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Zoonotic Salmonella infection is a critical and challenging issue for public health. Since human infections are mainly associated with consuming contaminated chicken products, strategies to reduce Salmonella carriage and shedding are essential. Here we investigate the mechanisms of the live attenuated Salmonella vaccine (AviPro Salmonella Duo) against Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infection. We focused on inflammatory-related cytokine expressions and cecal microbiota modulations in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and field layers. Forty-eight 2-day-old SPF layers were randomly allotted into S.SEvc, S.SEc, S.Vc, and S.Ct groups in trial 1. The equal number of filed layers at 25 wk were allocated into SEvc, SEc, Vc, and Ct groups in trial 2. Each group contained 12 layers. Groups were further assigned for vaccination (S.Vc and Vc groups), SE challenge (S.SEc and SEc groups), vaccination and the following SE challenge (S.SEvc and SEvc groups), or the placebo treatment (S.Ct and Ct groups). Cecal tissues and contents of layers on day 14 post-SE-challenges were collected for cytokine mRNA expression and 16S rRNA metagenomic analyses. We found that SE challenges significantly upregulated expressions of IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-12β, and NFκB1A in SPF layers. The vaccine notably counteracted the levels of IFNα, IFNγ, and NFκB1A activated by SE attacks. The vaccination, SE challenge, and their combination did not significantly affect alpha diversities but promoted dissimilarities in microbial communities between groups. Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes and Faecalibacterium_prausnitzii were identified as contributory taxa in the cecal microbiota of SE-challenged and vaccinated SPF layers. A significantly higher abundance of Faecalibacterium_prausnitzii in the ceca further correlated with the vaccination conferred protection against SE infection. In contrast, Oscillibacter_valericigenes and Mediterraneibacter_glycyrrhizinilyticus were featured taxa in Salmonella-infected field layers. Megamonas_hypermegale and Megamonas_rupellensis were identified as featured taxa in vaccinated field layers compared to SE-infected layers. To conclude, applying a dual Salmonella vaccine in this study modulated expressions of inflammatory-related cytokines and the cecal microbiome in layers, contributing to protection against SE infection. The feature microbes are promising for developing predictive indices and as antibiotic alternatives added to feed to reduce the risk of Salmonella shedding and contamination.

The massive wastewater from surimi manufacture and salt addition is controversial. In our previous study, a chicken-surimi (CS) product can be successfully developed from the spent-hen breast via 3 times of washing steps and 2.5% salt addition in the recipe. Due to the characteristics of broiler breast (higher protein contents in muscle), this study was to optimize the washing step for CS batter recovered from broiler breast and the salt-addition level in the CS-product recipe. The step of washing once with 0.1% salt solution showed no (P0.05) differences in the texture profile and color parameters (expect a* value) in CS batters compared to initial washing steps (a 3-step washing procedure). The CS batter obtained by this washing step had higher amino-acid contents than boiler breast and large Grade A egg and even fit adults' daily essential amino-acid requirement. Besides, the lower (P0.05) water loss of cooked CS products during the storage (4°C) was shown beyond 2.0% salt addition in CS products. For efficient/ecofriendly extraction and sodium-content reduction, the washing once with a 0.1% salt solution and 2% salt addition in the recipe is recommended in the CS batter recovered from broiler breast and its products, respectively.

Our previous studies indicated that Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens HL1, isolated from kefir grain, has strong antioxidant activities and anti-aging effects. However, this strain is difficult to use in isolation when manufacturing fermented products due to poor viability in milk. Thus, the purpose of this study was to apply a co-culture strategy to develop a novel probiotic fermented milk rich in L. kefiranofaciens HL1. Each of four selected starter cultures was co-cultured with kefir strain HL1 in different media to evaluate their effects on microbial activity and availability of milk fermentation. The results of a colony size test on de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar agar, microbial viability, and acidification performance in MRS broth and skimmed milk suggested that Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris APL15 is a suitable candidate for co-culturing with HL1. We then co-cultured HL1 and APL15 in skimmed milk and report remarkable improvement in fermentation ability and no negative impact on the viability of strain HL1 or textural and rheological properties of the milk. Through a co-culture strategy, we have improved the viability of kefir strain HL1 in fermented skimmed milk products and successfully developed a novel milk product with a unique flavor and sufficient probiotics.

