective spatial-temporal cluster analysis was done by SaTscan 9.1.1 at the village level.Four space-time clusters, which were distributed over the Yangtze River and its branch rivers, were detected.The space-time scan statistics could detect the distribution of infected snails early, and the space-time clusters found were the key and difficult points of schistosomiasis control in Anhui Province.

This paper reviews the researches related to the reservoir hosts of Schistosoma japonicum, including bovine, sheep, dog, cat and wild mouse. Combined with the implementation of the comprehensive control strategy with an emphasis on infection source control in current, it puts forward several future research directions under the condition that the effects of people and bovine as infection sources weakened gradually, such as revaluation on the actual transmission capacity of non-bovine livestock, for example, sheep, dog, pig and wild mouse, as well as discussion on some transmission threshold values in the infection link of Oncomelania snails.

We previously reported a marked enhancement of nocturnal sleep in pregnant and pseudopregnant rats and suggested a possible involvement of prolactin (PRL) in the modulation of sleep during pregnancy. In the present study, the release of PRL was blocked by a dopamine agonist, bromocriptine (CB-154), and time-course changes in sleep were analyzed in pregnant rats. After pregnancy was induced by fertile mating with males (Day 1), rats (n = 5) were injected with 1 mg of CB-154 subcutaneously 3 h before the onset of darkness for a 3-day period (Days 1-3 or 6-8). Electroencephalogram and electromyogram for evaluating the state of sleep and wakefulness were monitored continuously up to the reappearance of an estrous cycle in the treated rats. The CB-154 treatment resulted in abortion in all rats and suppressed the pregnancy-associated nocturnal increase in non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS). The CB-154 treatment also decreased the diurnal amount of NREMS significantly. The sleep-suppressing effect of CB-154 on Days 6-8 was induced more promptly than that on Days 1-3. In the night of proestrus following the termination of pregnancy (Day 4 or Day 12), both NREMS and REMS decreased to the baseline level observed at prepregnant proestrus. Thus, our results indicated that CB-154 neutralized the pregnancy-associated sleep changes, which might be due to the inhibition of the PRL release. It is suggested that PRL is at least partially responsible for the regulation of sleep during pregnancy.

In order to clarify the relationship between sleep and reproductive activities, time-course changes in sleep were analyzed in normal female rats. The state of sleep-wakefulness was continuously monitored for 4 weeks including two-consecutive 4-day estrous cycles, a 12-day pseudopregnant period and a subsequent 4-day cycle. Sleep patterns in estrous cycle were characterized by a marked reduction in nocturnal non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) at proestrus. A significant increase in nocturnal NREMS and REMS occurred immediately after the induction of pseudopregnancy by sterile mating, lasting for the whole pseudopregnant period for NREMS and during the early and mid period for REMS. In contrast, diurnal REMS tended to decrease towards the end of pseudopregnancy. The circadian rhythm of brain temperature exhibited no reproductive activity-dependent change. The dynamic changes in sleep may correlate alterations in neuroendocrine activities specific to estrous cycles and pseudopregnancy.

To investigate the genetic difference of cytochrome oxidase I (CO I ) of Oncomelania snails from the project of afforestation for schistosomiasis control in marshland regions, so as to explore the effects of different ecological environments.The snails were collected from 3 different areas, Anqing, Tongling, Wuwei, i.e. the upstream, midstream and downstream regions along the Yangtz River in Anhui Province. Genomic DNA was extracted from the snails, and CO I gene fragments were amplified by PCR, then purified and sequenced. The sequences were edited by using Blast. The CO I genes of O. h. minima and Biomphalaria glabrata were used as the reference of exogenous gene. The genetic distances of the various regions were calculated by the Kimura method and phylogenetic trees were constructed with UPGMA and the NJ method of MEGA (3.1) software.The amplified CO I gene of the snail was a fragment about 700 bp including 2 primers in length. There were little genetic diversity among the different areas, the identities were higher than or equal to 98%. The genetic distances indicated that the distance between the projects of afforestation and woodland in Anqing was 0.003, while Tongling was 0.019, Wuwei was 0.007. The distances among the three projects of afforestation were 0.003-0.012. The two phylogenetic trees were constructed by the methods of UPGMA and NJ respectively, which took on very similar topo-structure in which isolates of Biomphalaria glabrata located in one clade and all the others in the other one. In the other one clade, O. H. minima located in one clade. There was little genetic diversity among Anqing, Tongling, Wuwei clusters. The afforestations of Anqing and Wuwei clustered into one group, while the woodlands of Anqing and Wuwei appeared as another group.There is a little genetic diversity of the snail cytochrome oxidase I (CO I ) in different ecological environments among the upstream, midstream and downstream regions along the Yangtz River in Anhui Province.

