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Yan Han,1,2 Yue-Ping Yin,1,2 Jing-Wei Liu,1,2 Kai Chen,1,2 Bang-Yong Zhu,3 Ke Zhou,1,2 Mei-Qin Shi,1,2 Wen-Qi Xu,1,2 Tulip A Jhaveri,4 Xiang-Sheng Chen1,2 1Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 2National Center for STD Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 3Institute of Dermatology, Guangxi Autonomous Region, Nanning, People’s Republic of China; 4Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USACorrespondence: Yue-Ping YinInstitute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 12 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, 210042, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86 258 547 8024Email yinyp@ncstdlc.orgBackground: Previous studies have investigated rectal Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) in men who have sex with men (MSM), while little is known about the prevalence of rectal MG infection in individuals attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in China. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of rectal MG infection in this population and identified the potential risk factors for rectal MG infection.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among individuals attending STD clinics located in China from June 2018 to August 2020. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the association of different risk factors for rectal MG infection.Results: A total of 1,382 patients were included in the final analyses. A total of 30 of 1377 rectal swabs (2.2%) and 77 of 1374 urogenital samples (5.6%) were positive for MG. In Guangxi, 18 of 47 patients (38.3%) infected with urogenital MG and 5 of 19 patients (26.3%) infected with rectal MG received the recommended treatment. Factors found to be significantly associated with rectal MG infection included: male (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.232, [95% CI: 0.072– 0.745]) compared to female, homosexual or bisexual (AOR 40.427, [95% CI: 3.880– 421.196]) compared to heterosexual, and those infected with urogenital MG (AOR 7.215, [95% CI: 2.898– 17.965]) compared to those who did not get infected with urogenital MG.Conclusion: Rectal MG infection should be thought of not only in MSM population but also in STD clinic patients, especially females who have urogenital MG infection. Appropriate strategy for rectal MG screening and treatment needs to be developed for these patients in China.Keywords: Mycoplasma genitalium, rectal infection, sexually transmitted disease clinics

Background: The safety of using a cutting needle when performing a core-needle biopsy is of major concern, in particular for small lung tumors or tumors near the hilum. Purpose: To investigate the usefulness of CT-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the lung in obtaining tumor tissue for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation analysis in advanced lung cancer patients. Material and Methods: Forty-three patients with stage IIIB-IV lung cancer were enrolled. In all patients, CT-guided FNAB was performed using an 18-gauge or 20-gauge Chiba aspiration needle for histology diagnosis and EGFR mutation analysis. Complications associated with CT-guided FNAB were observed, and the specimen mutational assessments were recorded. Results: The obtained tumor samples ranged from 0.5-1.5 cm in length and were adequate for histological and DNA analyses in all patients. No patient had a pneumothorax or hemoptysis. Minor needle tract bleeding appeared in eight patients. Mutation analysis was satisfactorily demonstrated in 23 mutations and 20 non-mutations. Ten and 13 mutations were identified by 18-gauge and 20-gauge needle biopsies, respectively. EFGR mutations, including 12 cases of EGFR exon 19 deletion and 11 cases of exon 21 point mutation, were present in 21 patients with adenocarcinomas, one with squamous cell carcinoma, and one with undifferentiated carcinoma. Conclusion: CT-guided FNAB is a feasible and safe technique for obtaining lung tumor tissues for EGFR gene mutation analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the related factors of anxiety and anxiety tendency in patients with tinnitus. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out. Basic information, tinnitus characteristics, and psychological status of patients who complained of tinnitus in the Outpatient Department of Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University between January 2020 and December 2023 were collected. All patients filled out the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and underwent pure tone audiometry testing. According to the SAS scores, patients were divided into three groups: non-anxiety group (SAS<40), anxiety tendency group (40≤SAS<50), and anxiety group (SAS≥50). The related factors of anxiety and anxiety tendency were analyzed using multivariate ordered logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 176 patients (57 males and 119 females) aged (49.4±10.7) years (range: 13-76 years)were included, with the onset time of 3 days-37 years. There were 78 cases (44.3%), 65 cases (36.9%) and 33 cases (18.8%) in the non-anxiety group, the anxiety tendency group and the anxiety group, respectively. The duration of disease in the anxiety group [(43.4±15.1) months] was significantly longer than that in the anxiety tendency group [(27.2±5.3) months] and the non-anxiety group [(19.6±3.5) months], with statistically significant differences (both P <0.05). The proportion of female patients in the anxiety group [81.8% (27/33)] and anxiety tendency group [75.4% (47/65)] was significantly higher than that in the non-anxiety group [57.7% (45/78)], and the differences were statistically significant (both P <0.05). The proportion of patients with emotional disorders [12.1% (4/33) vs 2.6% (2/78)], stress [15.1% (5/33) vs 3.9% (3/78)], and sleep disorders [48.5% (16/33) vs 23.1% (18/78)] in the anxiety group was significantly higher than that in the non-anxiety group (all P <0.05). The proportion of patients only had sleep disorders in the anxiety tendency group [38.5% (25/65) vs 23.1% (18/78)] was higher than that in the non-anxiety group, with a statistically significant difference ( P <0.05). The results of multivariate ordered logistic regression analysis showed that sleep disorders werethe most significant factor affecting anxiety and anxiety tendency in tinnitus patients ( OR =2.667, 95% CI : 1.451-4.909, P =0.002). Conclusion: A significant proportion of tinnitus patients exhibit anxiety and anxiety tendency, and sleep disorders play a major role in the development of anxiety and anxiety tendencies in tinnitus patients.

Purpose: This study was to construct a nomogram utilizing shear wave elastography and assess its efficacy in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa)., Methods: 290 elderly people with suspected PCa who received prostate biopsy and shear wave elastography (SWE) imaging were respectively registered from April 2022 to December 2023. The elderly participants were stratified into two groups: those with csPCa and those without csPCa, which encompassed cases of clinically insignificant prostate cancer (cisPCa) and non-prostate cancer tissue, as determined by pathology findings. The LASSO algorithm, known as the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, was utilized to identify features. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to establish models. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and calibration curves were utilized to evaluate the discriminatory ability of the nomogram. Bootstrap (1000 bootstrap iterations) was employed for internal validation and comparison with two models. A decision curve and a clinical impact curve were employed to assess the clinical usefulness., Results: Our nomogram, which contained Emean, ΔEmean, prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD), and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), showed better discrimination (AUC = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.83-0.94), compared to the clinical model without SWE parameters (p = 0.0007). Its accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were 0.83, 0.89 and 0.78, respectively. Based on the analysis of decision curve, the thresholds ranged from 5% to 90%. According to our nomogram, biopsying patients at a 20% probability threshold resulted in a 25% reduction in biopsies without missing any csPCa. The clinical impact curve demonstrated that the nomogram's predicted outcome is closer to the observed outcome when the probability threshold reaches 20% or greater., Conclusion: Our nomogram demonstrates efficacy in identifying elderly individuals with clinically significant prostate cancer, thereby facilitating informed clinical decision-making based on diagnostic outcomes and potential clinical benefits., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) is the first layer of plant defense response that occurs on the plant plasma membrane. Recently, the application of a rhizobacterium, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain PMB05, has been demonstrated to enhance flg22 Pst - or harpin-triggered PTI response such as callose deposition. This PTI intensification by PMB05 further contributes to plant disease resistance to different bacterial diseases. Under the demand for rapid and large-scale screening, it has become critical to establish a non-staining technology to identify microbial strains that can enhance PTI responses. Firstly, we confirmed that the expression of the GSL5 gene, which is required for callose synthesis, can be enhanced by PMB05 during PTI activation triggered by flg22 or PopW (a harpin from Ralstonia solanacearum ). The promoter region of the GSL5 gene was further cloned and fused to the coding sequence of gfp . The constructed fragments were used to generate transgenic Arabidopsis plants through a plant transformation vector. The transgenic lines of At GSL5 -GFP were obtained. The analysis was performed by infiltrating flg22 Pst or PopW in one homozygous line, and the results exhibited that the green fluorescent signals were observed until after 8 h. In addition, the PopW-induced fluorescent signal was significantly enhanced in the co-treatment with PMB05 at 4 h after inoculation. Furthermore, by using At GSL5 -GFP to analyze 13 Bacillus spp. strains, the regulation of PopW-induced fluorescent signal was observed. And, the regulation of these fluorescent signals was similar to that performed by callose staining. More importantly, the Bacillus strains that enhance PopW-induced fluorescent signals would be more effective in reducing the occurrence of bacterial wilt. Taken together, the technique by using At GSL5 -GFP would be a promising platform to screen plant immunity-intensifying microbes to control bacterial wilt.