The objective of this study was to develop a novel immobilized system using kefir lactic acid bacteria and sugar cane pieces for the production of fermented milk. Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens HL1, Lactobacillus kefiri HL2, Leuconostoc mesenteroides HL3, and Lactococcus lactis HL4 were isolated from Taiwanese kefir grains and immobilized on pieces of sugar cane using adsorption. Scanning electron micrographs of the cell-immobilized sugar cane pieces (CISCP) showed that the microorganisms were embedded within the porous structures of the sugar cane pieces. During 28 cycles of repeated batch fermentation, viable cells on both sugar cane pieces and fermented products were maintained at 10 log cfu/g (cfu/mL). Random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR analysis revealed that Leu. mesenteroides HL3 (29–43%) and Lc. lactis HL4 (31–49%) were predominant on the CISCP, and the fermented samples had 79% Lc. lactis HL4. When tracking fermentation parameters, the data on the microbial, chemical, and physical properties of the fermented milk suggested that the CISCP had stable fermentative ability over the course of successive fermentations. We found an enhancement of the acid-producing ability of CISCP as the number of fermentations increased, with a significant growth in titratable acidity from 0.65 to 0.81% by the end.

Though nutritional, the remaining separated duck egg white in duck egg processing plants presents challenges for its transportation and use, as it spoils easily and has a strong odor. Uses for the excess egg white are of paramount concern for agricultural resource reuse. The purpose of this study was to increase its value and use efficiency. Duck egg white was mixed with sodium hydroxide to produce translucent alkali-induced egg white jelly similar to that in preserved egg whites. To develop a heatable translucent egg white jelly, their physiochemical properties and thermal stabilities were investigated. A gel prepared with 150 mM sodium hydroxide at 25°C had optimal bloom strength and the densest microstructure. Storing the jelly at 5°C helped maintain its disulfide bonds and delayed liquefaction. Although heating decreased its bloom strength and total disulfide bond content as temperature increased (P < 0.05), scanning electron microscopy of the heated jelly revealed that the protein network structure was denser than that of unheated jelly. Heating caused parts of the structure to shrink and even dehydrate, leading to a wrinkled surface. However, no signs of liquefaction or collapse were observed, and the free alkali released during heating was lower than that from the white of existing preserved eggs. These results confirmed the thermal stability of the jelly and its potential to be served hot or used in food processing. Furthermore, in addition to disguising the odor and special flavor attributable to the alkaline treatment, adding ginger juice or turmeric to the preparation yielded higher bloom strength, resulted in lower free alkalinity, and delayed liquefaction, thus improving the jelly's thermal stability. Like preserved eggs on the market that can be served in hot congee, the proposed egg white jelly is rich in proteins and suitable for hot or instant serving. These findings may help address the problem of excessive remaining duck egg white created during food processing by diversifying duck egg processing and boosting its value.

This study aims to clarify the effects of chicken liver hydrolysates (CLHs) on long-term high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance (IR) and hepatosteatosis in mice. In vitro, the 400 μM oleic acid (OA)-added medium successfully stimulated the cellular steatosis on FL83B cells, and the cellular steatosis was attenuated ( p0.05) by supplementing with CLHs (4 mg/L). In vivo, the effects of CLHs on IR and hepatosteatosis development were tested in 20-week HFD-fed mice. HFD-induced increases in final body weight, but body weight gains of mice were decreased ( p0.05) by supplementing CLHs. Elevated ( p0.05) serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), free fatty acids (FFAs), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and fasted glucose values in HFD-fed mice decreased ( p0.05) by supplementing CLHs. Both results of hepatic steatosis and fibrotic scores also indicated the retardation ( p0.05) of the hepatosteatosis in cotreated groups. Moreover, the CLH supplementation sustained ( p0.05) hepatic and peripheral insulin signal sensitivity in HFD-fed mice. CLH supplementation could ameliorate hepatic lipid deposition, hepatic/peripheral IR in a long-term high-fat dietary habit, and also improve the universal glucose homeostasis by upregulating hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivities.

