Search

In order to understand the interspecific and ecological relationships of为了解君子峰自然保护区极小种群观光木群落的种间关系和生态联系,加强观光木野生资源的保护,对群落优势树种的生态位特征和种间联结性进行研究。结果表明: 观光木、浙江润楠、木荷、赤杨叶的生态位宽度优势明显,是主要建群种;20个优势树种的190组种对中,有50.5%的种对生态位重叠值大于0.5,物种间生态位分化程度一般;观光木与其他19个物种生态位重叠度普遍较高,当资源不足时,有竞争风险;优势树种的总体联结性表现为显著正联结,群落处于相对稳定的演替后期

The complete plastid genome of Bulbophyllum pingnanense, a critically endangered species, was determined and analyzed in this study. The complete genome was 151,224 bp in length, consisting of a large single-copy region (LSC) of 86,017 bp, a small single-copy region (SSC) of 13,497 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,855 bp. The genome contained 127 genes, including 81 protein-coding genes, 38 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and eight ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that B. pingnanense is sister to B. inconspicuum.

A new orchid species, Cymbidium codonanthum, from Yunnan Province, China, is described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular analyses. A detailed comparison between the newly discovered orchid and other members of Cymbidium was performed. The new plant what is similar to C. cochleare, but it is characterized by several morphological features that distinguish it from the latter as well as all other known species of Cymbidium. A molecular study based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid matK and rbcL DNA sequence data indicates that C. codonanthum is genetically distinct from other species and a member of Cymbidium section Cyperochis.

We have described and illustrated a new species, Bulbophyllum linzhiense (Malaxideae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae), from Tibet Autonomous Region in southwest China. The size and overall floral morphology of the new species are similar to those of B. rubrolabellum, a species endemic to Taiwan island on the southeast coast of China, but is different by apart pseudobulbs, lower flowers, ovate-lanceolate bracts, longer pedicel and ovary, yellow-green flower, and lanceolate lateral sepals. A cladistic analysis based on the nuclear (ITS) and plastid (matK, trnL-F, and atpI-atpH) DNA sequences supported the new species is sister to B. rubrolabellum.

BACKGROUND The development of methods that efficiently and automatically classify sleep stages was a crucial milestone for the effective diagnosis and treatment of sleep-related disorders. However, the effectiveness of new classification methods, for instance, Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) and whether these classification models can be applied to all types of participants remain unexplored OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to compare the performance of three models of sleep stage classification (Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and (LightGBM), between patients with Depressive Disorder (DD) and healthy participants. We explored and compared the major features of the two groups. METHODS We recruited 40 participants and divided them into the DD group and the healthy control (HC) group. Overnight polysomnography (PSG) recordings were obtained. We extracted features from the PSG data as well as participants’ demographic and psychological information including; age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and Hamilton Depression Scale scores. The performance of LightGBM, SVM, and RF was evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation. Python packages were used for classification. RESULTS We found that the classification performance accuracy of LightGBM (74.7%, DD; 82.11%, HC) was superior to that of SVM (73.7%, DD; 80.8%, HC) and RF (71.9%, DD; 79.0%, HC), and the classification accuracy for the HC group was higher than that of the DD group. However, after including additional demographic features in the analysis, the classification performance of the DD group (from 74.7% to 76.6%) was greater than that of the HC group (from 82.11% to 82.6%). Feature ranking results revealed that BMI and Hamilton Depression Scale scores were the most crucial features for sleep stage classification in the DD group. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide great insights for nurses and clinicians in managing patients with DD, particularly those with sleep-related conditions. BMI and Hamilton Depression Scale scores should be considered when predicting sleep stages.

Analyses of the genome sequences and expression data for two closely related mycoheterotrophic orchid species provide insights into the genomic basis underlying the evolution of mycoheterotrophy. To improve our understanding of the origin and evolution of mycoheterotrophic plants, we here present the chromosome-scale genome assemblies of two sibling orchid species: partially mycoheterotrophic Platanthera zijinensis and holomycoheterotrophic Platanthera guangdongensis. Comparative analysis shows that mycoheterotrophy is associated with increased substitution rates and gene loss, and the deletion of most photoreceptor genes and auxin transporter genes might be linked to the unique phenotypes of fully mycoheterotrophic orchids. Conversely, trehalase genes that catalyse the conversion of trehalose into glucose have expanded in most sequenced orchids, in line with the fact that the germination of orchid non-endosperm seeds needs carbohydrates from fungi during the protocorm stage. We further show that the mature plant of P. guangdongensis, different from photosynthetic orchids, keeps expressing trehalase genes to hijack trehalose from fungi. Therefore, we propose that mycoheterotrophy in mature orchids is a continuation of the protocorm stage by sustaining the expression of trehalase genes. Our results shed light on the molecular mechanism underlying initial, partial and full mycoheterotrophy.

