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Abstract Rutaceae family comprises economically important plants due to their extensive applications in spices, food, oil, medicine, etc. The Rutaceae plants is able to better utilization through biotechnology. Modern biotechnological approaches primarily rely on the heterologous expression of functional proteins in different vectors. However, several proteins are difficult to express outside their native environment. The expression potential of functional genes in heterologous systems can be maximized by replacing the rare synonymous codons in the vector with preferred optimal codons of functional genes. Codon usage bias plays a critical role in biogenetic engineering-based research and development. In the current study, 727 coding sequences (CDSs) obtained from the chloroplast genomes of ten Rutaceae plant family members were analyzed for codon usage bias. The nucleotide composition analysis of codons showed that these codons were rich in A/T(U) bases and preferred A/T(U) endings. Analyses of neutrality plots, effective number of codons (ENC) plots, and correlations between ENC and codon adaptation index (CAI) were conducted, which revealed that natural selection is a major driving force for the Rutaceae plant family’s codon usage bias, followed by base mutation. In the ENC vs. CAI plot, codon usage bias in the Rutaceae family had a negligible relationship with gene expression level. For each sample, we screened 12 codons as preferred and high-frequency codons simultaneously, of which GCU encoding Ala, UUA encoding Leu, and AGA encoding Arg were the most preferred codons. Taken together, our study unraveled the synonymous codon usage pattern in the Rutaceae family, providing valuable information for the genetic engineering of Rutaceae plant species in the future.

Abstract Background Juglans sigillata L. (walnut) has a high economic value for nuts and wood and has been widely grown and eaten around the world. Light plays an important role in regulating the development of the walnut embryo and promoting nucleolus enlargement, which is one of the factors affecting the yield and quality of walnut. However, little is known about the effect of light on the growth and quality of walnuts. Studies have shown that far red prolonged hypocotyl 3 (FHY3) and far red damaged response (FAR1) play important roles in plant growth, light response, and resistance. Therefore, FHY3/FAR1 genes were identified in walnuts on a genome-wide basis during their growth and development to reveal the potential regulation mechanisms involved in walnut kernel growth and development. Results In the present study, a total of 61 FHY3/FAR1 gene family members in walnuts have been identified, ranging in length from 117 aa to 895 aa. These gene family members have FHY3 or FAR1 conserved domains, which are unevenly distributed on the 15 chromosomes (Chr) of the walnut (except for the Chr16). All 61 FHY3/FAR1 genes were divided into five subclasses (I, II, III, IV, and V) by phylogenetic tree analysis. The results indicated that FHY3/FAR1 genes in the same subclasses with similar structures might be involved in regulating the growth and development of walnut. The gene expression profiles were analyzed in different walnut kernel varieties (Q, T, and F). The result showed that some FHY3/FAR1 genes might be involved in the regulation of walnut kernel ripening and seed coat color formation. Seven genes (OF07056-RA, OF09665-RA, OF24282-RA, OF26012-RA, OF28029-RA, OF28030-RA, and OF08124-RA) were predicted to be associated with flavonoid biosynthetic gene regulation cis-acting elements in promoter sequences. RT-PCR was used to verify the expression levels of candidate genes during the development and color change of walnut kernels. In addition, light responsiveness and MeJA responsiveness are important promoter regulatory elements in the FHY3/FAR1 gene family, which are potentially involved in the light response, growth, and development of walnut plants. Conclusion The results of this study provide a valuable reference for supplementing the genomic sequencing results of walnut, and pave the way for further research on the FHY3/FAR1 gene function of walnut.

To solve the problem of volunteer dispatch during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, a many-to-many two-sided matching volunteer dispatch method based on an improved predator-search algorithm is proposed. First, different evaluation index sets for volunteers and rescue tasks were developed, and weightings were determined using the analytic hierarchy process. Subsequently, the actual and expected values of the different indicators of the two parties were determined, and the triangular fuzzy number was used to calculate the satisfaction of the two parties. Based on this number, we used a linear weighting method to calculate the combined satisfaction and build a many-to-many two-sided matching model according to the demands of both parties. Subsequently, an improved predator-search algorithm was used to solve the model. Finally, taking the recruitment of volunteers for pneumonia epidemic prevention and control in Chun'an County as an example, the method proposed in our study was verified. A comparison and analysis of the results further demonstrated the feasibility and advantages of this method.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of infusion of gemcitabine (GEM) and fluorouracil (5-FU)through the celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery in the treatment of pancreatic carcinoma (PC). Methods: We analyzed 20 patients diagnosed clinically or pathologically with PC, without metastases, who had an estimated survival duration of >3 months in our department from May 2009 to December 2014. Nine patients were treated directly without surgical resection of the tumor, while the other 11 patients were treated after surgery. In all patients, the femoral artery was punctured using the Seldinger technique, and a catheter was placed in the opening of the celiac artery or the superior mesenteric artery. We administered 500 ​mg/m2 GEM and 500 ​mg/m2 5-FU. Observational data included data on clinical efficacy and survival rates during the follow-up period of 3–72 months. Results: Twenty patients were treated 85 times with transcatheter arterial infusion chemotherapy (TAI). The survival rates were 80%, 40%, 35%, 20%, 10%, and 5% at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 72 months, respectively. Conclusion: TAI chemotherapy with GEM and 5-FU may be a therapeutic option for the treatment of PC.