Background Most microbiome studies of dairy cows have investigated the compositions and functions of rumen microbial communities in lactating dairy cows. The importance of the relationships among hosts, microbiota, diet composition, and milk production remains unknown in dry dairy cows. Thus, in the present study, the composition of the rumen microbiome in cows from three dairy farms was investigated to identify core bacteria contributing to various physiological roles during rumen fermentation in dry dairy cows. Results The results indicated that ruminal fluid in dry dairy cows from different regional farms had core rumen microbiota that could be clearly distinguished from that of cows of the other farms. Further identification of key microorganisms associated with each farm revealed that Prevotella, Methanobrevibacter, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Ruminococcus, Bacteroides, and Streptococcus were major contributors. Spearmen’s correlation indicated that the abundance of genera such as Prevotella and Ruminococcus in dry dairy cows could indicate milk yield in the previous lactating period. Functional pathway analysis of the rumen bacterial communities demonstrated that amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism were the major pathways. Conclusions Our findings provide knowledge of the composition and predicted functions of rumen microbiota in dry dairy cows from regional farms, which underscores the importance of the relationships among hosts, microbiota, diet composition, and milk production.

A high-fat diet is a major risk factor for obesity and heart failure. Our previous study has demonstrated that protease A-digested crude-chalaza hydrolysates (CCH-As) with a specific free amino-acid and carnosine/anserine profile show lipid-lowering and antioxidant activities against chronic alcohol consumption. The antiobesity and hypolipidemic effects of our CCH-As against a high-fat diet was to investigated in this study. In high-fat-diet fed hamsters, supplementing CCH-As reduced liver/perirenal-adipose-tissue sizes, and serum triglyceride, LDLC/HDLC, and TBARS values (p

BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction is highly related to some human chronic diseases. There are approximately 400 metric tons of chalazae produced yearly after the processing of the liquid-egg production, which are disposed of as waste. The objectives of this study were to look for the optimal production condition of antioxidant crude chalaza hydrolysates and evaluate the in vivo antioxidant capacity via a chronic alcohol consumption mouse model. RESULTS Antioxidant crude chalaza hydrolysates (CCH-As) could be produced by protease A at 1:100 ratio (w/w) and 0.5 h hydrolytic period. After our analyses, CCH-As were rich in leucine, arginine, phenylalanine, valine, lysine and antioxidant dipeptides (anserine and carnosine), and the major molecular masses were lower than 15 kDa. Regarding protective effects of CCH-As against oxidative damage in alcoholic-liquid-diet-fed mice, alcohol-fed mice had lower (P < 0.05) liver antioxidant capacities, and higher (P < 0.05) liver lipid contents, serum lipid/liver damage indices and IL-1β/IL-6 values. CCH-A supplementation reversed (P < 0.05) liver antioxidant capacities and reduced (P < 0.05) serum/liver lipids in alcohol-fed mice, which may result from increased (P < 0.05) fecal lipid output, upregulated (P < 0.05) fatty acid β-oxidation and downregulated (P < 0.05) lipogenesis in the liver. CONCLUSION Taken together, this CCH-A should benefit the liquid-egg industry, while also offering consumers a choice of healthy ingredients from animal sources. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Omega-3 fatty acids are often attempted to incorporate into foods due to their beneficial effects on health. However, their susceptibility to autoxidation limits their utilization. After analyses, rosemary extracts (REs) contained abundant antioxidant phenolics, flavonoids, and condensed tannin. Therefore, the aims of this study were to (1) determine the optimal extraction condition of a natural antioxidant from rosemary leaves; (2) investigate an lipid stability of plant-derived omega-3 fatty-acid rich oil (flaxseed oil) with an RE addition. Rosemary extracts obtained by using 80% ethanol solution extraction for 30 min had higher (p

Low-fat meat products always have harder texture, lower juiciness, and worse flavor. Due to their higher water-holding, water absorption, and organic molecule absorption, chia seeds (CHIA) have been applied in powders, nutrition bars, breads, and cookies. Hence, the objectives of this study were to: (1) analyze the nutritional compositions in CHIA; and (2) look for the possible application of CHIA on restructured ham-like products. CHIA has high amounts of α-linolenic acid, crude polysaccharides, and also contains essential amino acids, minerals, and polyphenols. Regarding processing properties of CHIA, a combination of CHIA and carrageenan (CA) increased (p