Scope: Little is known about the effect of blood vitamin D status on the gut mycobiota (i.e., fungi), a crucial component of the gut microbial ecosystem. The study aims to explore the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and gut mycobiota and to investigate the link between the identified mycobial features and blood glycemic traits., Methods and Results: The study examines the association between serum 25(OH)D levels and the gut mycobiota in the Westlake Precision Birth Cohort, which includes pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The study develops a genetic risk score (GRS) for 25(OH)D to validate the observational results. In both the prospective and cross-sectional analyses, the vitamin D is associated with gut mycobiota diversity. Specifically, the abundance of Saccharomyces is significantly lower in the vitamin D-sufficient group than in the vitamin D-deficient group. The GRS of 25(OH)D is inversely associated with the abundance of Saccharomyces. Moreover, the Saccharomyces is positively associated with blood glucose levels., Conclusion: Blood vitamin D status is associated with the diversity and composition of gut mycobiota in women with GDM, which may provide new insights into the mechanistic understanding of the relationship between vitamin D levels and metabolic health., (© 2024 The Authors. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) serves as a critical molecular regulator in the pathobiology of various malignancies and have garnered attention as a viable target for therapeutic intervention. A variety of HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) have been developed to target HDACs. Many preclinical studies have conclusively demonstrated the antitumor effects of HDACis, whether used as monotherapy or in combination treatments. On this basis, researchers have conducted various clinical studies to evaluate the potential of selective and pan-HDACis in clinical settings. In our work, we extensively summarized and organized current clinical trials, providing a comprehensive overview of the current clinical advancements in targeting HDAC therapy. Furthermore, we engaged in discussions about several clinical trials that did not yield positive outcomes, analyzing the factors that led to their lack of anticipated therapeutic effectiveness. Apart from the experimental design factors, issues such as toxicological side effects, tumor heterogeneity, and unexpected off-target effects also contributed to these less-than-expected results. These challenges have naturally become significant barriers to the application of HDACis. Despite these challenges, we believe that advancements in HDACi research and improvements in combination therapies will pave the way or lead to a broad and hopeful future in the treatment of solid tumors., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of total saponins of Panax japonicus(TSPJ) against liver injury induced by acetaminophen(APAP). Male Kunming mice were randomly divided into a blank control group, TSPJ group(200 mg·kg~(-1), ig), model group, APAP+ TSPJ low-dose group(50 mg·kg~(-1), ig), APAP+ TSPJ medium-dose group(100 mg·kg~(-1), ig), APAP+ TSPJ high-dose group(200 mg·kg~(-1), ig), and APAP+ N-acetyl-L-cysteine group(200 mg·kg~(-1), ip). The administration group received the corresponding medications via ig or ip once a day for 14 consecutive days. After the last administration for one hour, except for the blank control group and TSPJ group, all groups of mice were given 500 mg·kg~(-1) APAP by gavage. After 24 hours, mouse serum and liver tissue were collected for serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), reactive oxygen species(ROS), tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta(IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, as well as lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), glutathione(GSH), superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC), malondialdehyde(MDA), and myeloperoxidase(MPO) liver tissue. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the morphological changes of liver tissue. The mRNA expression levels of lymphocyte antigen 6G(Ly6G), galectin 3(Mac-2), TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-10 in liver tissue were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR). Western blot was utilized to detect the protein expression levels of Ly6G, Mac-2, extracellular regulated protein kinases(ERK), phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases(p-ERK), COX-2, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB protein α(IκBα), phosphorylated inhibitor of nuclear factor κB protein α(p-IκBα), and nuclear factor-κB subunit p65(NF-κB p65) in cytosol and nucleus in liver tissue. The results manifested that TSPJ dramatically reduced liver coefficient, serum ALT, AST, ROS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2 levels, LDH, MPO, and MDA contents in liver tissue, and mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in APAP-induced liver injury mice. It prominently elevated serum IL-4 and IL-10 levels, GSH, CAT, SOD, and T-AOC contents, and mRNA expressions of IL-4 and IL-10 in liver tissue, improved the degree of liver pathological damage, and suppressed neutrophil infiltration and macrophage recruitment in liver tissue. In addition, TSPJ lessened the mRNA and protein expressions of neutrophil marker Ly6G, macrophage marker Mac-2, and COX-2 in liver tissue, protein expressions of p-ERK, p-IκBα, and NF-κB p65 in nuclear, and p-ERK/ERK and p-IκBα/p-IκBα ratios and hoisted protein expression of NF-κB p65 in cytosol. These results suggest that TSPJ has a significant protective effect on APAP-induced liver injury in mice, and it can alleviate APAP-induced oxidative damage and inflammatory response. Its mechanism may be related to suppressing ERK/NF-κB/COX-2 signaling pathway activation, thus inhibiting inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokine production, and liver cell damage.

Introduction: Bacterial pneumonia poses a significant global public health challenge, where unaddressed pathogens and inflammation can exacerbate acute lung injury and prompt cytokine storms, increasing mortality rates. Alveolar macrophages are pivotal in preserving lung equilibrium. Excessive inflammation can trigger necrosis in these cells, disrupting the delicate interplay between inflammation and tissue repair. Methods: We obtained extracellular vesicle from aloe and tested the biosafety by cell viability and hemolysis assays. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry were used to detect the uptake and internalization of extracellular vesicle by macrophages and the ability of extracellular vesicle to affect the phenotypic reprogramming of macrophages in vitro . Finally, we conducted a clinical feasibility study employing clinical bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as a representative model to assess the effective repolarization of macrophages influenced by extracellular vesicle. Results: In our study, we discovered the potential of extracellular vesicle nanovesicles derived from aloe in reprograming macrophage phenotypes. Pro-inflammatory macrophages undergo a transition toward an anti-inflammatory immune phenotype through phagocytosing and internalizing these aloe vera-derived extracellular vesicle nanovesicles. This transition results in the release of anti-inflammatory IL-10, effectively curbing inflammation and fostering lung tissue repair. Discussion: These findings firmly establish the immunomodulatory impact of aloe-derived extracellular vesicle nanovesicles on macrophages, proposing their potential as a therapeutic strategy to modulate macrophage immunity in bacterial pneumonia., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors declare that they were editorial board members of Frontiers at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2023 Zhou, Peng, Wang, Wang, Wang, Sun, Shi, Chen, Ji and Wang.)

Background: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has shown potential in improving maternal and neonatal outcomes in individuals with type 1/2 diabetes, but data in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is limited. We aimed to explore the relationship between CGM-derived metrics during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes among women with GDM., Methods: We recruited 1302 pregnant women with GDM at a mean gestational age of 26.0 weeks and followed them until delivery. Participants underwent a 14-day CGM measurement upon recruitment. The primary outcome was any adverse pregnancy outcome, defined as having at least one of the outcomes: preterm birth, large-for-gestational-age (LGA) birth, fetal distress, premature rupture of membranes, and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. The individual outcomes included in the primary outcome were considered as secondary outcomes. We conducted multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the association of CGM-derived metrics with these outcomes., Findings: Per 1-SD difference in time above range (TAR), glucose area under the curve (AUC), nighttime mean blood glucose (MBG), daytime MBG, and daily MBG was associated with higher risk of any adverse pregnancy outcome, with odds ratio: 1.22 (95% CI 1.08-1.36), 1.22 (95% CI 1.09-1.37), 1.18 (95% CI 1.05-1.32), 1.21 (95% CI 1.07-1.35), and 1.22 (95% CI 1.09-1.37), respectively. Time in range, TAR, AUC, nighttime MBG, daytime MBG, daily MBG, and mean amplitude of glucose excursions were positively associated, while time blow range was inversely associated with the risk of LGA. Additionally, higher value for TAR was associated with higher risk of NICU admission. We further summarized the potential thresholds of TAR (2.5%) and daily MBG (4.8 mmol/L) to distinguish individuals with and without any adverse pregnancy outcome., Interpretation: The CGM-derived metrics may help identify individuals at higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. These CGM biomarkers could serve as potential new intervention targets to maintain a healthy pregnancy status among women with GDM., Funding: National Key R&D Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine., Competing Interests: No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

