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To evaluate the semen quality of the HIV/AIDS male patients after treated by the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and their potential of transmitting HIV/AIDS and provide some evidence for this cohort of males who wish for parenthood.We collected semen samples from 20 HIV/AIDS male patients who had been treated by HAART for over 6 months and wished for parenthood. We examined sperm concentration, viability and total motility and the percentage of morphologically normal sperm (MNS) using the computer-assisted semen analysis system, measured the HIV-1 RNA loads in the semen by the Cobas Amplicor Monitor test, and counted CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood by flow cytometry.The patients were aged 25－40 (30.7 ± 5.05) years. After treated by HAART for 6－26 (14.24 ± 12.26) months, the count of blood CD4+ T cells was significantly increased (341－1 058 ［535.76 ± 212.021］ /μl) in comparison with the baseline (226－965 ［422.38 ± 200.86］ /μl). Compared with the normal value, the semen volume was increased except in 1 case (≥2 ml) while total sperm motility was decreased in 13 cases (≥40%), and so were sperm concentration in 2 cases (≥15 × 106 / ml), sperm viability in 5 (58%), the percentage of progressively motile sperm in 18 (≥32%), and the percentage of MNS in 6 (≤4%). HIV-1 RNA in the peripheral blood was20 copies/mL in all the cases and that in the seminal plasma was also20 copies/ml in 18 cases but20 copies/mL in the other 2 (［4.70 × 101］ and ［2.2 × 102］ copies/ml, respectively). Of the 4 couples that had sex without protective measures for over 6 months, all the 4 female partners exhibited negative HIV antibodies in regular follow-up examinations and 1 achieved spontaneous pregnancy and healthy birth, with negative HIV-1 RNA in both the mother and the baby.The HIV RNA level is higher in the semen than in the blood of the HIV/AIDS male patients after HAART, which indicates the potential risk of their semen transmitting HIV/AIDS to their female partners. Their sperm concentration and total sperm motility are lower than the normal value, which suggests a decreased fertility.目的： 高效抗逆转录病毒治疗（HAART）可以显著延长HIV感染者的寿命并提高其生活质量，越来越多的男性HIV单阳的夫妻希望完成做父母的愿望，本研究通过检测HAART治疗后男性HIV/AIDS患者精液HIV-1 RNA水平与精液指标，评估潜在传播风险和精液质量，为优生优育提供依据。方法： 20例有生育要求且接受HAART超过6个月的男性HIV携带者/AIDS患者，用精子动态图像分析系统检测其精子浓度、存活率、总活力、正常形态精子百分率，用COBAS Amplicor检测精液HIV RNA载量及流式细胞仪技术计数血液CD4+ T细胞。结果： 20例患者年龄25~40（30.7±5.05）岁，接受HAART治疗6（14.24 ±12.26）个月以上，治疗前基线CD4+细胞226~965 cells/ul ( 422.38±200.86)，检测时CD4+细胞341~1 058 cells/ul ( 535.76±212.02)。除1例外精液量均高于正常参考值(≥2 ml)；14例患者精子总活力低于正常值（≥40%），18例患者前向运动精子百分率低于正常参考值（≥32%），2例精子浓度低于正常参考值(≥15×106／ml)；有5例精子存活率低于正常参考值(58％)；有6例正常形态精子百分率≤4％。20例患者外周血HIV-1 RNA均20拷贝/ml，18例精浆HIV-1RNA 也20拷贝/ml，但2例20拷贝/ml，分别为4.70×101拷贝／ml和2.2×102拷贝／ml。4例与配偶无保护措施同房超过半年，女方定期查HIV抗体均阴性，其中1例自然怀孕生育，母子HIV-1 RNA均为阴性。结论： HAART治疗后仍有部分患者精液中HIV RNA水平高于血浆中HIV RNA水平，提示精液仍可能存在少量HIV，具有潜在传染风险，因此对男性HIV感染者/AIDS患者常规检查精液HIV-1 RNA可以降低女性感染风险。同时发现，HIV感染者/AIDS患者精子总活力与浓度低于正常参考值，生育能力降低。.

The virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) of Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV), a member of the genus Furovirus, were characterised from wheat plants by deep sequencing. CWMV vsiRNAs of 21-22 nt in length predominated, suggesting that there might be a conserved mechanism of DCL2 and DCL4 involvement in the biogenesis of vsiRNAs, as well as a common RNA silencing pathway in CWMV-infected wheat plants. The 5'-terminal base of vsiRNAs was biased towards A/U, suggesting that CWMV vsiRNAs might be loaded into diverse AGO-containing RISCs to disturb the gene expression of host plants. Possible targets for some of the vsiRNAs were predicted.