Our patented protease A–digested crude chalaza hydrolysates (CCH) show antioxidant abilities in vitro. The prophylactic effects of CCH on cognitive dysfunction and brain oxidative damages were investigated via a D-galactose (DG)–injected mouse model in this study. Fifty-four mice were randomly divided into the following: (1) CON, 0.1 mL 0.9% saline (subcutaneous injection [SC] on the back)+distilled water (oral gavage); (2) DG, 100 mg/kg BW/day D-galactose (Bio-Serv Co., Flemington, NJ, USA) (SC on the back)+distilled water (oral gavage); (3) DG_LCH, 100 mg/kg BW/day D-galactose (SC on the back) + 50 mg CCH/kg BW/day in 0.1 ml distilled water (oral gavage); (4) DG_MCH, 100 mg/kg BW/day D-galactose (SC on the back) + 100 mg CCH/kg BW/day (oral gavage); (5) DG_HCH, 100 mg/kg BW/day D-galactose (SC on the back) + 200 mg CCH/kg BW/day (oral gavage); (6) DG_AG, 100 mg/kg BW/day D-galactose (SC on the back) + 100 mg aminoguanidine hydrochloride/kg BW/day (oral gavage). The experiment lasted for 84 D. CCH, containing antioxidant-free amino acids and anserine, restored (P < 0.05) DG-injected memory injury in the Morris water maze test and attenuated the neuronal degenerations and nucleus shrinkages in the dentate gyrus area. CCH supplementation also reduced amyloid β-peptide protein levels and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGE) in the brain of DG-injected mice, whereas the brain antioxidant capacity was reversed (P < 0.05) by supplementing CCH. Furthermore, AGE receptor (RAGE), NFκb, IL-6, and TNF-α gene expressions were downregulated (P < 0.05) by supplementing CCH. Therefore, CCH show prophylactic effects on the development of oxidative stress-induced cognitive dysfunction.

Steroid hormones are often used in animal agriculture but are currently banned for use in domesticated fowl because residual hormones could be present in eggs for human consumption. Egg samples from eight common commercial poultry layer breeds (Hy‐Line W‐36, Hy‐Line Brown, ISA‐White, ISA‐Brown, Lohnmann Ultra‐Lite, Lohnmann‐Brown, Hisex White, Hisex Brown) in Taiwan were screened for a combination of 15 natural and synthetic steroid hormones by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) for consumer assurance. Only natural hormones such as progesterone, 4‐androstene‐3,17‐dione, and testosterone were detected. Regarding each breed, the interaction effect (age × shell color), main effect (age or shell color), and blocking effect (lighting system) were further analyzed by using 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatment in a randomized block design. We also discovered associations between yolk steroid hormone levels and laying hen age, as well as lighting conditions. Additionally, we found a correlation between hormone levels and eggshell color, suggesting a potential role in brown pigmentation. Ultimately, we concluded that detectable steroid hormone levels in eggs were not a consumer health risk. Furthermore, these data provide empirical hormone concentrations in various types of commercial layer breeds for future research.