Objectives: Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) at both urogenital and extragenital sites has been recommended in many countries. Testing of the infections using pooled specimens from urogenital and extragenital sites offer the opportunity to shorten the testing time and reduce the testing cost. Ex-ante pooling is placing the original single-site specimens in a tube with transport media, while ex-post pooling is making a pool of the transport media from both anorectal and oropharyngeal specimens and the urine. This study aimed to conduct a multisite performance evaluation of two pool-specimen approaches (ex-ante and ex-post) in detection of CT and NG using the Cobas 4800 platform among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China., Design: Diagnostic accuracy study., Setting, Participants and Outcome Measures: Participants were recruited from MSM communities at six cities in China. Two oropharyngeal and anorectal swabs collected by clinical staff and 20 mL first-void urine collected by the participant himself were used for evaluating sensitivity and specificity., Results: A total of 1311 specimens were collected from 437 participants in six cities. The sensitivities of ex-ante pooling approach as compared with single-specimen approach (reference standard) were 98.7% (95% CI, 92.7% to 100.0%) for detection of CT and 89.7% (95% CI, 75.8% to 97.1%) for NG, and the specificities were 99.5% (95% CI, 98.0% to 99.9%) and 98.7% (95% CI, 97.1% to 99.6%), respectively. The sensitivities of ex-post pooling approach were 98.7% (95% CI, 92.7% to 100.0%) for CT and 100.0% (95% CI, 91.0% to 100.0%) for NG, and the specificities were 100.0% (95% CI, 99.0% to 100.0%) and 100.0% (95% CI, 99.1% to 100.0%), respectively., Conclusions: The ex-ante and ex-post pooling approaches show good sensitivity and specificity in detecting urogenital and extragenital CT and/or NG, indicating that these approaches can be used in epidemiological surveillance and clinical management of CT and NG infections, particularly among MSM population., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) causes the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the world, and men who have sex with men (MSM) are considered as a high-risk population for this infection. Data regarding the prevalence of CT infection in China are limited and fragmented. In this study, we aim to determine at the national level the anatomically specific CT prevalence and genotype distribution of CT strains among MSM, recruiting from the venues where MSM commonly seek sexual partners., Methods and Analysis: The study will be a nationwide cross-sectional survey to estimate the prevalence of chlamydial infections among MSM who meet the inclusion criteria over a period of 6 months (May-October 2022). A total of 2429 participants will be recruited from the venues where MSM most often seek sex partners in 14 cities of the 7 geographical regions in China. A mobile phone app-based anonymous self-administered questionnaire will be used to collect sociodemographic and behavioural data, and specimens of urine, anorectal and pharyngeal swabs will be collected for identifying the infections of CT and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and genotypes of CT. The data will be analysed using the IBM SPSS program V.20 ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study protocol has been approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Institute of Dermatology and the National Center for STD Control on 9 October 2021 (approval number 2021-KY-037). The study is based on voluntary participation and a written informed consent process. The study results will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals and reported in conferences. The relevant data will be made available to development of control programmes and used as health education materials to disseminate to the community. The dataset will be deposited in a public repository., Trial Registration Number: ChiCTR2100052869., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: We aimed to evaluate the clinical performance of the GeneXpert ® (Xpert) CT/NG assay for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) using urine and cervical swabs collected from patients in China., Methods: This study was conducted from September 2016 to September 2018 in three Chinese urban hospitals. The results from the Xpert CT/NG test were compared to those from the Roche cobas ® 4800 CT/NG test. Discordant results were confirmed by DNA sequence analysis., Results: In this study, 619 first void urine (FVU) specimens and 1,042 cervical swab specimens were included in the final dataset. There were no statistical differences between the results of the two tests for the detection of CT/NG in urine samples ( p  > 0.05), while a statistical difference was found in cervical swabs ( p  < 0.05). For CT detection, the sensitivity and specificity of the Xpert test were 100.0% (95%CI = 96.8-99.9) and 98.3% (95%CI = 96.6-99.2) for urine samples and 99.4% (95%CI = 96.5-100.0) and 98.6% (95%CI 97.5-99.2) for cervical swabs, respectively. For NG detection, the sensitivity and specificity of the Xpert test were 99.2% (95%CI = 94.9-100.0) and 100.0% (95%CI = 99.0-100.0) for urine and 100% (95%CI = 92.8-100.0) and 99.7% (95%CI = 99.0-99.9) for cervical swabs, respectively., Conclusion: The Xpert CT/NG test exhibited high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of CT and NG in both urine and cervical samples when compared to the reference results. The 90-min turnaround time for CT and NG detection at the point of care using Xpert may enable patients to receive treatment promptly., Competing Interests: FT and YT are employees of Cepheid, the commercial manufacturer of the Xpert® CT/NG test. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Han, Shi, Jiang, Le, Qin, Xiong, Zheng, Tenover, Tang and Yin.)

Background: Little is known about rectal Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection in outpatients attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in China. In this study, we aimed to explore the clinical and epidemiologic features of rectal CT infection in this population., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients attending STD clinics in Tianjin and Guangxi provinces of China from June 2018 to August 2020. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were developed to explore the association of different risk factors for urogenital and rectal CT infection., Results: The prevalence of urogenital and rectal CT was 11.2% (154/1374) and 4.9% (68/1377), respectively. The rectal CT prevalence among female and male patients was 7.8% (60/767) and 1.3% (8/610), respectively. The most common genotype in urogenital CT-positive samples was genotype E (29.9%), while the most common genotype among rectal CT-positive samples was genotype J (23.4%). More than 85% (52/60) of women infected with rectal CT were co-infected with urogenital CT. About 90.0% (36/40) of women shared similar genotypes between rectal and urogenital samples. Females and patients infected with urogenital CT were deemed to be at an increased risk for rectal CT infection. A high proportion of rectal CT infection had concurrent urogenital CT infection, especially in women, and most of the co-infections were shared among the same genotypes., Conclusions: It would be prudent to encourage awareness and introduce detection tests and treatment strategies for rectal CT infection particularly in female patients visiting STD clinics in China., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

This study investigated the protective effect of total triterpenoids from Chaenomeles speciosa against Helicobacter pylori(Hp)-induced gastritis in mice and explored its possible mechanism. The chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG) model mice were randomly divided into four groups of model, total triterpenoids from C. speciosa(50 and 100 mg·kg~(-1)) and triple therapy, with C57 BL/6 J mice without Hp infection taken as the normal group. Mice in the treatment groups were given corresponding drugs once a day for 4 weeks. Then the following indexes were detected: the contents of reactive oxygen species(ROS), monocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP-1), keratinocyte chemokines(KC), TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, IL-4 and IL-10 in blood and gastric tissue, the activities and contents of LDH, MPO, SOD, GSH-Px, CAT and MDA in gastric tissue and the activities of β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase, cathepsins B and D in blood, gastric tissue and lysosome. Besides, the mRNA expression levels of Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88(MyD88), Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bax and Bad in gastric tissue were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Western blot was employed to detect the protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, p-IKKβ, p-IκBα, NOD-like receptor 3(NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein(ASC), pro-caspase-1, caspase-1, thioredoxin-interacting protein(TXNIP), pro-IL-1β, pro-IL-18, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bax, Bad, cytochrome C, apoptotic protease-activating factor-1(Apaf-1), pro-caspase-9, pro-caspase-3, cleaved-caspase-9, cleaved-caspase-3, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1(PARP-1), cleaved-PARP-1 and cytosol and nucleus NF-κB p65 in gastric tissue. The results indicated that the total triterpenoids from C. speciosa significantly suppressed Hp proliferation, alleviated the damage to gastric mucosa and improved lymphocyte infiltration and gland atrophy. They were also effective in reducing the activities of β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase, cathepsins B and D in blood and gastric tissue, elevating the activities of β-glucuronidase and cathepsin D in lysosomal organelles, decreasing the contents of ROS, MCP-1, KC, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18 in blood, MDA content and MPO and LDH activities in gastric tissue and increasing the contents of IL-4 and IL-10 in blood and activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px in gastric tissue. Other phenomena were also observed after the treatment with total triterpenoids from C. speciosa, including the down-regulation of the mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, Bax and Bad, the protein expression levels of p-IKKβ, p-IκBα, NLRP3, ASC, pro-caspase-1, caspase-1, TXNIP, pro-IL-1β, pro-IL-18, cytochrome C, Apaf-1, cleaved-caspase-9, cleaved-caspase-3, cleaved-PARP-1 and nuclear NF-κB p65, reduction of p-IKKβ/IKKβ and p-IκBα/IκBα ratios and up-regulation of the mRNA and protein expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, up-regulation of pro-caspase-9, pro-caspace-3, cytosol NF-κB p65 protein expression levels and Bcl-2/Bax and Bcl-xl/Bad ratios in gastric tissue. These aforementioned results suggest that the total triterpenoids from C. speciosa have significant protective effects against CAG induced by Hp, and its mechanism may be related to enhancing the function of endogenous antioxidant system, suppressing the oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction induced by Hp, correcting lysosomal dysfunction and inflammatory activation of TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway and thus inhibiting mitochondria-mediated apoptosis.