Pseudostellaria wuyishanensis, a new species from the Wuyishan National Park, Fujian, China, is described and illustrated. Morphologically, Pseudostellaria wuyishanensis resembles P. heterantha. However, the new species can be distinguished by presence of stolons, 1 line of hairs on the stem, smaller leaf blades, shorter pedicels, and ovary with 2 styles.

Primulina lianchengensis B.J.Ye & S.P.Chen (Gesneriaceae) is described and illustrated from Fujian Province in the Southeast of China. Then phylogenetic analyses of the genus were presented using nuclear ribosomal ITS and two plastid markers (atpB-rbcL and rpL32-trnL). Morphological analysis indicates that P. lianchengensis is similar to P. danxiaensis, P. depressa, P. lechangensis and P. yangshanensis, but it differs in the base and margin of leaf, petiole, bract, length and shape of corolla, numbers of staminodes and stigma lobe. Molecular analysis reveals that P. lianchengensis is genetically similar to P. danxiaensis and P. yangshanensis.

Seed germination is the beginning of the plant’s life cycle, and seed biology is one of the most extensively researched areas in plant physiology, however,Castanea henryias an important seed plant, the stable internal reference gene during germination is not clear. In this study, seven candidate genes (TUA, TUB, TIF, UBC, RPL21, RPL30, RPL34) were screened out from transcriptome data, we analyzed the expression of seven candidate reference genes inC. henryiat different germination stages with RT–qPCR, and using common algorithms including NormFinder, geNorm and BestKeeper to evaluate the candidate genes stability. The results showed that RPL34 and RPL30 were selected as the most stable genes by NormFinder; TIF was the most stable gene identified by BestKeeper; RPL34 and RPL21 were the most stable genes ranked by geNorm, and TUB was the most unstable gene identified by all of the three software. The RPL34 gene was used as the reference gene, to detected the expression trend of two starch synthetase genes SS1 and SS2 during germination by RT–qPCR, the results of RT–qPCR and transcriptome sequencing were basically consistent, which verified the stability of RPL34 candidate gene. Our result is not only showed functional genes for germination ofC. henryiseeds and provide useful guidelines for the selection of reliable reference genes for the normalization of RT– qPCR data for germination of seed plants.

Acorus tatarinowii is a useful traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and is officially documented in the Chinese Pharmacopeia with the name ‘Shi Chang Pu’. It belongs to the Araceae family and is used for the treatment of dementia, epilepsy, amnesia and insomnia. We resequenced complete chloroplast (cp) genome of A. tatarinowii from Fujian, China. The whole genome was 153,453 bp in length, consisting of a pair of inverted repeats (IR 25,795 bp), a large single-copy region (LSC 83,631 bp), and a small single-copy region (SSC 18,232 bp). The complete genome contained 132 genes, including 84 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA, and 8 rRNA genes. The overall GC content of the whole genome was 38.7%. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis showed that A. tatarinowii is sister to A. tatarinowii which was collected in Yunnan, China. The complete chloroplast genome of A. tatarinowii will help improve and integrate the existing genome data of monocots and provide insights into the phylogenetic relationship among basal angiosperms, monocots and dicots.

The marvelously diverse Orchidaceae constitutes the largest family of angiosperms. The genus Cymbidium in Orchidaceae is well known for its unique vegetation, floral morphology, and flower scent traits. Here, a chromosome-scale assembly of the genome of Cymbidium ensifolium (Jianlan) is presented. Comparative genomic analysis showed that C. ensifolium has experienced two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, the most recent of which was shared by all orchids, while the older event was the τ event shared by most monocots. The results of MADS-box genes analysis provided support for establishing a unique gene model of orchid flower development regulation, and flower shape mutations in C. ensifolium were shown to be associated with the abnormal expression of MADS-box genes. The most abundant floral scent components identified included methyl jasmonate, acacia alcohol and linalool, and the genes involved in the floral scent component network of C. ensifolium were determined. Furthermore, the decreased expression of photosynthesis-antennae and photosynthesis metabolic pathway genes in leaves was shown to result in colorful striped leaves, while the increased expression of MADS-box genes in leaves led to perianth-like leaves. Our results provide fundamental insights into orchid evolution and diversification.