Juglandaceae (walnut) is made up of several economically and ecologically valuable tree species. Chloroplasts, vitally important for plant growth, are also a rich source of genetic and evolutionary information. Both mutational pressure and natural selection are drivers of codon usage pattern variation among genes. Here, we studied the codon usage of Juglandaceae chloroplast genomes in order to further our understanding of the biology and evolution of this plant family. The codon usage patterns associated with the chloroplast genomes of 26 Juglandaceae samples were analyzed. Short CDS sequences (

Multi-attribute decision-making problems under the trapezoidal fuzzy neutrosophic numbers environment are complex, particularly when the attribute value data are incomplete, and the attribute weight is completely unknown. As a solution, this study proposes a decision-making method based on information entropy and grey theory. First, regarding the problem of attribute value incompleteness in the decision matrix, a method of defining the missing information using trapezoidal fuzzy neutrosophic numbers is proposed, which is simpler and more reasonable than the traditional method of complements. Regarding the problem of completely unknown attribute weights, the definition of new trapezoidal fuzzy neutrosophic entropy is proposed and used to determine the attribute weight. Thereafter, the grey relation analysis method of grey theory is used to rank alternatives and select the best one. Finally, an illustrative example about typhoon disaster assessment is presented to show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. Finally, the advantages of the proposed method are illustrated by comparison with other methods from multiple aspects.

In recent years, typhoon disasters have occurred frequently and the economic losses caused by them have received increasing attention. This study focuses on the evaluation of typhoon disasters based on the interval neutrosophic set theory. An interval neutrosophic set (INS) is a subclass of a neutrosophic set (NS). However, the existing exponential operations and their aggregation methods are primarily for the intuitionistic fuzzy set. So, this paper mainly focus on the research of the exponential operational laws of interval neutrosophic numbers (INNs) in which the bases are positive real numbers and the exponents are interval neutrosophic numbers. Several properties based on the exponential operational law are discussed in detail. Then, the interval neutrosophic weighted exponential aggregation (INWEA) operator is used to aggregate assessment information to obtain the comprehensive risk assessment. Finally, a multiple attribute decision making (MADM) approach based on the INWEA operator is introduced and applied to the evaluation of typhoon disasters in Fujian Province, China. Results show that the proposed new approach is feasible and effective in practical applications.

Aiming at the decision-making problem in heterogeneous information environment and considering the influence of decision makers' psychological behavior on decision-making results, this paper proposes a multi-attribute decision-making method based on prospect theory in heterogeneous information environment. The heterogeneous information in this paper indicates that the decision attribute value is represented by various types of data forms, including exact number, interval number, linguistic term, intuitionistic fuzzy number, interval intuitionistic fuzzy number, neutrosophic numbers, and trapezoidal fuzzy neutrosophic numbers, and so on. Firstly, the distance and similarity measure of various heterogeneous data are introduced, and the heterogeneous information attribute weights are obtained using the deviation maximization method. Then, the psychological expectation value of each attribute given by the decision maker is used as a reference point, thereby calculating the gain and loss of each attribute value relative to the reference point, and establishing a gain matrix and a loss matrix. On this basis, the prospect theory is used to obtain the comprehensive prospect value of each alternative, so as to obtain the alternative ordering result and optimal alternative. Finally, an illustrative example about typhoon disaster assessment is presented to show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method, and the advantages of the proposed method are illustrated by comparison with other methods.

Wuren walnut is a unique germplasm resource of Juglans sigilata in Guizhou Province, named after its purple and black seed coat. It is a typical medicinal and edible plant with high nutritional value and good taste compared with ordinary walnut. The color of its inner seed coat is different from that of ordinary walnut, which is mostly light yellow. Wuren walnut has great market potential for development. To lay a theoretical foundation for the future breeding of improved varieties, pollination tree configuration, and hybrid breeding of Wuren walnut in Guizhou Province, this paper summarized the current research status of pollen vitality and stigma acceptability of Guizhou Wuren walnut in recent years, and looked forward to future research and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) is an important plant virus causing considerable economic loss to alfalfa production. Knowledge of the evolutionary and demographic history of the pathogen is limited but essential to the development of effective and sustainable pathogen management schemes. In this study, we performed worldwide phylodynamic analyses of AMV based on 154 nucleotide sequences of the coat protein gene, sampled from 1985 to 2020, to understand the epidemiology of this pathogen. Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction estimates that the crown group of AMV dates back to 1840 (95% credibility interval, 1687–1955). We revealed that AMV continuously evolves at a rate of 4.14 × 10−4 substitutions/site/year (95% credibility interval, 1.04 × 10−4 − 6.68 × 10−4). Our phylogeographic analyses identified multiple migration links between Europe and other regions, implying that Europe played a key role in spreading the virus worldwide. Further analyses showed that the clustering pattern of AMV isolates is significantly correlated to geographic regions, indicating that geography-driven adaptation may be a factor that affects the evolution of AMV. Our findings may be potentially used in the development of effective control strategies for AMV.