Objective: To examine whether the association of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) with fetal macrosomia is mediated through maternal circulating lipid concentrations during pregnancy., Study Design: In this prospective cohort, 3011 eligible pregnant women were enrolled. Information on demographic characteristics were collected using questionnaires, and anthropometrics and laboratory tests were performed at 24 weeks of gestation and before delivery. Macrosomia was defined as birth weight ≥4000 g. Logistic regression and multivariable linear regression, adjusted for age, fetal sex, education, gestational weight gain, fasting blood glucose, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, gestational age at delivery, delivery mode, and parity, were used to assess the mediation path between prepregnancy BMI, maternal serum lipids, and fetal macrosomia., Results: A total of 2454 participants with completed records were included in the final analyses. Among the maternal circulating lipid biomarkers, only triglyceride was significantly associated with both prepregnancy BMI and fetal macrosomia risk, adjusting for potential confounders. Mediation analyses demonstrated that the direct effect of prepregnancy BMI on fetal macrosomia was 0.0085 (95% CI, 0.0003-0.018; P < .05), the indirect effect mediated through maternal serum triglycerides was 0.0016 (95% CI, 0.0007-0.0029; P < .001), and the estimated proportion of mediated effect was 15.7% (P < .05)., Conclusions: Maternal circulating triglycerides mediate the association of prepregnancy BMI with the risk of fetal macrosomia., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is closely related to ischemic brain injury and inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation may be a new therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. Our previous studies showed that ligustilide (LIG) had a dose-dependent neuroprotective effect on various models of cerebral ischemia and dementia in vivo and in vitro. CD21, a kind of phthalide derivative, was modified from LIG. In this study, we established a global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model in mice by bilateral common carotid artery ligation (2VO), and explored the neuroprotective effect of CD21 and its anti-inflammatory mechanism on cerebral ischemia mice. CD21 significantly improved weight loss, neurobehavioral deficits and neurons loss in hippocampal CA1 and caudate putamen (CPu) subregions, which were induced by 2VO in mice. CD21 significantly inhibited the overactivation of astrocyte and microglia, and decreased the mRNA level of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β. Moreover, CD21 significantly inhibited the activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway mediated by HMGB1 and NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 signaling pathway mediated by Cathepsin B, thus inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Our results demonstrated that CD21 may exert a neuroprotection by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation after cerebral ischemia. These findings provide a new strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None, (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Reduced inflammation is one of the potential mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective efficacy of fish oil enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Supplementation with fish oil has favorable effects on cardiometabolic profiles in Inner Mongolia patients with hypertension, but whether the cardiovascular benefits can be ascribed to reduced subclinical inflammation is unclear among this population. Seventy-seven middle-aged/elderly hypertensive volunteers were randomly assigned to receive either fish oil (FO, n = 38, 2 g day-1 EPA + DHA) or control corn oil (CO, n = 39) for 90 days. FA compositions in erythrocytes and C-reactive protein (CRP, mg L-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6, pg mL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, pg mL-1) concentrations in the plasma were measured before and after the 90-day supplementation, and the cardiometabolic risk was expressed as continuously distributed z-scores calculated by standardizing and then summing the individual cardiovascular risk factors. Significant reductions in the TNF-α (-1.87 ± 2.71 vs. -0.64 ± 2.62, p = 0.02) and CRP levels (-0.85 ± 2.49 vs. 0.56 ± 2.14, p = 0.01) were found in the FO group compared with the CO group, but not in the IL-6 levels (-0.66 ± 1.05 vs. -0.25 ± 0.94, p = 0.10). The decreases in the changes of TNF-α levels were positively correlated with the reductions in the cardiometabolic risk scores in the subjects supplemented with FO (r = 0.35, p = 0.02), but not in the control subjects supplemented with CO (r = 0.09, p = 0.54). FO supplementation increased the levels of EPA (p = 0.013), DHA (p = 0.040) and total n-3 FA (p = 0.035), and decreased the levels of 20:4n-6 (p = 0.041) and total n-6 FA (p = 0.011) and the ratio of n-6 to n-3 FA (p = 0.001), compared with the changes related to the CO group. The increases in the changes of erythrocyte total n-3 FA levels were inversely correlated with the concentrations of TNF-α (r = -0.34, p = 0.001) and CRP (r = -0.29, p = 0.020). The present findings suggest that fish oil supplementation may attenuate the proinflammatory reactions in hypertension, which might help promote the cardiometabolic benefits in this Inner Mongolia population.

A method is described for determination and optical imaging of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) by using the two-photon (TP) excited fluorescence of silica (SiO 2 ) nanoparticles containing Fe(II) ions. In the presence of H 2 O 2 , hydroxyl radicals (•OH) are produced via the Fenton reaction. This leads to quenching of the green fluorescence of a TP-excitable organic dye loaded into the SiO 2 NPs. Fluorescence is excited at 370 nm and has an emission peaking at 447 nm. The degree of quenching increases linearly in the 2.5 to 100 μM H 2 O 2 concentration range. The nanoprobe is highly selective and sensitive, with a detection limit of 336 nM. The nanoprobe is biocompatible and was successfully used to image changes in the H 2 O 2 concentration in HeLa cells via TP fluorescence imaging. Graphical abstractSchematic rpresentation of the detection of H 2 O 2 by using the two-photon excited fluorescence of silica nanoparticles (TP-SiO 2 NPs) containing Fe 2+ . H 2 O 2 triggers the Fenton reaction to produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH), which quench the green fluorescence of the SiO 2 NPs.

Objective: To determine the clinical epidemiological characteristics of newly reported human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome （HIV/AIDS）in southwestern China from 2001 to 2017., Methods: Clinical data of newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS from 2001 to 2017 in the West China Hospital of Sichuan University were reviewed and analyze., Results: A total of 1 520 228 patients were screened for HIV, including 285 983 outpatient and emergency patients and 1 234 245 inpatients. About 4 037 (0.27%) patients were confirmed with HIV/AIDS. The confirmation rate increased from 2001 to 2013, followed by a slight decline from 2014 to 2017. The male to female sex ratio of confirmed HIV/AIDS was 3.49:1 from 2001 to 2017, ranging from 1.65:1 to 5.08:1. The majority of patients were identified as Han (88.23%), had low education (58.66%), and married (54.75%). Peasants/herdsman comprised 26.33% of the patients. The proportion of young (15-29 years old), and middle-aged (≥50 years old) patients and those who were unmarried and had high education (senior high school and above) increased over time. Heterosexual transmission remained stable at about 60% while homosexual transmission increased by about 15% ( χ 2 =14.436, P ＜0.005) since 2008. Transmissions through drug abuse( χ 2 =71.633, P ＜0.005) and blood( χ 2 =16.672, P ＜0.005) decreased. Of the 899 female newly reported HIV/ADIS patients, 77.20% were infected through heterosexual relationship. In comparison, of the 3 138 male patients, 61.41% were infected through heterosexual and 18.10% through homosexual relationships. Homosexual transmissions decreased with age, but heterosexual transmissions increased with age. Mother-to-child transmissions were concentrated in those between 0 and 15 years old (100%)., Conclusion: Newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS cases increased over the years in the West China Hospital of Sichuan University, in particular in those of young and middle-aged, highly educated and unmarried. Heterosexual transmissions remain the main route., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Science Edition).)

Daily supplementation with n-3 fatty acid (FA) has been believed to be an adjunct or alternative to drug treatments to reduce blood pressure (BP) and triglyceride (TG) levels in western patients with high risk of cardiovascular disease. The BP-lowering effect of n-3 FA supplements among Chinese hypertensive patients has been reported in our previous 12-week, double-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT), but the benefits on cardiometabolic profiles among obese Chinese populations are not well known. We therefore used the data from the previous RCT to investigate the effects of marine- and plant-derived n-3 FA supplements on cardiometabolic profiles in middle-aged and elderly Chinese hypertensive patients with abdominal obesity. In total, 108 eligible volunteers from Inner Mongolia, China were randomly assigned to three treatments for 12 weeks: fish oil (FO, n = 35, 2 g day-1 eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid), flaxseed oil (FLO, n = 39, 2.5 g day-1 α-linolenic acid), and corn oil served as a control (CO, n = 34). BP, blood lipids, waist circumference (WC) and fasting glucose-insulin were measured at baseline and after 12-week intervention by using standard methods. Clustered cardiometabolic risk was expressed as a continuously distributed z-score calculated by standardizing and then summing WC, insulin, glucose, TG, HDL-cholesterol and BP values. The cardiometabolic risk scores were significantly lower in the FO group than in the CO group after the 12-week intervention (-0.41 ± 0.92 vs. 0.02 ± 0.95, p = 0.016), but not in the FLO group (-0.23 ± 1.02 vs. 0.02 ± 0.95, p = 0.109). For individual risk factors, compared with CO, FO significantly decreased LDL-cholesterol (-0.25 ± 0.78 mmol L-1vs. -0.05 ± 0.65 mmol L-1, p = 0.010), ApoB (-012 ± 0.28 mmol L-1vs. -0.03 ± 0.23 mmol L-1, p = 0.036), and WC (-1.58 ± 3.67 cm vs. -0.52 ± 3.27 cm, p = 0.031), whereas no significant difference was found between FLO and CO groups in LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.081), ApoB (p = 0.102) and WC (p = 0.093). The present findings suggest that marine n-3 FA intervention may improve the cardiometabolic traits in this Chinese hypertensive population comorbid with abdominal obesity.