Acacia crassicarpa (Fabaceae), a nitrogen-fixing tree species, is critically important for coastal protection in southeast China. In this study, we report the complete chloroplast genome sequence of A. crassicarpa, with a length of 176,493 bp. It contains a pair of inverted repeats (IR 39,851 bp), a large single-copy region (LSC 91,869 bp), and a small single-copy region (SSC 4,922 bp). The complete genome comprises 138 genes, including 93 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA, and 8 rRNA genes. Our phylogenetic analysis reveals that A. crassicarpa is closely related to A. podalyriifolia and A. dealbata.

Lauraceae includes the genusPhoebe, and the family is linked to the evolution of magnoliids. We sequenced the genome ofPhoebe bourneiNanmu. The assembled genome size was 989.19 Mb, with a contig N50 value of 2.05 Mb. A total of 28,198 protein-coding genes were annotated inP. bournei. Whole-genome duplication (WGD) analysis showed that Lauraceae has experienced two WGD events; the older WGD event occurred just before the divergence of Lauraceae and Magnoliales, and the more recent WGD was shared by all lineages of Lauraceae. The phylogenetic tree showed that magnoliids form a sister clade to monocots and eudicots. We also identified 63 MADS-box genes, includingAGL12-like genes that may be related to the regulation ofP. bourneiroots andFIN219-like genes encoding GH3 proteins, which are involved in photomorphogenesis.SAUR50-like genes involved in light signal-mediated pedicel or stem development were also identified. FourATMYB46-and threePtrEPSP-homologous genes related to lignin biosynthesis were identified. These genes may be associated with the formation of straight trunks inP. bournei. Overall, theP. bourneireference genome provides insight into the origin, evolution, and diversification ofPhoebeand other magnoliids.

Goodyerinae are one of phylogenetically unresolved groups of Orchidaceae. The lack of resolution achieved through the analyses of previous molecular sequences from one or a few markers has long confounded phylogenetic estimation and generic delimitation. Here, we present large-scale phylogenomic data to compare the plastome structure of the two main clades (Goodyera and Cheirostylis) in this subtribe and further adopt two strategies, combining plastid coding sequences and the whole plastome, to investigate phylogenetic relationships. A total of 46 species in 16 genera were sampled, including 39 species in 15 genera sequenced in this study. The plastomes of heterotrophic species are not drastically reduced in overall size, but display a pattern congruent with a loss of photosynthetic function. The plastomes of autotrophic species ranged from 147 to 165 kb and encoded from 132 to 137 genes. Three unusual structural features were detected: a 1.0-kb inversion in the large single-copy region of Goodyera schlechtendaliana; the loss and/or pseudogenization of ndh genes only in two species, Cheirostylis chinensis and C. montana; and the expansion of inverted repeat regions and contraction of small single-copy region in Hetaeria oblongifolia. Phylogenomic analyses provided improved resolution for phylogenetic relationships. All genera were recovered as monophyletic, except for Goodyera and Hetaeria, which were each recovered as non-monophyletic. Nomenclatural changes are needed until the broader sampling and biparental inherited markers. This study provides a phylogenetic framework of Goodyerinae and insight into plastome evolution of Orchidaceae.

Alniphyllum fortunei is a subtropical tree species, a large deciduous tree with a tall and straight trunk, which is an excellent fast-growing and broad-leaved tree species with a wide range of uses we resequenced complete chloroplast (cp) genome of A. fortunei from Fujian, China. The whole genome was 154,166 bp in length, consisting of a pair of inverted repeats (IR 26,658 bp), a large single-copy region (LSC 82,438 bp), and a small single-copy region (SSC 18,367 bp). The complete genome contained 139 genes, including 89 protein-coding genes, 40 tRNA, and 8 rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analyses based on the complete chloroplast genome sequence provided solid evidence that A. fortunei has a close relationship with A. pterospermum and Bruinsmia polysperma.

Acorus tatarinowii is a useful traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and is officially documented in the Chinese Pharmacopeia with the name ‘Shi Chang Pu’. It belongs to the Araceae family and is used...

Altingia chinensis is an important native broad-leaved tree in southern China. Its wood can be used as an excellent edible fungus culture medium, in addition, aromatic oil can be extracted for medi...