BACKGROUND: Lipid peroxidation entails major quality degradation in omega‐3 (ω‐3) fatty‐acid‐fortified surimi‐like meat products upon storage. Currently, the use of label‐friendly alternatives to synthetic antioxidants is encouraged in the industry. Hence, we aimed to examine the applicability of the hurdle‐technology concept, using an 80% (v/v) ethanol solution to obtain rosemary extracts (REs) containing substantial amounts of polyphenol, and dry ice (DI) which can create a cryogenic environment, on the physicochemical stabilities of ω‐3 fatty‐acid (FA)‐fortified meat products after manufacturing and storage periods. The polyphenolic profiles of the REs were also investigated. RESULTS: Carnosol and rosmarinic acid are major phenolic components in REs. Furthermore, DI addition during the chopping procedure increased (P < 0.05) whiteness values and hardness of products, while total ω‐3 and ω‐6 FAs were relatively well preserved (P < 0.05) in products with flaxseed oil premixed with RE. During 14‐day storage at 4 °C, combined treatment with RE and DI decreased (P < 0.05) thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels and the centrifugation loss of products. Single or combined treatment with RE and/or DI decreased (P < 0.05) TBARS levels in products after 60 days of storage at −20 °C. CONCLUSION: Due to the antioxidant‐polyphenol profile of REs and a possible oxygen exclusion of DI treatment under atmospheric pressure during food manufacturing, application of the hurdle‐technology concept, using treatment with both RE and DI, can reduce lipid peroxidation and maintain a greater water‐holding capacity of ω‐3 FA‐fortified meat products upon storage. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiaging effect of a probiotic mixture using an in vivo mouse model in which aging was induced with d-galactose. Results of the Morris water maze test indicated that long-term administration of the probiotic mixture improved memory and learning abilities and ameliorated the apoptosis pattern in the hippocampus of aging mice treated with d-galactose. An antioxidation experiment indicated that administration of the probiotic mixture could restore activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase and inhibit the production of malondialdehyde. The antioxidant-related proteins nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were upregulated in liver after treatment of d-galactose-treated aging mice with probiotics. Finally, the probiotic treatment did affect the production of short-chain fatty acids in d-galactose-treated aging mice. Our results highlighted a possible antioxidative effect triggered by short-chain fatty acids that contributed to improving the memory and learning abilities following treatment with the probiotic mixture and suggested that probiotics could serve as a therapy to modulate physiological function.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction is highly related to some human chronic diseases. There are approximately 400 metric tons of chalazae produced yearly after the processing of the liquid-egg production, which are disposed of as waste. The objectives of this study were to look for the optimal production condition of antioxidant crude chalaza hydrolysates and evaluate the in vivo antioxidant capacity via a chronic alcohol consumption mouse model.Antioxidant crude chalaza hydrolysates (CCH-As) could be produced by protease A at 1:100 ratio (w/w) and 0.5 h hydrolytic period. After our analyses, CCH-As were rich in leucine, arginine, phenylalanine, valine, lysine and antioxidant dipeptides (anserine and carnosine), and the major molecular masses were lower than 15 kDa. Regarding protective effects of CCH-As against oxidative damage in alcoholic-liquid-diet-fed mice, alcohol-fed mice had lower (P0.05) liver antioxidant capacities, and higher (P0.05) liver lipid contents, serum lipid/liver damage indices and IL-1β/IL-6 values. CCH-A supplementation reversed (P0.05) liver antioxidant capacities and reduced (P0.05) serum/liver lipids in alcohol-fed mice, which may result from increased (P0.05) fecal lipid output, upregulated (P0.05) fatty acid β-oxidation and downregulated (P0.05) lipogenesis in the liver.Taken together, this CCH-A should benefit the liquid-egg industry, while also offering consumers a choice of healthy ingredients from animal sources. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

To avoid or retard the lipid peroxidation of meat products, antioxidants are commonly added. Considering the safety and health of additives in meat products, consumers prefer natural antioxidants rather than synthetic ones. Gentisic acid and epicatechin were identified as the major phenolic acid and flavonoid, respectively, of litchi flowers (LFs). The physicochemical properties of pork meatballs with or without dried LF powders (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%, w/w) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ; 0.01%, w/w) were analyzed during a 4-week frozen storage period. LF and TBHQ decreased (p

BACKGROUND The meat of spent hens is hard to use owing to its small amount and poor quality. A washing process to remove sarcoplasmic proteins and other impurities can prolong the shelf life of surimi-like products. Owing to the benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), functional foods fortified with ω-3 PUFAs are increasingly being marketed. Hence, in this study, ω-3 FA-fortified chicken surimi was manufactured, and how to ameliorate its lipid peroxidation during frozen storage was investigated. RESULTS A 0.10% (w/v) solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) instead of distilled water in the third washing step decreased (P < 0.05) myofibrillar protein loss and moisture content of spent hen breast protein recoveries. Oil droplets in fish, flaxseed or soybean oil-added chicken surimi were well distributed. Moreover, flaxseed oil addition increased (P < 0.05) total ω-3 FAs and ω-3/ω-6 FA ratio, while only fish oil provided long-chain PUFAs. Oil addition decreased (P < 0.05) hardness and gumminess of chicken surimi, while flaxseed oil resulted in more (P < 0.05) yellow surimi than fish and soybean oil. Fish oil-added samples showed higher (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation than flaxseed or soybean oil-added samples under −15 to −10 °C storage, but α-tocopherol addition ameliorated it. CONCLUSION A novel semi-manufactured chicken surimi product with nutritional benefits could be developed by fortification with fish or flaxseed oil. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry

Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens M1 (M1) has been shown to possess many different beneficial health effects including anti-colitis activity. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel and easily scaled-up encapsulating technique that would improve the temperature tolerance of the bacterium and reduce the sensitivity of the organism to gastrointestinal fluid. A mixture of sodium alginate, gellan gum and skim milk powder was used as a coating material to entrap M1. The M1 gel was then directly freeze dried in order to dehydrate the covering and form microcapsules. The viable cell numbers of M1 present only dropped ten folds after the freeze-drying encapsulation process. The viable cell counts remained constant at 5 × 10(7) CFU/g after heating from 25 °C to 75 °C and holding at 75 °C for 1 min. The viable cell counts were reduced to 10(6) CFU/g and 10(5) CFU/g after 8-week storage at 4 °C and subsequent heat treatment with simulated gastrointestinal fluid test (SGFT) and bile salts, respectively. The effect of encapsulated M1 on the organism's anti-colitis activity was evaluated using the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced colitis mouse model. An in vivo study indicated that administration of heat treated encapsulated M1 was able to ameliorate DSS-induced colitis producing a significant reduction in the bleeding score and an attenuation of inflammatory score. These findings clearly demonstrate that encapsulation of M1 using this novel technique is able to provide good protection from temperature changes and SGFT treatment and also does not affect the organism's anti-colitis activity.

Summary This study was divided into two parts: (i) an optimal hydrolysing procedure of chicken liver hydrolysates (CLHs) and (ii) the in vivo antioxidant properties of CLHs via a D-galactose-induced mouse model. A pepsin-to-raw chicken liver mass ratio (1:400, w:w) and 2-h hydrolysing period were chosen to manufacture CLHs based on yield, peptide level and antioxidant effect. Molecular masses of CLHs were lower than 10 kDa. CLH was rich in aspartic acid and glutamic acid, and also contained both manganese and selenium, which are essential cofactors of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, respectively. The contents of cadmium, mercury, tin, and arsenic in CLHs were very low and even no detectible. Regarding the in vivo antioxidant activity of CLHs, a dosage of 1.2 g D-galactose kg−1 body weight increased (P

The purpose of this study was to understand the significance of each microorganism in grain formation by evaluating their microbial aggregation and cell surface properties during co-aggregation of LAB and yeasts together with an investigation of biofilm formation. Non-grain forming strains from viili were also evaluated as a comparison. Results indicated that the kefir grain strains, Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens and Saccharomyces turicensis possess strong auto-aggregation ability and that Lactobacillus kefiri shows significant biofilm formation properties. Significant co-aggregation was noted when S. turicensis and kefir LAB strains (Lb. kefiranofaciens and Lb. kefiri) were co-cultured. Most of the tested LAB strains are hydrophilic and had a negative charge on their cell surface. Only the kefir LAB strains, Lb. kefiranofaciens HL1 and Lb. kefiri HL2, possessed very high hydrophobicity and had a positive cell surface charge at pH 4.2. In contrast, the LAB and yeasts in viili did not show any significant self-aggregation or biofilm formation. Based on the above results, we propose that grain formation begins with the self-aggregation of Lb. kefiranofaciens and S. turicensis to form small granules. At this point, the biofilm producer, Lb. kefiri, then begins to attach to the surface of granules and co-aggregates with other organisms and components in the milk to form the grains. On sub-culturing, more organisms attach to the grains resulting in grain growth. When investigated by scanning electron microscopy, it was found that short-chain lactobacilli such as Lb. kefiri occupy the surface, while long-chain lactobacilli such as Lb. kefiranofaciens have aggregated towards the center of the kefir grains. These findings agree with the above hypothesis on the formation of grains. Taken together, this study demonstrates the importance of cell surface properties together with fermentation conditions to the formation of grains in kefir.

With the continuous development of Airborne Lidar hardware, the current data collection system will not only collect information on a single echo, multiple echo information also can be available. Through the analysis and discussion of echo principle, this paper compares and elaborates the characteristics of single-echo and multiple echo information, and introduces a filter classification method based on echo information, and illustrates that the method is simple and effective according to an example.

This paper introduced WGS-84 and BJ-54 coordinate transformation model and the influence comparison from geodetic elevation between seven-parameter model and three-parameter model, and finished transformation parameters calculation and accuracy analysis of BJ-54 coordinate system at home and the world 84 coordinate system by an example, which had some reference to other GPS measurement projects.

The purpose of this study was to identify species of lactic acid bacteria in Taiwanese ropy fermented milk and to study their microbial dynamics during the fermentation process through conventional microbiological cultivation and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Identification results indicated that Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris and Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides were the major lactic acid bacteria in Taiwanese ropy fermented milk. Interestingly, 3 groups were identified as Lc. lactis ssp. cremoris using 16S rDNA sequencing, but they showed different denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns and assimilation of carbohydrates. In addition, the microbial dynamics study in different fermentation stages demonstrated that Lc. lactis ssp. cremoris was the most dominant bacterial species in the samples, followed by Leu. mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides with no differences among the fermentation stages. Finally, the microbial distribution profiles showed that the microbial ecology was different in bovine, caprine, and reconstituted milk, which might further affect the characteristics of the product.