Whether n-3 fatty acid (FA) has hypotensive actions among Chinese adults remains inconclusive. Hypertensive patients from Inner Mongolia, China ( n = 126) were recruited to a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. We investigated the effects of n-3 FA supplements on blood pressure (BP, mm Hg), plasma concentrations of angiotensin II (Ang II, pg/mL), and nitric oxygen (NO, μmol/L), using fish oil ( n = 41, 4 capsules/day, equivalent to 2 g of eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid) and flaxseed oil ( n = 42, 4 capsules/day, equivalent to 2.5 g of α-linolenic acid). Comparing to the control group (corn oil, n = 43), the mean systolic BP (-4.52 ± 9.28 vs -1.51 ± 9.23, P = 0.040) and the plasma Ang II levels (-12.68 ± 10.87 vs -4.93 ± 9.08, P = 0.023) were significantly lowered in the fish oil group, whereas diastolic BP ( P = 0.285) and plasma NO levels ( P = 0.220) were not. Such findings suggest that marine-based n-3 FA has a hypotensive efficacy in Chinese hypertensive patients possibly through inhibiting Ang II-dependent vasoconstrictions.

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common neurological emergency with higher mortality and disability rate than cerebral ischemia. Although diverse therapeutic interventions have been explored for potential neuroprotection from ICH, no effective drugs until now are available for improvement of survival rate or the life quality of survivors after ICH. Just like cerebral ischemia, inflammatory mechanism is highly thought to play a vital role in hemorrhagic brain injury. Ligustilide (LIG) has potent anti-inflammatory effects, which were shown to be closely related to its neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain injury. Senkyunolide H (SH) and senkyunolide I (SI) are natural degradation products of LIG, which contain the mother nucleus structure of LIG as that of phthalide. However, no reports have been retrieved about the neuroprotective effects of the three phthalide compounds on ICH, especially from the perspectives of inflammatory pathways. Accordingly, this study investigated the neuroprotective potentials and mechanisms of LIG, SH and SI on experimental ICH in mice., Methods: ICH was induced in adult male CD-1 mice by intracerebral injection of autologous blood. LIG, SH and SI, respectively, was administrated after ICH induction. Neurological deficits, brain edema, injury volume, the number of surviving/dying neurons and inflammatory gene expression were evaluated at 3 days after ICH., Results: Neurological deficits, brain edema, neuronal injury, microglia and astrocytes activation as well as peripheral immune cells infiltration were all significantly improved by LIG and SH, yet SI not. Moreover, the expression of TLR4, p-NF-kB p65, TNF-α and IL-6, was significantly downregulated by LIG and SH treatment. So was Prx1 expression and release., Conclusions: LIG and SH provide the potent neuroprotective effects against hemorrhagic stroke by inhibiting Prx1/TLR4/NF-kB signaling and the subsequent immune and neuroinflammation lesions., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A new method in which Pb/Zn smelter waste containing arsenic and heavy metals (arsenic sludge), red mud and lime are utilized to prepare red mud-based cementitious material (RCM) is proposed in this study. XRD, SEM, FTIR and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were employed to assess the physicochemical properties of RCM. In addition, ettringite and iron oxide-containing ettringite were used to study the hydration mechanism of RCM. The results show that the UCS of the RCM (red mud+arsenic sludge+lime) was higher than that of the binder (red mud+arsenic sludge). When the mass ratio of m (binder): m (lime) was 94:6 and then maintained 28days at ambient temperature, the UCS reached 12.05MPa. The red mud has potential cementitious characteristics, and the major source of those characteristics was the aluminium oxide. In the red mud-arsenic sludge-lime system, aluminium oxide was effectively activated by lime and gypsum to form complex hydration products. Some of the aluminium in ettringite was replaced by iron to form calcium sulfoferrite hydrate. The BCR and leaching toxicity results show that the leaching concentration was strongly dependent on the chemical speciation of arsenic and the hydration products. Therefore, the investigated red mud and arsenic sludge can be successfully utilized in cement composites to create a red mud-based cementitious material., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Klotho, an aging-suppressor gene, encodes a protein that potentially acts as a neuroprotective factor. Our previous studies showed that ligustilide minimizes the cognitive dysfunction and brain damage induced by cerebral ischemia; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to investigate whether klotho is involved in the protective effects of ligustilide against cerebral ischemic injury in mice. Cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral common carotid arterial occlusion. Neurobehavioral tests as well as Nissl and Fluoro-Jade B staining were used to evaluate the protective effects of ligustilide in cerebral ischemia, and Western blotting and ELISA approaches were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Administration of ligustilide prevented the development of neurological deficits and reduced neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA1 region and the caudate putamen after cerebral ischemia. The protective effects were associated with inhibition of the RIG-I/NF-κB p65 and Akt/FoxO1 pathways and with prevention of inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain. Further, downregulation of klotho could attenuate the neuroprotection of ligustilide against cerebral ischemic injury. Ligustilide exerted neuroprotective effects in mice after cerebral ischemia by regulating anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant signaling pathways. Furthermore, klotho upregulation contributes to the neuroprotection of LIG against cerebral ischemic injury. These results indicated that ligustilide may be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of cerebral ischemia., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aging is the greatest independent risk factor for the occurrence of stroke and poor outcomes, at least partially through progressive increases in oxidative stress and inflammation with advanced age. Klotho is an antiaging gene, the expression of which declines with age. Klotho may protect against neuronal oxidative damage that is induced by glutamate. The present study investigated the effects of Klotho overexpression and knockdown by an intracerebroventricular injection of a lentiviral vector that encoded murine Klotho (LV-KL) or rat Klotho short-hairpin RNA (LV-KL shRNA) on cerebral ischemia injury and the underlying anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism. The overexpression of Klotho induced by LV-KL significantly improved neurobehavioral deficits and increased the number of live neurons in the hippocampal CA1 and caudate putamen subregions 72 h after cerebral hypoperfusion that was induced by transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (2VO) in mice. The overexpression of Klotho significantly decreased the immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1, the expression of retinoic-acid-inducible gene-I, the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB, and the production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6) in 2VO mice. The knockdown of Klotho mediated by LV-KL shRNA in the brain exacerbated neurological dysfunction and cerebral infarct after 22 h of reperfusion following 2 h middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. These findings suggest that Klotho itself or enhancers of Klotho may compensate for its aging-related decline, thus providing a promising therapeutic approach for acute ischemic stroke during advanced age.

Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a mostly incurable disease. The fact that the identity of the mechanisms that regulate metastasis in HCC is known hampers the development of anti-metastatic therapies. Currently, there is no effective treatment for HCC once it is progressed to metastatic stage. Therefore, further study to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the metastasis of HCC is urgently required for the improvement of HCC treatment. Here, we describes actin gamma smooth muscle 2 (ACTG2) over-express in HCC and demonstrates high-expression of ACTG2 as a promising therapeutic target in HCC metastasis. The use of shRNA to knock-down ACTG2 impaired cells migration and invasion in vitro. Moreover, silencing of ACTG2 causes almost complete inhibition of metastasis in vivo. In contrast, overexpression ACTG2 significantly enforces HCC cells migration and metastasis. Finally, ACTG2 boosts the metastatic potential of HCC cells in a Notch homolog 1 (Notch1) dependent manner. Collectively, our study reveals a critical role of ACTG2 in HCC tumor metastasis, and renders it a novel target for the treatment of HCC., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Under the traditional processing theory "wine processing could promote the efficacy", Rhubarb after wine processing could treat the upper energizer diseases such as red swelling, and breath sores. Processing changes the medicinal properties of rhubarb, and thus results in different focuses in clinical application. In this study, a sensitive and specific method was developed for the determination of aloe-emodin, rhein and emodin in rats tissue. Rhubarb raw materials and its wine processed decoction were given to SD rats respectively by gavage administration, and then the contents of aloe-emodin, rhein and emodin in the tissues (heart, lung, brain, liver, kidney) were determined by HPLC-MS to explore the effect of wine processing on free anthraquinones in rat tissues. Experimental results showed that wine processing can significantly change the distribution of aloe emodin, rhein and emodin in rats in vivo, and the distribution of these components was increased in heart and lung tissues.There was no significant change of distribution in the liver and the kidney as compared with raw product group, and these three ingredients were not detected in the brain, indicating that aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin can not pass through the blood brain barrier.Therefore, wine processing had greater effect on distribution of free anthraquinones in rat tissues.This also verified the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, providing experimental basis for rhubarb processing mechanism., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Objective: To explore the activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMMSC) and its effect on osteogenic differentiation induced by micropit/nanotube topography (MNT), so as to provide guidance for the topography design of biomaterials. Methods: Four sample groups were fabricated: polishing control group (polished titanium, PT, no treatment), thapsigargin treatment (TG, 0.1 μmol/L TG treated for 9 h), MNT5 and MNT20 (anodized at 5 V and 20 V after acid etching). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the topography of Ti samples. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) production, collagen secretion and extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization of BMMSC (osteogenic induced for 7, 14 and 21 d) on Ti samples were detected to evaluate the osteogenic differentiation. After 12 h incubation, the shape and size of ER was examined using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and ERS-related genes including immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (BiP), protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Results: After 7, 14 and 21 d of induction, the ALP production, collagen secretion and ECM mineralization in TG and MNT20 all significantly increased compared to PT ( P< 0.05). The cells grown on TG, MNT5 and MNT20 surfaces displayed gross distortions of the ER. Compared to PT, BiP, PERK, ATF4 mRNA expression in TG was respectively 1.87±0.10, 2.24±0.35, 1.85±0.14; BiP, ATF4 mRNA expression in MNT5 were respectively 1.27±0.09, 1.25±0.04; BiP, PERK, ATF4 mRNA expression in MNT20 were respectively 1.44±0.09, 2.40±0.60, 1.48±0.05 ( P< 0.05). Conclusions: MNT triggered different degree of ERS, and the activated ERS may promote MNT-induced osteogenic differentiation.

Wastewater treatment sludge from a primary lead-zinc smelter is characterized as hazardous waste and requires treatment prior to disposal due to its significant arsenic and heavy metals contents. This study presents a method for the stabilization of arsenic sludge that uses a slag based curing agent composed of smelting slag, cement clinker and limestone. The Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test, the China Standard Leaching Test (CSLT), and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedures (TCLP) were used to physically and chemically characterize the solidified sludge. The binder ratio was determined according to the UCS and optimal experiments, and the optimal mass ratio of m (smelting slag): m (cement clinker): m (gypsum sludge): m (limestone) was 70:13:12:5. When the binder was mixed with arsenic sludge using a mass ratio of 1:1 and then maintained at 25 °C for 28 d, the UCS reached 9.30 MPa. The results indicated that the leached arsenic content was always less than 5 mg/L, which is a safe level, and does not contribute to recontamination of the environment. The arsenic sludge from the Zn/Pb metallurgy plant can be blended with cement clinker and smelting slag materials for manufacturing bricks and can be recycled as construction materials., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Patients with essential hypertension undergo endothelial dysfunction, particularly in the conduit arteries. Cilostazol, a type III phosphodiesterase inhibitor, serves a role in the inhibition of platelet aggregation and it is widely used in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases. Previous studies have suggested that cilostazol suppresses endothelial dysfunction; however, it remains unknown whether cilostazol protects the endothelial function in essential hypertension. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether, and how, cilostazol suppresses angiotensin II (angII)‑induced endothelial dysfunction. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to angII and treated with cilostazol. Endothelial cell apoptosis and function, nitric oxide and superoxide production, phosphorylation (p) of Akt, and caspase‑3 protein expression levels were investigated. AngII exposure resulted in the apoptosis of endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, cilostazol significantly suppressed the angII‑induced apoptosis of HUVECs; however, this effect was reduced in the presence of LY294002, a phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor. Furthermore, cilostazol suppressed the angII‑induced p‑Akt downregulation and cleaved caspase‑3 upregulation. These effects were also alleviated by LY294002. In vivo, cilostazol suppressed the angII‑induced endothelial cell apoptosis and dysfunction. Cilostazol was also demonstrated to partially reduced the angII‑induced increase in superoxide production. The results of the present study suggested that cilostazol suppresses endothelial apoptosis and dysfunction by modulating the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Results from prospective cohort studies on fish or long-chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and elevated blood pressure (EBP) are inconsistent. We aimed to investigate the summary effects. Pertinent studies were identified from PubMed and EMBASE database through October 2015. Multivariate-adjusted risk ratios (RRs) for incidence of EBP in the highest verses the bottom category of baseline intake of fish or LC n-3 PUFA were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. Over the follow-up ranging from 3 to 20 years, 20,497 EBP events occurred among 56,204 adults from eight prospective cohort studies. The summary RR (SRR) was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.14; I² = 44.70%) for fish in four studies, and 0.73 (95% CI: 0.60, 0.89; I² = 75.00%) for LC n-3 PUFA in six studies (three studies for biomarker vs. three studies for diet). Circulating LC n-3 PUFA as biomarker was inversely associated with incidence of EBP (SRR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.83), especially docosahexaenoic acid (SRR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.88), whereas no significant association was found for dietary intake (SRR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.58, 1.10). The present finding suggests that increased intake of docosahexaenoic acid to improve its circulating levels may benefit primary prevention of EBP.

Objective: To explore the cardioprotective effect and its mechanism of total saponins of Panacis Majoris Rhizoma in myocardial infarction (MI) rats., Methods: The MI model rats induced by ligating anterior descending branch of coronary artery were randomly divided into four group:model group, total saponins of Panacis Majoris Rhizoma (100 and 200 mg/kg) groups and compound Danshen dripping pills group. The rats were orally administrated with drugs once a day for four weeks. Another rats were selected as sham operation group. After four weeks intervention, cardiac function was examined, the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 were measured by using ELISA, respectively. The myocardial hypertrophy index was investigated, the myocardial infarct size, degree of ventricular dilatation, myocardial interstitial collagen volume fraction and tissue morphology were investigated by HE, Masson, picric acid-sirius red staining and observing with alight microscope and electron microscope. Protein expressions of phosphorylation IκB-α( pIκB-α) and NF-κB p65 in heart tissue were detected by Western blotting., Results: Total saponins of Panacis Majoris Rhizoma might significantly decrease the levels of serum TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8; decrease myocardial hypertrophy indexes, myocardial infarct size, degree of ventricular dilatation and myocardial interstitial collagen volume fraction; improve heart tissue morphology and cardiac function; downregulate protein expression of pIκB-α and NF-κBp65; and upregulate protein expression of SIRT1. The aforementioned action effects of total saponins of Panacis Majoris Rhizoma (200 mg/kg) were similar with compound Danshen dripping pills., Conclusion: Total saponins of Panacis Majoris Rhizoma possesses cardioprotective effect against ligating left anterior descending branch induced MI in rats. The mechanism may be related to strengthening SIRT1 expression, inhibiting the phosphorylation of IκB-α, and finally inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and proinflammatory production.

Preclinical studies have shown synergism between epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors and antifolates in solid tumors. This study is to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of erlotinib plus capecitabine as first-line treatment in older Chinese patients (≥ 65 years) with lung adenocarcinoma. This is an open-label, single arm, multicenter phase II clinical trial. Sixty- two patients with previously untreated stage IIIB/IV adenocarcinoma and age 65 years or above were enrolled at four tertiary teaching hospitals and 2 provincial hospitals in China; 58 patients fulfilled the study requirements. Erlotinib (150 mg/day) and capecitabine (1000 mg/m2 twice daily on days 1-14) were administered during every 21-day cycle. The primary endpoint was the non-progression rate at 12 weeks. EGFR and K-ras mutation rates were determined using PCR. Tumor expression of different biomarkers was assessed using immunohistochemistry. In a cohort of 58 patients, 34 patients had no disease progression at 12 weeks following treatment. The objective response rate was 29.3%, and the disease control rate was 75.9%. The objective response rate was significantly higher in patients with EGFR mutations than in those with wild-type EGFR. Patients with thymidine phosphorylase-negative tumors had significantly longer overall survival after one year than patients with thymidine phosphorylase-positive tumors. Forty-four patients had at least one primary adverse events (AEs), including skin rash (n = 30), grade 3 AEs (n = 17), and grade 4 AEs (n = 7). This is the first phase II clinical trial to assess erlotinib plus capecitabine combination therapy as first-line treatment in older patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Erlotinib/capecitabine chemotherapy was significantly better in patients with EGFR mutations and in those with thymidine phosphorylase-negative tumors. The use of fluorouracil derivatives for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma warrants further study.