Semiliquidambar cathayensis is a semi-evergreen broad-leaved tree species distributed in southern China. In 1999, it was approved and published as a national secondary protected plant. We obtained the complete chloroplast genome sequence of S. cathayensis by Illumina sequencing data. The complete chloroplast sequence is 160,430 bp, include large single-copy (LSC) region of 88,991 bp, small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,917 bp, and a pair of invert repeats (IR) regions of 26,261 bp. Plastid genome contain 133 genes, 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that S. cathayensis is closely related to Liquidambar formosana.

Castanea henryi（Skam）Rehd. et Wils is an important woody plant producing nuts in China. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome sequence of C. henryi was reported by using the Illumina Hiseq...

The environmental bacterium Pseudomonas mosselii produces antagonistic secondary metabolites with inhibitory effects on multiple plant pathogens, including Ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt. In this study, an engineered P. mosselii strain was generated to express R. solanacearum ripAA, which determines incompatible interactions with tobacco plants. The ripAA gene together with its native promoter was integrated into the P. mosselii chromosome. The resulting strain showed no difference in antimicrobial activity against R. solanacearum. Promoter-LacZ fusion and RT-PCR experiments demonstrated that the ripAA gene was transcribed in culture media. Compared with that of the wild type, the engineered strain reduced the disease index by 9.1% for bacterial wilt on tobacco plants. A transcriptome analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes in tobacco plants, and the results revealed that ethylene-and jasmonate-dependent defense signaling pathways were induced. These data demonstrated that the engineered P. mosselii expressing ripAA enables improved biological control against tobacco bacterial wilt by the activation of host defense responses.ImportanceNowadays, the use of biocontrol agents is more and more popular in agriculture, but they cannot replaced of chemical agents mostly, due to the poorer control effect. So the study about how to improve the efficacy of biocontrol agents become necessary and urgent. We increase the efficacy against plant pathogen through introducing an avirulence gene from plant pathogen into the biocontrol agent based on “gene to gene” hypothesis. The new engineered strain can improve the systemic resistance and elicit primary immune response of plants. Our research not only provides a new strategy for genetic modification of biocontrol agent, a number of avirulence gene from pathogen or plant can be tested to be expressed in different biocontrol agents to antagonize plant disease, but also help the study of interaction between phythopathogenic avirulence gene and host.

The Cleisostoma–Gastrochilus clades are among the most speciose and diverse groups of Asian orchids and are a taxonomically problematic group. Phylogenetic relationships among the genera of these clades have remained unresolved with traditional sequences from one or a few markers. We present large-scale phylogenomic data sets, incorporating complete chloroplast genome sequences from 53 species (including 41 species sequenced in this study), to compare plastome structure and to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of these clades. The plastomes of Cleisostoma–Gastrochilus clades possessed the quadripartite structure and plastome genes of typical angiosperms with sizes ranging from 142 to 149 kb and encoding a set of 118–120 genes. Unusual structural features were detected in the plastome of Uncifera acuminata, including the presence of a large 17-kb inversion (19 genes) in the Large Single-Copy region and the loss of the rpl32 gene in Cleisostoma fuerstenbergianum. The pseudogenization of ndh genes was widespread in these clades. Phylogenomic analyses, including 68 plastid protein-coding genes, showed that these clades can be subdivided into three major groupings and six subgroupings: Vandopsis undulata, the Gastrochilus clade (including the Trichoglottis and Gastrochilus subclades) and the Cleisostoma clade (including the Vandopsis, Diploprora, Cleisostoma and Schoenorchis subclades). Two genera, Vandopsis and Cleisostoma, were not monophyletic. A new genus, Cymbilabia, was proposed to avoid non-monophyly of Vandopsis. Our results demonstrate the power of plastid phylogenomics to improve the phylogenetic relationships of intricate groups and provide new insight into plastome evolution in Orchidaceae.