The development and applications about the weight of evidence technology in recent years are reviewed. This paper introduced the improved weight of evidence in remote sensing image processing and in different fields of application. Summary its constraints and existent problems. Look forward to the weight of evidence for the practical application.

The objective of the present study was to investigate yeast communities in kefir grains and viili starters in Taiwan through conventional microbiological cultivation and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). The DNA sequencing was used as a validity technique to ensure that all isolates within each group belonged to just one species, and to confirm the identified results of PCR-DGGE. Results indicated that a combination of conventional microbiological cultivation with PCR-DGGE and sequencing could successfully identify 4 yeast species from both types of cultures in Taiwan. Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces turicensis, and Pichia fermentans were found in Taiwanese kefir grains with a distribution of 76, 22, and 2%, respectively, whereas Klu. marxianus, Saccharomyces unisporus and P. fermentans were identified in viili starters corresponding to 58, 11, and 31% of the total cell counts, respectively. Furthermore, the culture-independent method was applied to identify the yeast species using DGGE. Only 2 yeast species, Klu. marxianus and S. turicensis, were found in kefir grains and 2, Klu. marxianus and P. fermentans, in viili starters. These results suggest that in samples containing multiple species, PCR-DGGE may fail to detect some species. Sequences of yeast isolates reported in this study have been deposited in the GenBank database under accession nos. DQ139802, AF398485, DQ377652, and AY007920.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in different original kefir grains were first assessed using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) by a culture-dependent way, and were further confirmed by DNA sequencing techniques. Results indicated that a combined method of cultivation with PCR-DGGE and subsequent DNA sequencing could successfully identify four LAB strains from three kefir grains from Taiwan (named Hsinchu, Mongolia and Ilan). Lactobacillus kefiri accounted, in the three kefir grains, for at least half of the isolated colonies while Lb. kefiranofaciens was the second most frequently isolated species. Leuconostoc mesenteroides was less frequently found but still in the three kefir grains conversely to Lactococcus lactis which based on culture-dependent isolation was only found in two of the kefir grains. It was interesting to find that all three kefir grains contain similar LAB species. Furthermore, the DGGE as a culture-independent method was also applied to detect the LAB strains. Results indicated that Lb. kefiranofaciens was found in all three kefir grains, whereas Lb. kefiri was only observed in Hsinchu kefir grain and Lc. lactis was found in both Mongolia and Ilan samples. Two additional strains, Pseudomonas spp. and E. coli, were also detected in kefir grains.

Food allergy is now recognized as a worldwide problem, and like other atopic disorders its incidence appears to be increasing. Kefir is reported to possess the ability to reduce intestinal permeation of food antigens; however, no experimental study has clearly evaluated the relationships between kefir consumption, allergen-specific IgE response, and intestinal microflora. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral consumption of milk kefir and soymilk kefir on in vivo IgE and IgG1 production induced by ovalbumin (OVA) in mice. The effects of kefir administration on the murine intestinal microflora were also examined. Oral administration of milk kefir and soymilk kefir for 28 days significantly increased the fecal populations of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, while it significantly decreased those of Clostridium perfringens. Milk kefir and soymilk kefir also significantly decreased the serum OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 levels for both groups, but not those of the IgG2a analogues. Consumption of milk kefir and soymilk kefir suppressed the IgE and IgG1 responses and altered the intestinal microflora in our supplemented group, suggesting that milk kefir and soymilk kefir may be considered among the more promising food components in terms of preventing food allergy and enhancement of mucosal resistance to gastrointestinal pathogen infection. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry

The effects of oral administration of milk and soy milk kefirs on tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice and the mucosal immunoglobulin A response in mice were studied. Oral administration of milk and soy milk kefirs to mice inoculated with sarcoma 180 tumor cells resulted in 64.8% and 70.9% inhibition of tumor growth, respectively, compared with controls. In addition, oral administration of the two kefir types induced apoptotic tumor cell lysis. Total immunoglobulin A levels for tissue extracts from the wall of the small intestine were also significantly higher for mice fed a milk kefir or a soy milk kefir regimen for 30 days. These results suggest that milk and soy milk kefirs may be considered among the more promising food components in terms of cancer prevention and enhancement of mucosal resistance to gastrointestinal infection.