Objective: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-activating mutations have higher response rate and more prolonged survival following treatment with single-agent EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) compared with patients with wild-type EGFR. However, all patients treated with reversible inhibitors develop acquired resistance over time. The mechanisms of resistance are complicated. The lack of established therapeutic options for patients after a failed EGFR-TKI treatment poses a great challenge to physicians in managing this group of lung cancer patients. This study evaluates the influence of EGFR-TKI retreatment following chemotherapy after failure of initial EGFR-TKI within at least 6 months on NSCLC patients., Methods: The data of 27 patients who experienced treatment failure from their initial use of EGFR-TKI within at least 6 months were analyzed. After chemotherapy, the patients were retreated with EGFR-TKI (gefitinib 250 mg qd or erlotinib 150 mg qd), and the tumor progression was observed. The patients were assessed for adverse events and response to therapy. Targeted tumor lesions were assessed with CT scan., Results: Of the 27 patients who received EGFR-TKI retreatment, 1 (3.7%) patient was observed in complete response (CR), 8 (29.6%) patients in partial response (PR), 14 (51.9%) patients in stable disease (SD), and 4 (14.8%) patients in progressive disease (PD). The disease control rate (DCR) was 85.2% (95% CI: 62%-94%). The median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 6 months (95% CI: 1-29). Of the 13 patients who received the same EGFR-TKI, 1 patient in CR, 3 patients in PR, 8 patients in SD, and 2 patients in PD were observed. The DCR was 84.6%, and the mPFS was 5 months. Of the 14 patients who received another EGFR-TKI, no patient in CR, 6 patients in PR, 6 patients in SD, and 2 patients in PD were observed. The DCR was 85.7%, and the mPFS was 9.5 months. Significant difference was found between the two groups in PFS but not in response rate or DCR., Conclusion: Retreatment of EGFR-TKIs can be considered an option after failure of chemotherapy for patients who were previously controlled by EGFR-TKI treatment.

The growing number of people over age 50 with HIV requires research, policy, and practice to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the health consequences of HIV in older individuals. We conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed and grey literature published since 1996 to explore the impacts of aging on the health of older people with HIV (50 years or older). We included 209 studies (two systematic reviews, 174 quantitative studies, 28 qualitative studies, and five mixed methods studies). Health topics addressed include: HIV- and aging-related comorbidities, disease progression, neurocognitive functioning, mental health conditions, psychological well-being, social supports, stigma, antiretroviral adherence, health care utilization/access, and sexual risk behaviour. We recommend that future research takes a broader view of health, looks at aging from a strength-based perspective and examines the issue using diverse perspectives (i.e., geographic location, multiple methods, time of diagnosis, time on antiretroviral therapy (ART), demographic diversity).

Background: To evaluate the performance of the Abbott RealTime CT/NG assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) among female sex workers (FSWs) in China., Methods: Cervical swabs from 997 participants were blindly detected by the Abbott RealTime CT/NG assay on the automated m2000 molecular platform and Roche Cobas Amplicor CT/NG assay. Discrepant analysis were confirmed by the Qiagen care CT PCR assay. The sample was defined as candidate nvCT-positive if it was CT positive in the Abbott m2000 assay, but CT negative in the other two assays., Results: 25 specimens that were discordant for CT and 26 specimens that were discordant for NG between the two assays were resolved by Qiagen care CT & NG PCR assays. The sensitivity and specificity, respectively, for Abbott m2000 assay were 92.59% and 100% for CT and 95.45% and 99.90% for NG. The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of Abbott m2000 assay were100% and 98.52% for CT and 95.5% and 99.90% for NG, respectively. No candidate new-variant CT(nvCT)specimens were identified., Conclusion: Abbott RealTime CT/NG assay were more specify for CT and NG detection, however, its sensitivity for CT and NG were a little bit lower than Roche Cobas Amplicor CT/NG assay. Abbott RealTime CT/NG assay had higher PPV for NG detection than Roche Cobas Amplicor CT/NG assay; it would be more suitable for screening for population with low-prevalence NG. There is currently no evidence that nvCT is present in FSWs in China.

Background: Although Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI), very little information regarding the prevalence of MG among MSM (men who have sex with men) is available in China. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of MG among MSM in the city of Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China, and to identify the potential risk factors associated with MG infection in this population., Methods: Between January and May 2010, a total of 409 MSM were recruited in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China. An anonymous questionnaire was used to collect information regarding their sociological and sexual behaviors. In addition, their first-void urine (FVU) samples and rectal swabs were collected for PCR-based MG testing., Results: Among the 406 FVU and 405 rectal swab samples were collected from 409 MSM, the overall MG prevalence was 8.1% (33/406, 95% CI 5.7%-10.6%), with a FVU positivity of 3.4% (95% CI 1.7%-5.4%) and a rectal positivity of 5.4% (95% CI 3.5%-7.7%). Using both univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses, urethral MG infection was significantly associated with having more heterosexual behaviors (AOR 7.16, 95% CI 1.89-27.13), and with having unprotected anal intercourse in the past six months (AOR 4.80, 95% CI 1.40-16.47). Rectal MG infection was significantly associated with HIV infection based on univariate logistic regression analysis (OR = 4.49, 95% CI 1.18-17.12)., Conclusions: In this study, we investigated the prevalence of MG infection in the population of interest, as determined from both urethral and rectal specimen. We showed that MG was more prevalent in MSM who had bisexual behaviors compared to those who engaged only in homosexual behaviors. Further work is needed to establish the mode of MG transmission and to identify its role in HIV transmission. Meanwhile, more attention should be paid to MG infection among MSMs, and especially bisexual MSMs, which might have critical implications for effective HIV/STD control in China.

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of urethral Mycoplasma genitalium infections among male patients attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in China and identify risk factors associated with this disease. A total of 423 patients were recruited in Hezhou City, Guangxi Province, China, and each was requested to complete a questionnaire regarding sociological and sexual behaviors. First-void urine samples were collected for M. genitalium analysis by polymerase chain reaction. Of the 406 urine samples collected, 114 were M. genitalium-positive, giving a prevalence rate of 28.1%. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that M. genitalium infection was associated with younger age, having received at least senior high school education, and single marital status. In both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, M. genitalium infection was found to be associated with lack of symptoms for STD in the past year (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.839; 95% CI = 1.495-5.392; P = 0.001), no use of condoms with steady partners in the past year (AOR = 2.830; 95% CI = 1.468-5.455; P = 0.002), and having sexual encounters with female sexual workers within the past 3 months (AOR = 2.955; 95% CI = 1.637-5.336; P < 0.0003). The observed high rate of M. genitalium infection among male STD patients in Hezhou City indicates an M. genitalium epidemic in the study population; thus, the national surveillance program and clinical health providers in China should more closely monitor this disease.

Objective: To observe the efficacy and toxicity of nanoparticle albumin bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) plus platinum agent (cisplatin or carboplatin) as first line treatment for stage III/IV squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)., Methods: Forty chemotherapy naive patients with stage III/IV squamous NSCLC received nab-paclitaxel 125 mg/m2 on day 1 and day 8, cisplatin 75 mg/m2 on day 1, carboplatin area under the concentration-time curve of 5 (AUC=5) on day 1. One cycle of treatment was 3 weeks, and at least two were completed in each case., Results: Of the 40 patients who participated in the study, 25 achieved partial responses (PR), 12 reached a stage of stable disease (SD), and 3 suffered progressive disease (PD). The overall response rate (ORR) was 62.5% and the disease control rate (DCR) was 92.5%. Of the 20 patients without surgery or radiotherapy, 10 achieved PR, 7 reached a stage of SD, and 3 PD. The ORR was 50.0% and the DCR was 85.0%. The median progression-free survival time (PFS) of patients without surgery or radiotherapy was 5.0 months. Of the 20 patients receiving surgery or radiotherapy, 15 had PR and 5 p had SD, with an ORR of 75.0% and a DCR of 85.0%. Specifically, the DDP arm demonstrated a significantly higher ORR than the CBP arm (100%vs 54.5%, P<0.05). Common treatment related adverse events were myelosuppression, gastrointestinal response, baldness and neurotoxicity, most of which were grade 1 to 2., Conclusion: Nab-paclitaxel plus platinum agent (cisplatin or carboplatin) is effective as a first-line chemotherapy for stage III/IV squamous NSCLC, and its adverse effects are tolerable.