Phase retrieval problem has attracted many interests for its wide application in many domains. In this paper we focus on the topic of retrieving the full complex wave field of the object plane from three or more diffraction planes. The iterative Fresnel algorithm always suffers from slow convergence and stagnation problems, while the generalized hybrid-input-output (GHIO) algorithm can effectively accelerate convergence and break stagnation of this kind. Therefore, we combined the two methods into a more efficient algorithm. Each step, the iterative Fresnel algorithm using three or more diffraction intensities is firstly performed to jointly estimate the intensity and the phase of the object plane. Then the GHIO algorithm is adopted to generate a new complex amplitude for the next iteration. It is not necessary to search optimal step size as the conjugate gradient method and can also avoid stagnation, so it is very efficient. This is proved by simulations. intensities should be explored. Many authors have devoted to studying this topic(13-17). The mainly proposed algorithms are based on the conjugate gradient method. It needs to search optimal step size, so although these kinds of algorithms have been proved effective by experiments (15-17), they always have to spend much time to achieve an acceptable result. A more efficient algorithm, in which the iterative Fresnel algorithm and the GHIO algorithm are combined to retrieve the complex wave field, is proposed in the present paper. The GHIO algorithm is used to avoid stagnation and speed up the convergence of the iterative Fresnel algorithm. We show by simulations that this algorithm is more efficient than the method introduce in (16).

To investigate the effect of baicalin (Bai) on lung injury, the level of TNF-alpha in cultured liquid of pulmonary interstitial macrophage and the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in lung injury associated with paraquat poisoning.Rats were randomizedly divided into four groups: control group, PQ group, Bai group (Bai, 300 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)) and simple Bai group (Bai, 300 mg. kg(-1).d(-1)) (n = 10 in each group). The 2% PQ was injected (25 mg/kg) in PQ group. Bai was injected in the rats (300 mg.kg(-1).d(-1) x 3 d) through caudal vein after paraquat poisoning in Bai group. In simple Bai group, Bai was injected in the healthy rats (300 mg.kg(-1).d(-1) x 3 d). The samples were obtained three days after intraperitoneal administration of 2% paraquat (25 mg/kg). The injury of lung was estimated with HE dyeing and electron microscope. Pulmonary interstitial macrophage (PIM) were obtained, and then cultured for 24 hours. The content of TNF-alpha was evaluated. The expression of HO-1 mRNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expression of HO-1 protein was evaluated by Western blot analysis.The lung tissue was normal in control group and simple Bai group. The degree of lung injury in PQ group was higher than that in control group by HE dyeing and electron microscope observation. The level of TNF-alpha expression in cultured PIM in Bai group [(484.2 +/- 39.5) microg/L] was lower than that in PQ group [(790.2 +/- 35.0) microg/L], but higher than that in the control group [(121.6 +/- 19.2) microg/L] (P0.05). The expression of HO-1 mRNA and protein [(59.8 +/- 5.40) and (122.0 +/- 31.98)] in Bai group were higher than those in PQ group [(45.9 +/- 5.82) and (77.92 +/- 10.23)] (P0.05).The lung injury associated with paraquat poisoning was alleviated by baicalin, which was possibly related to the decrease of level of TNF-alpha in cultured PIM and the increase of the expression of HO-1 mRNA and protein.

To investigate the stratification risk of catecholamines-beta-adrenoceptor (beta-AR)-cAMP pathway for cardiogenic death events in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF).A total of 83 identified CHF patients with a baseline and follow-up plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E), lymphocytes beta-AR density (Bmax), and intralymphocyte cAMP content in peripheral blood were followed up. Major cardiogenic death events were registered.The period between the initial entry and the last follow-up measurement were 51 +/- 16 months, the total duration of clinical follow-up after the last measurement were 14 +/- 8 months. During follow-up, 39 patients died of cardiogenic (sudden death 17 patients, worsening heart failure 22 patients). Persistence of high NE, E, and cAMP from baseline to follow-up were confirmed as risk predicting factors of cardiovascular events. Persistence NE above 4.0 nmol/L, E above 3.5 nmol/L, and the intralymphocyte cAMP content above 3.5 pmd x mg(-1) x pro(-1) from baseline to follow-up were significant adverse prognostic predictors. The major cardiogenic death events rates per 100 patients-years were 1.33 and 4.82 in patients with NE below and above 4.0 nmol/L (HR: 2.91; 95% CI: 1.08-7.33; P = 0.015); were 1.42 and 4.36 in the patients with E levels below and above 3.5 nmol/L (HR: 2.64; 95% CI: 1.02-6.41; P = 0.019); were 1.81 and 4.67 in the patients with the intralymphocyte cAMP content below and above 3.5 pmd x mg(-1) x pro(-1) (HR: 2.79; 95% CI: 1.04-6.83; P = 0.017), but difference was not significant between the beta-AR density below and above median.Persistent increase in circulating catecholamines and intralymphocyte cAMP content may increase the long-term mortality in CHF patients.