To understand the dynamic changes of the potential prevalent factors of schistosomiasis in Chaohu Lake area so as to provide forecast information on the outbreak of schistosomiasis in the area.From 2008 to 2010, fixed and mobile surveillance sites in potential endemic areas of Juchao District in Chaohu City, which was located in the southeast side of Chaohu Lake, were selected, and the schistosomiasis infection situation of local people, mobile population and livestock were investigated by immunological assays and/or stool examinations. The distribution of Oncomelania snails was surveyed in risk areas and suspicious areas, the spreading patterns of Oncomelania snails were observed in rivers that directly connected with the Yangtze River, and the Oncomelania snails were raised in the cages on the beaches of Chaohu Lake and a control area, and their survival and reproduction capacity was observed.In 2008, a total of 301 local people were screened by IHA, and there were no positives. From 2008 to 2010, a total of 321, 362 and 306 mobile population were examined by IHA, respectively, and the positive rate of antibody were 3.74%, 4.97% and 2.94%, respectively. The antibody positives were tested by stool examinations, and the positive rates were 66.67%, 50% and 55.56%, respectively. A total of 91 local livestock and 92 livestock from endemic areas were examined respectively by the miracidium hatching method, and there were no positives. A total of 97.8 hm2 risk areas and 193.62 hm2 suspicious areas in the potential endemic area were surveyed respectively, but no Oncomelania snails were found. The investigation results on snail spreading patterns indicated that snails could spread into Chaohu Lake by adsorbing on floating debris. The field study revealed that Oncomelania snails could survive and reproduce in the Lake.The imported infectious sources of schistosomiasis have been found in Chaohu Lake area, and the higher possibility of imported Oncomelania snails spreading into the Lake and surviving and reproducing in the lake is predicted. Therefore, effective measures should be taken to decrease the risks of schistosomiasis transmission in the potential endemic area.

To analyze the changing rules of schistosomiasis endemic situation in the area of transmission that has been interrupted before and after they reach the criteria of transmission interruption, so as to offer the basis of amending to the criteria of schistosomiasis transmission interruption and a more scientific, standardized assessment and evaluation of the effects of schistosomiasis control in the future.Nineteen counties of transmission that has been interrupted in 9 provinces nationwide were selected and investigated with the retrospective research method to collect and record the endemic detailed data 10 years before they reach the criteria of transmission interruption and several years later (ended in 2008 or 2009) and then a database was established. The changing rules of various disease indices in different endemic areas before and after reaching the criteria of transmission interruption were analyzed and compared.The average time from the transmission control to the transmission interruption was 17 years in the 17 counties. After reaching the criteria of transmission interruption, the infection rates of people turned down to a minimum level in various endemic areas, the infection rates in a few numbers of lake endemic areas and hilly endemic areas increased slightly after the transmission interruption 4-9 years later, but all of them were below 1%. The densities of living Oncomelania snails in lake endemic areas and water-network endemic areas were high and the changes were great each year, and the densities of living snails were much lower in hilly endemic areas than in the above two types of areas and they came to the lowest 4 years before and after the transmission interruption. The infected snails appeared occasionally in lake endemic areas, and they recurred 6 years and 10 years after the transmission interruption in water-network endemic areas and hilly endemic areas, respectively. The continued time without infected snails found before reaching transmission interruption was 2.71 +/- 1.10 years averagely in transmission-interrupted counties with endemic stable, and was 3. 80 +/- 1.43 years in lake endemic areas.It is possible to maintain a low level of population schistosome infection, and the endemic rebound is shown as snail rebound after the endemic areas reach the criteria of transmission interruption, The infected snails could be the comprehensive index reflecting the control achievement and the risk of schistosomiasis transmission. So the persistent control of infected snails is the fundament of schistosomiasis transmission interruption. It is suggested that in our current social and economic development and science and technology capacity conditions, the status of no infected snails found continuously for 5 years would be one of the criteria of schistosomiasis transmission interruption.