Starch is the most important form of carbohydrate storage and is the major energy reserve in some seeds, especially Castanea henryi. Seed germination is the beginning of the plant&rsquo, s life cycle, and starch metabolism is important for seed germination. As a complex metabolic pathway, the regulation of starch metabolism in C. henryi is still poorly understood. To explore the mechanism of starch metabolism during the germination of C. henryi, we conducted a comparative gene expression analysis at the transcriptional level using RNA-seq across four different germination stages, and analyzed the changes in the starch and soluble sugar contents. The results showed that the starch content increased in 0&ndash, 10 days and decreased in 10&ndash, 35 days, while the soluble sugar content continuously decreased in 0&ndash, 30 days and increased in 30&ndash, 35 days. We identified 49 candidate genes that may be associated with starch and sucrose metabolism. Three ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) genes, two nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (NPPS) genes and three starch synthases (SS) genes may be related to starch accumulation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the expression levels of these genes. Our study combined transcriptome data with physiological and biochemical data, revealing potential candidate genes that affect starch metabolism during seed germination, and provides important data about starch metabolism and seed germination in seed plants.

Dendrocalamopsis vario-striata is one of the most economical and ornamental significant bamboo. It has the characteristics of annual flowering but no death. Here, we report on the first complete chloroplast (cp) genome of D. vario-striata. Its full-length of 139,458 bp, include large single-copy (LSC) region of 83,279 bp, small single-copy (SSC) region of 12,143bp, a pair of invert repeats (IR) regions of 22,018bp. Plastid genome contains 264 genes, 170 protein-coding genes, 78 tRNA genes, and 16 rRNA genes. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis shows that D. vario-striata was sister to all other species of Bambusoideae.

Camellia octopetala is a native oil tree species in the south of China and is also a unique natural Chinese woody edible oil species. In the study, the complete plastid genome was assembled and annotated, the genome full-length is 156,615 bp, contains a large single-copy (LSC) region with 86,273 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region with 18,410 bp, two invert repeats (IR) regions with 25,966 bp. The plastid genome contains 135 genes, 90 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis shows C. octopetala sister to C. crapnelliana and embedded in Camellia.

Cymbidium ensifolium is one of the most economical and ornamental significant orchids. It’s facing serious genetic resources loss and habitat fragmentation. A conservation strategy is therefore imperative for this endangered orchid. Here, we report on the first complete chloroplast (cp) genome of C. ensifolium. Its full-length of 150,257 bp include large single-copy (LSC) region of 85,110 bp, small single-copy (SSC) region of 13,761 bp, and a pair of invert repeats (IR) regions of 25,692 bp. Plastid genome contain 137 genes, 78 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Cymbidium ensifolium was sister to C. sinense, Cy. Tortisepalum, and C. kanran. The cp genome will help for further research and conservation of C. ensifolium.

Quercus gilva is classified as the national second-class protective tree species in China and is widely distributed in Middle East Asia. We determined the complete chloroplast genome sequence for Q. gilva using Illumina sequencing data. The complete chloroplast sequence is 160,763 bp, including large single-copy (LSC) region of 90,292 bp, small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,831 bp, and a pair of invert repeats (IR) regions of 25,820 bp. Plastid genome contains 128 genes, 80 protein-coding genes, 40 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on 26 chloroplast genomes indicates that Q. gilva is closely related to Q. sichourensis in Fagaceae.

Phoebe zhennan is a large tree with straight trunk and grey-brown or grey-yellowish villous as rare wood. In the study, the complete chloroplastid genome was assembled and annotated, its full lengt...

Length distributions of miRNAs in two camellia species. Table S1. qRT-PCR primer sequences. Table S2. Length distributions of small RNAs in C. meiocarpa during seed natural drying. Table S3. Length distributions of small RNAs in C. oleifera during seed natural drying. Table S4. miRNAs transcript abundance in the two camellia species during seed natural drying. Table S5. All conservative miRNA discovered in the two camellia species during seed natural drying. Table S6. All novel miRNA discovered in the two camellia species during seed natural drying. Table S7. GO terms related with the lipid metabolism in the two camellia species during seed natural drying. Table S8. KEGG enrichment related with the lipid metabolism in the two camellia species during seed natural drying. Table S9. miRNA of lipid metabolism targets and their putative functions. Table S10. Differentially expressed miRNAs of lipid metabolism during C. meiocarpa seed natural drying. Table S11. Differentially expressed miRNAs of lipid metabolism during C. oleifera seed natural drying. Table S12. Differentially expressed miRNAs of lipid metabolism between two camellia species during seed natural drying. (DOCX 168 kb)

