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For carbon dioxide concentration (XCO2) distribution, the improvement of spatial and temporal resolution is very important in some scientific studies (e.g., studies of the carbon cycle and assessment of carbon emissions based on top-down theory). However, carbon sniffing satellites based on passive theory (e.g., Gosat-2, OCO-2, and OCO-3) are susceptible to cloud and aerosol interference when the data are captured. Therefore, the data collected by carbon sniffing satellites have relatively low utilization, especially in some regions where data gaps exist. Here, we present the Carbon Dioxide Coverage (CDC) dataset, an innovative theory to obtain high spatial and temporal resolution maps of XCO2 distribution by combining spatial attributes and extracted temporal attributes from the GOSAT satellite series data. This theory is divided into the following three parts. Firstly, several background values in the raw GOSAT data were removed through data pre-processing, and for spatial attributes, GOSAT satellite data gap areas were filled by combining adjacent GOSAT data and empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) theory in the study area. Secondly, for the temporal attributes, we constructed a time profile parameter library, based on the GOSAT data of the time series to extract the temporal parameters from a specific formula at each point of the study area. Finally, for the integration of temporal and spatial information, based on the GOSAT satellite data and the populated data based on spatial attributes, we assign the temporal parameter information from the time parameter library to each pixel location in the study area, combining the transfer component analysis (TCA) theory, and then combine the assigned parameters with specific formulas to complete the prediction of XCO2 distribution. For temporal resolution, both the GOSAT_FTS_L3_V2.95 and CDC datasets are monthly-averaged resolution datasets from 2010 to 2020. And for spatial resolution, the CDC dataset is 0.25° resolution with a significant improvement compared to GOSAT_FTS_L3_V2.95 which is 2.5° resolution. And the dataset contained 136 files. Besides, for the data validation part, we used OCO-2 satellite data from 2009 to 2020 and TCCON data at mid and low latitudes, respectively. This CDC dataset and the original data from the TCCON sites were compared on a monthly-averaged scale. And the results showed that R2 was 0.9686, and RMSE was 1.3811 ppm. We also derived statistical monthly averaged XCO2 from OCO-2 data and compared it with the data set from our theory. And our evaluation index R was greater than 0.7, by comparison with OCO-2 during 2014–2020. Finally, to assess the accuracy of the algorithm, we compared the predicted results with the input data for the period of 2009–2020. And the comparison results show that the mean value of R2 is 0.93 and the mean value of RMSE is 0.53 ppm during 2010–2020. Data gaps produced by sniffer satellites are disturbed by factors such as clouds and aerosols and can be filled by this mapping technique is mentioned in this paper. This technique improves the utilization of XCO2 and the accuracy and resolution of the CDC dataset is sufficient for scientific applications. And the CDC dataset is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17826404.v4 (Zhang et al., 2022), which is of significance for a multitude of scientific carbon research.

The quantification of CH4 emissions from coal mines has large uncertainty owing to the lack of effective monitoring methods. In this study, we developed a genetic algorithm–interior point penalty function (GA-IPPF) model to calculate the emission rate of large point sources of CH4 based on concentration sample. This model can provide optimized dispersion parameters and self-calibrate, thus lowering the requirements for auxiliary data accuracy. Meanwhile, we evaluated the influence of multiple parameters on retrieving CH4-emission rate by the GA-IPPF, including the uncertainty of CH4 concentration measurements, the number of CH4 measurements, and the accuracy of meteorological data. Based on the atmospheric CH4 concentration measurements from a UAV-based AirCore system and the GA-IPPF model, we retrieved the CH4-emission rates from the Pniówek coal (Silesia coal mining region mine, Poland) ventilation shaft. Results show that, the CH4 concentrations reconstructed by the model is highly consistent to the measured ones. And the CH4-emission rates are variable even in a single day, ranging from 639.3±22.8 to 1415.5±68.5 kg/hour on August 18, 2017 and from 342.5±34.8 to 1449.8±57.1 kg/hour on August 21, 2017. The combination of the flexible UAV-based AirCore CH4 measurements and the robust GA-IPPF model provides an effective means to quantify CH4 emissions.