A cross-sectional study that investigated the association between cervical infection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or Mycoplasma genitalium and infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus among female sex workers in China found that the presence of cervical C. trachomatis or M. genitalium infection was independently associated with infection with certain high-risk types of specific high-risk human papillomavirus among this population.

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have become a major public health problem among female sex workers (FSWs) in China. There have been many studies on prevalences of HIV and syphilis but the data about Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections are limited in this population in China., Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed among FSWs recruited from different types of venues in 8 cities in China. An interview with questionnaire was conducted, followed by collection of a blood and cervical swab specimens for tests of HIV, syphilis, NG and CT infections., Results: A total of 3,099 FSWs were included in the study. The overall prevalence rates of HIV, syphilis, NG and CT were 0.26%, 6.45%, 5.91% and 17.30%, respectively. Being a FSW from low-tier venue (adjusted odds ratios [AOR]=1.39) had higher risk and being age of ≥ 21 years (AOR=0.60 for 21-25 years; AOR=0.29 for 26-30 years; AOR=0.35 for 31 years or above) had lower risk for CT infection; and having CT infection was significantly associated with NG infection., Conclusions: The high STI prevalence rates found among FSWs, especially among FSWs in low-tier sex work venues, suggest that the comprehensive prevention and control programs including not only behavioral interventions but also screening and medical care are needed to meet the needs of this population.

Polymorphisms in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit CHRNA5 gene have been associated with lung cancer positive susceptibility in European and American populations. In the present hospital-based, case-control study, we determined whether polymorphism in rs503464 of CHRNA5 is associated with lung cancer risk in Chinese individuals. A single nucleotide polymorphism in CHRNA5 rs503464, c.-166T>A (hereafter T>A), was identified using TaqMan-MGB probes with sequencing via PCR in 600 lung cancer cases and 600 healthy individuals. Genotype frequencies for rs503464 (T>A) were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the control population. However, genotype frequencies were significantly different between cases and controls (P < 0.05), while allele frequencies were not significantly different between groups. Compared to homozygous genotypes (TT or AA), the risk of lung cancer in those with the heterozygous genotype (TA) was significantly lower (OR = 0.611, 95%CI = 0.486-0.768, P = 0.001). Using genotype AA as a reference, the risk of lung cancer for those with genotype TA was increased 1.5 times (OR = 1.496, 95%CI = 1.120-1.997, P = 0.006). However, no difference in risk was observed between T allele carriers and A allele carriers (OR = 0.914, 95%CI = 0.779-1.073, P = 0.270). Stratification analysis showed that the protective effect of TA was more pronounced in those younger than 60 years, nonsmokers, or those without a family history of cancer, as well as in patients with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma in clinical stages III or IV (P < 0.05). Therefore, the heterozygous genotype c.-166T>A at rs503464 of CHRNA5 may be associated with reduced risk of lung cancer, thus representing a susceptibility allele in Chinese individuals.

The objective of this study was to assess the distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis genovars in male sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic patients from 1 province in eastern China (Jiangsu) and 3 provinces in southern China (Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan). Urine specimens (n = 140) were collected from 46 public STD clinics in the 4 provinces. Specimens that tested positive for C. trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction were genotyped for the infecting C. trachomatis strain by amplifying and sequencing the genovar-specific ompA gene, which encodes the chlamydial major outer-membrane protein. Nine C. trachomatis genovars were identified from 129 specimens; they consisted of the F (25.6%), E (17.1%), J (16.3%), D (15.5%), G (11.6%), K (5.4%), H (3.9%), I (1.6%), and B (0.8%) genovars. Nine genovars were found in specimens from Guangxi province, 6 were found in specimens from each of Guangdong and Hainan provinces, but only 5 were found in specimens from Jiangsu province. Genovar G/Ga was shown to be endemic among male patients in southern China.

Both environmental and genetic factors participate in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. The aim of this study was to explore the association between CHRNA3 polymorphisms of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene and lung cancer risk in a hospital-based, case-controlled study. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CHRNA3 rs3743073 (A>G) were determined using the TaqMan-MGB probe technique in 600 lung cancer cases and 600 normal controls. The differences in genotype and allele frequency were compared between groups and their association with lung cancer. The genotype frequency of rs3743073 (A>G) demonstrated Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P<0.05). The genotype and allele frequencies were significantly different between the cancer and control groups (P<0.05). Compared with patients with the TT genotype, lung cancer incidence was increased in patients with the TG and GG genotypes (OR=1.68; 95% CI, 1.30-2.19; P<0.05; OR=1.30; 95% CI, 1.05-1.61; P<0.05, respectively). Patients with rs3743073G variant alleles (TG and GG) were at greater risk (OR=0.65; 95% CI, 0.50-0.84; P<0.05) of developing lung cancer. Increased risk associated with rs3743073G variant alleles was observed in male smokers over the age of 60 (P<0.05). In this cohort, the CHRNA3 gene rs3743073G variant genotype significantly increased lung cancer risk, especially in male smokers over the age of 60.

Background:   Abraxane is a novel Cremophor-free nanoparticle paclitaxel that has been demonstrated to improve efficacy in the treatment of solid tumors. We undertook this retrospective study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Abraxane in the progressive or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients., Methods:   From August 2009 to April 2011, 33 patients who were diagnosed with progressive or recurrent NSCLC and treated with one or more prior platinum-based chemotherapies, were enrolled. The patients were injected with Abraxane, 260 mg/m 2 , d1, and were evaluated for efficacy and safety. The treatment was repeated every three weeks unless progressive lesions or unacceptable toxicities were found., Results:   There were no complete response and 11 partial responses (33.3%). Patients with squamous cell carcinoma showed better responses than those with adenocarcinoma (41.7% and 21.1%, respectively). Fourteen patients had stable disease, and the disease control rate was 75.8%. The median progression-free survival was five months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.5-6.5). Four patients (12.1%) experienced grade 3-4 hematologic toxicities; one anemia (3.0%), two leucopenia (6.1%) and one thrombocytopenia (3.0%). Six patients (18.2%) experienced grade 3-4 non-hematologic toxicities; two abnormal hepatic functions (6.1%), one fatigue (3.0%), one peripheral neuropathy (3.0%), and two alopecia (6.1%)., Conclusion:   Recurrent and progressive NSCLC patients pretreated with platinum-based chemotherapy might benefit from Abraxane with tolerable adverse events., (© 2012 Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty. Ltd.)

Background: Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is one of the common causes of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men and is associated with cervicitis, endometritis, and pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) in women. The prevalence of MG infection has been reported to be high among female sex workers (FSWs) in many countries, but limited information is known among this population in China., Methods: From July to September 2009, venue-based FSWs were recruited in two cities (Wuzhou and Hezhou) of Guangxi Autonomous Region in southwest China. Information of socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics was collected by a questionnaire-based interview. Cervical specimens were obtained for detection of MG using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting mgpA gene., Results: The overall prevalence of MG infection among 810 FSWs was 13.2% (95% CI = 10.87%-15.52%). MG infection was significantly associated with less education (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.36, 95% CI = 1.15-4.87) consisting of junior high school or below, being single (AOR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.42-3.62), migrant background (AOR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.29-3.20), and absence of any STI symptoms in the previous year (AOR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.09-2.52)., Conclusions: MG infection was prevalent among FSWs in the study areas. This pattern of infection suggests that an increasing attention should be paid to MG screening and treatment in this high risk population.

Cardiac hypertrophy is an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In recent years, evidences suggest that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, an inflammatory cytokine, participates in cardiac remodeling; however, the involvement of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether HMGB1 is sufficient to induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and to identify the possible mechanisms underlying the hypertrophic response. Cardiomyocytes isolated from 1-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with recombinant HMGB1, at concentrations ranging from 50 ng/mL to 200 ng/mL. After 24 hours, cardiomyocytes were processed for the evaluation of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and calcineurin A expression. Western blot and real-time RT-PCR was used to detect protein and mRNA expression levels, respectively. The activity of calcineurin was also evaluated using a biochemical enzyme assay. HMGB1 induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, characterized by enhanced expression of ANP, and increased protein synthesis. Meanwhile, increased calcineurin activity and calcineurin A protein expression were observed in cardiomyocytes preconditioned with HMGB1. Furthermore, cyclosporin A pretreatment partially inhibited the HMGB1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Our findings suggest that HMGB1 leads to cardiac hypertrophy, at least in part through activating calcineurin.