Goodyerinae are one of the most species-rich and widespread subtribes of Orchidaceae but notorious for their taxonomic difficulty. Here, a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study of the subtribe is presented based on two nuclear (ITS, Xdh) and five plastid (matK, psaB, rbcL, trnL, trnL-F) regions. A total of 119 species were included representing all clades recovered by previous phylogenetic analyses as well as seven outgroups. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods were used to infer the phylogenetic relationships. The results show that the Goodyerinae subdivided into three major subdivisions and six groupings: Pachyplectron, Goodyera clade (including Goodyera procera, Microchilus subclade and Goodyera subclade) and Cheirostylis clade (including Gonatostylis, Cheirostylis subclade and Ludisia subclade). Four genera, Erythrodes, Goodyera, Myrmechis and Odontochilus, are not monophyletic. The results support Odontochilus s. l. to include Myrmechis and Kuhlhasseltia. The systematic positions of Goodyera procera and two isolated genera, Herpysma and Orchipedum, are difficult to determine.

Exponential fertilization is well-known for improving the growth and nutritional status of seedlings during nursery culture. However, less is known about how genetic variability among seedling species influences the effects of fertilization regimes on the growth of seedlings and their nutritional status under varying fertilization levels. Here, we conducted a greenhouse experiment to compare the growth, as well as the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrient concentration responses, of 2- and 3-generation Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lambert) Hooker) seedlings to the impacts of varying exponential and conventional constant-rate fertilization levels (50, 100, and 200 mg P seedling&minus, 1). Seedling size and shoot:root ratios were lower in exponential fertilization than in conventional fertilization. Exponentially fertilized seedlings had higher concentrations of N and P nutrients compared to conventionally fertilized seedlings during low-level fertilization. Conversely, an elevated P concentration was observed in seedlings subjected to conventional fertilization compared to those exposed to exponential fertilization during high-level fertilization. However, there were no significant differences in seedling N and P concentrations between the two fertilization regimes during medium-level fertilization. Furthermore, 2- and 3-generation Chinese fir seedlings differed greatly in their growth and nutritional status. Additionally, there were significant fertilization regime &times, seedling generation interaction effects on the seedling shoot:root ratio and N concentration. Our findings suggest that exponential fertilization can improve the nutritional status, survival, and growth of Chinese fir seedlings, especially on competitive sites, and that information on both intra-species genetic variability and appropriate fertilizer levels is necessary for the successful fertilization of Chinese fir seedlings, regardless of fertilization regimes.

Gastrodia Brown (1810: 330) (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae, Gastrodieae) is composed of approximately 90 species with a broad Old World distribution (Pridgeon et al. 2005, Chen et al. 2009, Cribb et al. 2010, Huang et al. 2015, Hsu et al. 2016, Jin et al. 2017, Aung et al. 2018, Suetsugu 2017, Suetsugu et al. 2018). During a survey of native plants in Fujian Province, an unknown species of Gastrodia was collected in August 2018 from the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Wuyishan National Park. A detailed examination of the specimens with similar species morphologically, G. fontinalis Lin (1987: 129), G. major Averyanov (2006: 21), G. punctata Averyanov (2006: 21) and G. huapingensis Huang, Hu & Liu (2015: 290), and two other species recorded from Fujian, G. elata Blume (1856: 174) and G. wuyishanensis Li & Liu (2007: 354), we confirmed it as a new species.

We have described and illustrated a new species, Bulbophyllum yunxiaoense (Malaxideae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae), from Fujian Province in southeast China. The size and overall floral morphology of the new species are similar to those of Bulbophyllum pingtungense, a species endemic to Taiwan Island on the southeast coast of China and its closest relative according to a cladistic analysis of nuclear (ITS) and plastid (matK, trnL-F, and atpI-atpH) DNA sequences. However, B. yunxiaoense is distinguishable from B. pingtungense by flower colour, shorter scape, and longer lateral sepal.

The subtribal delimitation and relationships of Orchideae remain unresolved. In the present study, the phylogenetic relationships among all subtribes of Orchideae were reconstructed, utilizing five plastid and two nuclear DNA sequences ( rbcL , trnS - trnG , matK , trnL - F , psbA - trnH , Xdh and ITS) from 178 taxa of Orchideae. The combined results show that most clades are successively sister to the grade of clades representing antecedently accepted subtribes, but Pachites and Huttonaea do not belong to the previous classification of Disinae. In contrast, these two genera represent two additional isolated lineages. On this basis, a new subtribe, Pachitinae, is tentatively proposed to accommodate this taxon. Also, the subtribe Huttonaeinae Schltr. was recovered (1926: 568). In addition to the taxonomic treatment of this subtribe, the delimitation of many related subtribes in Orchideae is discussed.